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HIGHER    HISTORY 


OF    Tllli 


UNITED  STATES 


FOR 


SCHOOLS  AND  ACADEMIES. 

JOHfl  S.  PRELL 

Civil  &  Mechanical  Engineer. 

8AN  FRAHCISCO,  CAL. 

HENRY  E.  CHAMBERS, 

Author  of"A  School  History  of  the  Unite  J  States,"  Etc* 


NEW  ORLEANS: 
Published  by  F.  F.   IIANSELL  &  BRO. 


PRACTICAL  EDUCATIONAL  SERIES, 


PUBLISHED    BY 


F.  F.  HANSELL  &  BRO., 

NEW  ORLEANS. 


CHAMBERS'  TWENTY  LESSONS  IN  BOOK-KEEPING. 

DUVAL'S  STUDENTS'  HISTORY  OF  MISSISSIPPI. 

HANSELL'S  PRIMARY  SPELLER. 

HANSELL'S  SCHOOL  HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

HANSELL'S  HIGHER  HISTORY  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

HANSELL'S  PRACTICAL  PENMANSHIP,  8  Nos. 

HANSELL'S  TRACING  BOOKS,  3  Nos. 

HANSELL'S  PRACTICAL  DICTIONARY. 

HEMPSTEAD'S  SCHOOL  HISTORY   OF  ARKANSAS. 

NICHOLSON'S  PRIMARY  ARITHMETIC. 

NICHOLSON'S  INTERMEDIATE  ARITHMETIC. 

NICHOLSON'S  COMPLETE  ARITHMETIC. 

NICHOLSON'S  ADVANCED  ARITHMETIC. 

NICHOLSON'S  ELEMENTARY  ALGEBRA. 

PRACTICAL  SCHOOL  RECORD. 

PRACTICAL  SCHOOL  REGISTER. 


COPYRIGHT 

1SS9. 

F.  F.  IIANSELL  &  BRO. 


fj 


TRESS   OF  KLECTROTYPEI)    BY 

Gkaham  &  Son,  T.  A.  Slattery  &  Rko. 

NEW  ORLEANS.  NEW  ORLEANS. 


GIFT 


PREFACE, 


CZ35 

EDUC. 
LIBRARY 


THE  preparation  ot"  a  work  whose  purpose  it  is  to  guide'  the  intelligence 
and  shape  the  thought  of  the  young  mind,  carries  with  it  a  responsi- 
bility, the  importance  of  which  must  be  apparent  to  all.  When  this  work 
is  one  upon  the  history  of  our  country,  and  one  designed  to  find  its  way  into 
the  hands  of  the  youth  of  the  South,  an  obligation  is  attached  to  this 
responsibility  which  in  all  its  sacredness  cannot  be  too  fully  dwelt  upon. 
In  full  realization  of  this  the  author  undertook  the  preparation  of  the 
present  volume  with  some  reluctance.  He  was  encouraged  to  do  so,  how- 
ever, by  the  favorable  reception  accorded  his  "School  History  of  the 
United  States," — a  more  elementary  text-book, — the  general  introduc- 
tion of  which  into  southern  schools  has  brought  to  him  innumerable  requests 
that  he  supplement  his  earlier  volume  with  one  of  a  more  advanced  nature. 
The  author  is  one  of  an  army  of  teachers  whose  experience  with  the 
average  historical  text-book  has  been  thoroughly  unsatisfactory.  Like 
most  of  these  teachers,  who  have  attained  satisfactory  results  with  their 
history  classes,  he  has  had  to  devise  and  originate  his  own  methods,  to 
eradicate  many  erroneous  impressions  caused  by  prejudiced  statements  in 
earlier  published  text-books,  and  to  obviate  the  glaring  faults  of  omission 
to  be  found  in  those  published  at  a  later  day.  The  objections  to  be  urged 
against  most  of  these  text-books  include  both  text  and  arrangement. 
The  former  too  often  comprises  a  series  of  events  tritely  described,  inter- 
spersed with  stereotyped  annecdotes,  whose  antiquity  has  long  ago  robbed 
them  of  all  interest.  The  latter  as  often  consists  of  a  strictly  chrono'ogi- 
cal  arrangement  of  these  events,  to  master  which  is  no  light  feat  of  men- 
tal gymnastics.  Of  historical  cause  and  historical  effect  little  is  shown 
The  student  is  expected  to  take  a  series  of  abruptly  disconnected  facts, 
associate  those  that  bear  upon  each  other,  and  generalize  the  whole  into 
definite  knowledge  of  the  subject.  It  is  needless  to  say  that  the  association 
is  seldom  made,  and  that  inasmuch  as  the  faculty  of  generalization  is  one 
of  the  last  to  reach  development  in  the  youthful  mind,  the  generalization 
is  never  accomplished  unless  the  faculty  receives  systematic  aid  and  training 
during  its  earlier  period  of  growth.  Question  a  student  pursuing  his  his- 
torical studies  by  means  of  the  average  school  history,  and  one  will  find 
that  not  infrequently  his  conception  of  the  American  Revolution,  and  of 
the  secession  of  the  Southern  States,  is  that  the  one  was   a  conspiracy,  the 

137 


6  PREFACE. 

ojthef  a  War.  Of  the  struggle  for  that  liberty,  enjoyed  wherever  the  English 
language  is  spoken,  preliminary  to  the  war  that  was  but  incidental  to  the 
Revolution,  and  of  the  events  immediately  following,  he  has  little  know- 
ledge. Of  the  long  chain  of  events  leading  to  the  great  civil  conflict,  and 
of  the  logical  development  of  principles,  the  contention  for  which  has 
made  two  peoples  heroic,  he  is  ignorant. 

In  the  preparation  of  the  present  volume  the  author  has  endeavored  to 
place  himself  in  the  attitude  of  both  teacher  and  student.  He  has  embodied 
in  this  volume  the  methods  by  which,  in  an  experience  covering  a  number 
of  years  with  classes  of  various  grades,  he  has  attained  pronounced  and 
unmistakable  success.'  He  has  called  to  mind  the  mental  processes  by 
which  he,  as  a  student,  attained  historical  knowledge,  and  has  made  smooth 
the  places  that  presented  obstruction  to  his  own  youthful  mind,  as  well  as  to 
those  under  his  observation  during  his  experience  as  a  teacher.  He  has 
endeavored  to  group  his  facts  in  a  manner  to  show  unmistakably  their 
relation;  and  at  the  same  time  has  preserved  the  signs  and  land-marks  in 
side-note  and  outline  form,  that  teacher  and  pupil,  accustomed  to  other 
text-books,  may  find  the  change  to  this  not  altogether  an  abrupt  one.  He 
has  endeavored  to  present  his  facts  truthfully,  clearly  and  logically.  Belong- 
ing to  a  generation  that  has  but  recently  come  to  a  knowledge  of  the  world's 
affairs,  he  has  inherited  traditions  only,  to  bias  his  judgment.  He  has, 
however,  made  strenuous  efforts  to  avoid  error,  to  make  his  statements 
as  impartial  as  lies  within  his  power,  and  to  employ  language  thoroughly 
unequivocal. 

To  the  many  who  have  so  kindly  examined,  revised  and  corrected  the 
proofs  and  advance  sheets,  the  author  must  signify  his  unqualified  apprecia- 
tion. To  the  printers  and  compositors,  whose  infinite  patience  and  excel- 
lent suggestions  take  practical  shape  in  the  following  pages,  he  must  extend 
his  kindest  thanks.  To  the  publishers,  whose  confidence,  enterprise  and 
liberality  have  enabled  him  to  present  the  fruits  of  his  labor  in  so  highly 
attractive  a  form,  his  sincere  acknowledgments  are  extended.  To  the 
teacher  engaged  in  the  holy  calling  of  instilling  the  truth,  the  whole  truth, 
in  the  minds  of  the  young,  and  into  whose  hands  the  present  volume  may 
fall,  the  author  gives  greeting  and  a  Godspeed. 

H.  E.  C. 

Central  High  School, 
New  Orleans. 


CONTENTS. 


INTRODUCTION. 

Page. 
Human  Progress.— Revealed  by  History  in  General — Exemplified  in  the  History  of  the 

United  States 13 

PERIOD  OF  DISCOVERY. 

I.  The  Great  Awakening. 

Chapter        I.  The  Dawn  of  Learning 19 

"                II.  The  Increase  of  Geographical  Knowledge 21 

II.  America  Discovered. 

Chapter    III.  The  Idea  and  the  Man 25 

**             IV.  The  Story  of  San  Salvador 29 

"               V.  The  News  Brought  Back 33 

"             VI.  First  on  the  Mainland 39 

III.  First  Comers  from  Pour  Nations. 

Chapter  VII.  The  Spaniards  in  Florida 43 

"          VIII.  The  Conquest  of  New  Spain 47 

"              IX.  The  Quest  for  the  Fabulous 52 

"                X.  New  France  and  Acadie 57 

"              XI.  Louisiana 62 

"           XII.  The  Northwest  Passage 67 

IT.  America  of  Old. 

Chapter  XIII.  Aboriginal  Races — Semi  civilized 73 

-            XIV.  Aboriginal  Races — Savage 7S 

"              XV.  Prehistoric  America _ 85 

PERIOD   OF  COLONIZATION. 

I.  Attempted  Settlements. 

Chapter        I.  First  Seekers  for  Religious  Liberty qy 

"                II.  Raleigh's  Failures  in  South  Virginia ior 

"             III.  English  Attempts  in  North  Virginia 106. 

II.  Virginia. 

Chapter    IV.  England's  First  Foothold 1 10 

"               V.  The  Father  of  Virginia 113 

"              VI.  Permanency  Assured 11S 

"            VII.  The  First  Assembly  of  American  Lawmakers 122 

III.  New  Netherlands. 

Chapter  VIII.  The  India  Companies 126 

IV.  New  England. 

Chapter    IX.  Pilgrims  and  Puritans 130 

"                X.  The  Tyranny  of  Intolerance 135 

"              XL  New  England  Settlements 138 

V.  Maryland  and  Pennsylvania. 

Chapter  XII.  First  for  Liberty  of  Conscience 143 

"         XIII.  The  Proprietary  of  Penn's  Woods 145 


8  CONTENTS. 

TI.  Carolina.  Pace 

Chapter  XIV    The  Lords  Proprietors _ 14S 

VII.  Georgia. 

Chapter    XV.  Philanthropy  and  Protection 152 

VIII.  Louisiana. 

Chapter    XVI.  French  Barriers  to  Westward  Expansion ...  155 

PERIOD  OF  COLONIAL  DEVELOPMENT. 

I.  The  Growing  Colonies. 

Chapter        I.  The  Beginning  of  Indian  Extinction 164 

"                II.  Indian  Conflicts  (Northern  Colonies) _ 166 

"              III.  Indian  Conflicts  (Southern  Colonies) 169 

"              IV.  An  Early  American  Rebellion 172 

"                V.  A  Vestige  of  superstition 175 

"              VI.  Colonial  Quarrels  (English  and  French) 17S 

"            VII.  Colonial  Quarrels  (English  and  Spanish) 1S1 

II.  The  Struggle  for  Supremacy. 

Chapter  VIII.  A  Youth  and  His  Mission 1S6 

IX.  The  Old  French  War 1S9 

**                  X.  England  Victorious 191 

"                XI.  Ouconostota  and  Pontiac 196 

III.  The  Thirteen  English  Colonies. 

Chapter    XII.  Colonial  Progress 199 

"           XIII.  The  Beginning  of  American  Industries 202 

"            XIV.  The  Development  of  Sectional  Differences 205 

PERIOD  OF  REVOLUTION. 

I.  The  Struggle  for  English  Liberty  in  America. 

Chapter        I.  Commercial   Slavery 211 

"               II.  Unjust  Taxation 213 

"             III.  Agitation.. 217 

"             IV.  Armed   Resistance 221 

"               V.  Independence  Declared 226 

II.  The  War  for  American  Independence. 

Chapter    VI.  The  War  in  the  North 234 

"            VII.  The  First  Great  Victory 239 

"         VIII.  The  War  in  the  South 245 

"              IX.  The  Partisans  of  the  Carolinas 249 

"                X,  America  Triumphant 253 

III.  The  Institution  of  Self  Government. 

Chapter    XI.  The  Transfer  of  Soverignty 259 

"            XII.  The  Delegation  of  Governmental  Power 262 

XIII.  The  Federal  Constitution 26S 

PERIOD  OF  INDEPENDENCE. 
I.  Union. 

Chapter        I.  The  Beginning  of  the  Federal  Government 279 

"               II.  The  Rise  of  Political  Parties 2S6 

"              III    Expansion  of  Territory 290 

"              IV.  The  Spirit  of  Young  America 29S 

"                V.  The  War  for  Maritime  Independence  301 

"              VI.  Sea  Triumphs  of  the  Young  Republic 30S 

"            VII.  The  Era  ot  Good  Feeling 315 

"         VIII.  The  Rise  of  Modern  Political  Methods 322 

v             IX.  The  American  System 325 


CONTENTS.  9 

Page. 

Chapter            X.  The  Panic  of  1S37  333 

"                 XI.  The  Annexation  of  Texas 338 

"                XII.  War  with  Mexico 344 

"              XIII.  The  Development  of  Sectional  Antagonism 352 

II.  Disunion. 

Chapter       XIV.  The  Secession  of  the  Southern  States 361 

"              XV.  The  Advance  on  Richmond 367 

"               XVI.  Early  Patties  in  the  West 373 

"            XVII.  The  War  in  Virginia 3S1 

"           XVIII.  Coast,  River,  and  Sea 393 

"               XIX.  Eights  and  Shadows  of  Appomattox  404 

"                XX.  The  Eeadmission  of  the  Southern  States 417 

III.  Reunion. 

Chapter       XXI.  Recent  Events 4-24 

"             XXII.  The  United  States  of  To-Day 429 


ILLUSTR 

Pake. 

Jamestown,  1607 Frontispiece. 

Introduction  (Illustrated  Heading)  13 
Pekiod    of    Discovery   (Illustrated 

Heading)  19 

First  Signs  of  Land 32 

Statue  of  Columbus  at  Genoa 35 

Landing  of  the  Cabots 40 

Cortez  in  Mexico 48 

Carder  on  the  St.  Lawrence 5S 

La  Salle  taking  formal  possesion  of 

Louisiana 64 

In  Search  of  a  Northwest  Passage...  6S 
Remains      of      Ancient     American 

Civilization   75 

Mandan  Village 79 

Long  House  of  the  Iroquois 79 

Indian  Medicine  Man Si 

Indian  Burial S3 

Indian  Mounds,  Arkansas  87 

Cliff  Dwellings SS 

A  Pueblo    SS 

Statue  of  Lief  Ericson 90 

Norse  Ruins  in  Greenland  90 

A  Viking  Vessel 90 

Period   of   Colonization  (Illustra- 
ted Heading) 97 

Old  Fort  St.  Augustine 98 

"  Croatan  " 104 

Settlers  Choosing  Wives 120 

Introduction  of  African  Slavery 121 

Scenes  in  New  Amsterdam  _.  126 

Peter  Stuyvesant 12S 

The  Mayflower 131 

Landing  of   Pilgrims  134 

Roger  Williams  and  the  Narragan- 

setts  14o 


hTIONS. 


Page. 

144 


Catholics  in  Maryland 

Oglethorpe  and  Tomo  Chichi 153 

Death  of  La  Salle 157 

Founding  of  New  Orleans  15S 

Period  of  Colonial  Development 

(Illustrated  Heading) 164 

Indian  Warriors 170 

Ruins  of  Jamestown 1 74. 

The  Charter  Oak 17S 

Washington    and    the  French  Com- 
mandant    17S 

Rraddock  and  Captain  Jack 190 

Wolfe's       Army       Ascending       the 

Heights 194 

Early  American  Coins 203, 

Period  of  Revolution  (Illustrated 

Heading)  211 

The  Call  to  Lexington ...  222. 

Paul     Revere     Watching     for     the 

Signal 223 

The  Continental  Congress 224 

Fortifying  Breed's  Hill 226 

Sergeant  Jasper  Replacing  the  Flag  229 

The  Advance  on  Trenton 235 

The  Morning  Drill  at  Valley  Forge..  23S 

American  Flag,  1777 241 

Battle  of  King's  Mountain 252 

The  Outpost 255 

Period    of    Independence     (Illus- 
trated   Heading) 279 

Decatur  Burning  the  Philadelphia...  291 

Crossing  the  Rocky  Mountains 292 

Fulton's  First  Steamboat 294 

Impressing  American  Seamen 300 

Croghan's  Defense  of  Fort  Stephen- 
son   302. 


IO 


CONTENTS. 


ILLUSTRATIONS—  Continued. 


Page. 

"  Don't  Give  Up  the  Ship  " 310 

Rattle  of  New  Orleans 312 

Early  American  Railroad  Train 322 

A  New  England  Factory 328 

The  Alamo 340 

"General  Taylor  Never  Surrenders."  348 

A  Southern  Cotton  Field 353 

Montgomery,  Ala. — Night  of  Davis' 

Inauguration 360 

Rombardment  of  Fort  Sumter 366 

"  We  Will  Give  Them  the  Bayonet."  372 

Rattle  of  Shiloh 37p 


Page< 

The  Confederate  Flag 3S1 

The  Night  before  Chancellorsville — 

Last  Meeting  of  Lee  and  Jackson  388 

The  Last  Charge  at  Gettysburg 391 

Running  the  Rlockade .  394 

Rattle  Retween  the  Virginia  and  the 

Monitor 396 

Running  the  Fire  of  the  Forts 39S 

The  Alabama  Sinking  the  Hatteras..  403 

Custer's  Last  Rally 425 

Statue  of  Liberty 433 

After  the  Earthquake 434 


PORTRAITS. 


Columbus 

Ferdinand 

Isabella 

Americus  Vespuccius. 

Ralboa 

Magellan 

Pizzaro  

Champlain 

La  Salle 


Page. 

2  3 
26 


27 

41 

47 

47 

So 

60 

62 

Francis  Drake 69 

Queen  Elizabeth 102 

Walter  Raleigh 103 

John  Smith 114 

Pocahontas 115 

Miles  Standish 133 

John  Winthrop 136 

Lord  Raltimore 143 

William  Penn 146 

James  Oglethorpe 152 

Montcalm 191 

Jeffrey  Amherst 192 

Wolfe 193 

James  Otis 212 

Patrick  Henry „ 215 

Samuel  Adams 216 

George  Washington 227 

Moultrie 230 

John  Rutledge 230 

DeKalb 234 

Count  Pulaski 236 

Steuben 237 

Gates 241 

Rurgoyne _.  241 

Pickens _„ 245 

John  Paul  Jones _.  247 

Tarleton 247 

Arnold „.,..,.,„....  248 


Page. 

Marion 249 

Sumter. 250 

Henry  Lee 251 

Isaac  Shelby 253 

Greene 254 

Morgan 255 

Lafayette 256 

Renjamin   Franklin 264 

James   Robertson 266 

Daniel  Roone 266 

John   Sevier. 267 

John  Adams 273 

George  Washington 2S0 

Charles  Cotesworth  Pinckney 287 

Thos.  Jefferson 290 

Robert  Fulton 295 

James  Madison 29S 

Commodore  Perry ... 304 

Macdonough 307 

James  Monroe 316 

John  Quincy  Adams 319 

Rlack  Hawk 323 

Andrew  Jackson 324 

Eli  Whitney 327 

Henry  Clay 329 

John  C.  Calhoun 330 

Martin  Van  Ruren 333 

William  Henry  Harrison 335 

John  Tyler 336 

Daniel  Webster 336 

Gen.  Sam.  Houston 339 

James  K.  Polk   34^5 

Gen.  Zachary  Taylor 345 

Millard  Fillmore 355 

Franklin  Pierce 357 

James  Ruchanan 361 

Howell  Cobb 363 


CONTENTS. 


II 


PORTRAIT  S— Continued. 


Page. 

Alexander  H.  Stephens 365 

Jefferson  Davis 36S 

Irvin  McDoweil 371 

E.  Kirby  Smith .'. 374 

A.  P.  Hill 374 

Fitzhugh  Lee 374 

Wade  Hampton 374 

H.  H.  Sibley _ 375 

Sterling   Price 375 

Earl  Van  Dorn 376 

Albert  Pike 376 

Leonidas  Polk 377 

Albert  Sidney  Johnston 378 

W   J.  Hardee 379 

Joseph  H.  Wheeler 3S0 

P.  G.  T.  Beauregard 3S0 

Thomas,  Grant  and  Meade 3S2 

J.  B.  Magruder 3S4 

Geo.  B.  McClellan 3S5 

John    Pope 3S6 

J.  E.   B.Stuart 3S7 

Ambrose  E.  Burnside  387 

Joseph  Hooker 3S9 

"Stonewall"   Jackson 3S9 

Richard  S.  Ewell 390 

Geo.  D.  Pickett  392 

Phil.  H.  Sheridan 395 

Commodore  Farragut 397 

W.  S.  Rosecrans.... 399 


Pa 


W.  T.  Sherman 

N.  P.   Banks 

Richard  Taylor 

Raphael  Semmes 

T.  C.  Hindman 

Frederick   Steele 

T.  H.  Holmes 

J.  B.  Hood 

J  as.  B.  McPherson 

John  H.Morgan 

N.  B.  Forest 

Pat  Cleburne 

E.  C.Walthall 

Jubal  A.  Early 

J.  B-  Gordon 

Robert  E.  Lee 

Winfield  S.  Hancock 
James  Longstreet  .... 

D.  H.  Hill 

Joseph  E.  Johnston  . 

Andrew  Johnson 

Abraham  Lincoln 

General  Custer   

R.  B.  Hayes 

Jas.  A.  Garfield 

Chester  A.  Ar*hur  ... 
Grover  Cleveland  .  . 
Benjamin   Harrison. 


GE. 

399 

400 
401 
402 
404 

404 

405 
407 
408 
40S 
40S 
409 
4P9 
410 
410 
411 
412 
4»3 
4'  3 
414 
418 
419 

425 
426 
428 
429 
43° 
435 


Voyages  of  the  three  Great  Navigators 

Early  Explorations  of  the  Mississippi 
Valley 

Discoveries  and  Early  Settlements. 

First  Settlements  (Southern  Colonies) 

First  Settlements  (Middle  Colonies)... 

First  Settlements  (New  England  Col- 
onies)  

Florida,  Georgia  and  South  Carolina 
Coast 

French  and  Indian  War 

Territorial  Possessions  (1755) 

Territorial  Changes  (1763)  

Battles  of  the  Revolution  (North) 


MA 

'AGE.     J 
29 

66 
92 
96 
129 

'39 

183 
l»5 

210 
210 
233 


PS. 

Page. 

Battles  of  the  Revolution  (South) 244 

Territorial  Changes  (iSoo) 292 

Territorial  Changes  (1S03) 292 

War  of  1812 297 

Creek  War 306 

Campaigns  of  Gen.  Taylor 347 

Campaigns  of  Gen.  Scott 349 

Territorial  Changes  (isj5) 350 

Territorial  Changes  (1S52).    350 

Confederate  States    360 

The  War  in  Virginia 3S3 

Sherman's  March  407 

Territorial  Growth  of  the  United  States  436 


SUGGESTIONS  TO  TEACHERS. 


This  book  has  been  arranged  to  meet  a  variety  of  requirements.  Teachers  who  believe 
that  the  pupil  should  obtain  something  more  than  a  cursory  knowledge  ot  earlier  American 
history  will  find  the  events  leading  up  to  the  establishment  of  the  Federal  Government 
treated  with  unusual  fullness.  Those  who  believe  that  definiteness  of  acquired  knowledge 
can  best  be  secured  by  the  employment  of  set  questions,  will  find  the  ones  given  in  this  work 
carefully  chosen  and  free  from  such  objectionable  wordings  as  elicit  mechanical  responses. 
Those  whose  preferences  are  for  the  topic  methods  of  study  and  recitation  will  find  their 
requirements  duly  considered  in  the  Blackboard  Forms,  Topical  and  Review  Outlines  inter- 
spersed throughout  these  pages. 

Experienced  teachers  have  long  ago  recognized  the  folly  of  isolating  the  studies  of 
the  class-room,  whose  interdependence  is  evident  to  all.  The  intimate  relation  between 
history  and  geography,  the  absolute  necessity  of  a  thorough  understanding  of  words  used, 
whatever  the  subject  taught  may  be,  are  generally  understood.  Thus,  at  intervals  in  this 
work,  are  placed  Preparatory  Notes,  to  facilitate  a  preliminary  mastery  of  locations,  word 
meanings  and  pronunciations,  so  that  when  the  text  is  taken  up  an  intelligent  consideration 
of  it  may  ensue.  With  the  average  pupil,  the  author  suggests  that  these  Preparatory  Notes 
be  given  special  and  due  attention;  with  the  more  mature  student  the  teacher  may  exercise 
his  judgment,  whether  or  not  consideration  of  them  is  necessary. 

It  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  history  study  is  mental  training,  and  that  little  training 
results  where  no  effort  of  mind  is  required  to  grasp  a  subject.  The  author  has  endeavored 
to  grade  the  lessons  so  that  this  mental  effort  may  be  made  continuous,  and  at  the  same  time 
to  make  no  discouraging  demands  upon  the  young  mind.  He  suggests  that  in  the  use  of 
this  book  as  a  class  manual  for  pupils  of  the  intermediate  grammar  grades,  the  teacher 
follow  the  full  text  as  it  is,  up  to  the  period  of  the  Revolution,  making  analyses  of  the 
lessons  as  indicated  in  the  first  few  chapters.  Upon  taking  up  the  Periods  of  Revolu- 
tion and  Independence  for  the  first  time,  he  would  advise  that  the  side  notes  be  only 
read  and  referred  to  in  connection  with  the  body  of  the  chapter.  With  advanced  classes 
intelligent  recitations  on  both  side  notes  and  remainder  of  text  should  be  insisted  upon 

The  Blackboard  Forms  should  be  reviewed  frequently  by  being  reproduced  from  time  to 
time  with  or  without  dates,  as  the  teacher  may  see  fit.  The  Topical  Outlines  should  be  made 
the  special  subjects  of  study  in  connection  with  review  exercises,  for  in  these  the  most 
important  facts  of  American  history  are  generalized  and  placed  within  the  full  view  of  the 
student.  The  questions  printed  in  bolder  type  are  such  as  require  answers  of  more  than 
ordinary  fullness,  the  length  of  which  is  to  be  determined  by  the  teacher. 

As  all  History  cannot  be  embraced  within  the  covers  of  one  book  there  is  given,  in  con- 
nection with  the  Preparatory  Notes,  a  carefully  prepared  list  of  references  under  the  heading 
of  Parallel  Readings,  to  serve  as  guides  for  such  original  reseach — limited  or  extended — as 
the  pupil  may  desire  or  be  required  to  make.  In  this  connection  the  author  would  empha- 
size the  good  results  that  follow  the  establishment  of  an  historical  library — no  matter  how 
few  the  volumes  may  be — in  connection  with  the  school.  In  addition  to  the  long-established 
standards  there  should  be  found  in  each  of  these  libraries  such  bright  and  modern  works 
as  the  "American  Statesmen"  and  "American  Commonwealth"  series,  published  by 
Houghton,  Mifflin  &  Co.,  the  "  Story  of  the  States  Series,"  published  by  D.  Loth  r  op  &  Co., 
Fisk's  "  Critical  Period  of  American  History,"  "The  Century  War  Book,"  and  a  number  of 
other  publications  that  might  be  mentioned.  No  class  pursuing  the  study,  or  teacher 
imparling  instruction  upon  the  subject, should  be  without  the  monthly  visits  of  the  Magazine 
of  American  History,  of  New  York,  the  most  excellent  publication  of  its  kind  of  which  the 
writer  has  knowledge. 

In  teaching  History  the  teacher  should  make  use  of  every  convenient  aid,  and  whether  he 
succeeds  or  not  in  placing  every  minute  fact  indelibly  upon  the  memory  of  the  student,  if  he 
can  train  to  breadth  of  mind  and  intelligent  interest  in  current  affairs,  his  ends  and  aims  as 
an  instructor  of  History  have  been  reasonably  accomplished. 


INTRODUCTION. 


■..'■-■  . 


Human  Progress. 

THE  history  of  the  human  race  is  a 
record  of  that  development  and 
progress  by  which  it  has  attained  its 
present  state  of  civilization  and  enlightenment.  A  study 
of  the  record  reveals  that  this  advancement  has  been 
made  by  various  stages,  as  impulses  have  from  time  to 
time  been  received;  and  that  the  greatest  of  these  impulses 
have  been  conquests,  race  conflicts,  colonizations,  dis- 
coveries, inventions,  and  birth  of  spiritual  ideas. 

The  history  of  a  nation,  or  of  a  people,  is  a  record  of  its  rise 
and  progress,  and,  where  it  has  ceased  to  exist,  of  its  decay. 
From  such  as  have  become  known  to  us  we  readily  perceive 
that  the  degree  of  enlightenment  attained  by  any  nation  or  by 
any  people  is  proportional  to  the  welfare  and  condition  of 
the  individuals  constituting  it;  and  we  have  come  to  know 
that  this  individual  well-being  depends  directly  upon  moral- 
ity, personal  liberty,  culture,  and  control  of  nature's  forces. 


14  INTRODUCTION. 

In  the  history  of  the  United  States  we  are  to  see  some- 
thing more  than  a  mere  statement  of  facts,  or  a  narrative  of 
events  arranged  in  chronological  order.  We  are  to  see  in  it 
the  rise  and  development  of  a  nation  distinct  in  its  political 
features  from  all  others  on  the  earth ;  a  nation  of  self-govern- 
ing States,  bound  together  by  ties  of  agreement  and  mutual 
interest,  exemplifying  in  every  respect  the  laws  of  human 
progress ;  a  nation  no  part  of  whose  history  is  shrouded  in  the 
obscurity  of  a  remote  past,  but  whose  birth  and  rapid  growth 
have  been  illumined  by  the  full  light  of  modern  times.  This 
history  is  of  absorbing  interest  to  the  intelligent  of  every  for- 
eign land,  and  to  be  perfectly  familiar  with  it  should  be  the 
pride,  as  it  is  the  duty,  of  every  citizen  of  our  own. 

Although  the  youngest  of  civilized  nations  the  United 
States  has  already  received  many  of  the  impulses  to  pro- 
gress that  history  in  general  reveals  to  us.  As  a  nation,  its 
foundations  were  laid  in  intellectual  development,  geograph- 
ical discovery  and  colonization.  The  expansion  of  its  terri- 
tory has  been  marked  by  conquest  and  race  conflicts.  The 
advancement  of  its  people  has  been  preeminently  character- 
ized by  invention  and  scientific  discoveries.  Ideas  have 
been  awakened  into  life  during  the  course  of  its  existence  that 
are  of  paramount  importance  to  mankind  without  its  borders 
as  well  as  within — such  ideas  as  the  equality  of  man,  liberty  of 
conscience,  personal  freedom,  and  the  right  of  self-govern- 
ment. 

Within  its  confines  is  to  be  found  every  essential  condition 
of  individual  well-being.  Morality  is  fostered  by  law  and  is 
furthered  by  churches  of  many  denominations  in  every  ham- 
let. Each  State  concerns  itself  directly  with  the  culture  of 
its  inhabitants,  and  to  that  end  provides  universities,  colleges 
and  common  school  systems.  Personal  freedom  is  recog- 
nized by  it  as  by  no  other  nation;  for  here  the  only  restric- 


HUMAN    PROGRESS.  I  5 

tion  placed  upon  individuals  in  time  of  peace  is  that  no  one 
shall  interfere  with  another  in  the  enjoyment  of  rights  com- 
mon to  all.  No  other  people  have  so  placed  the  forces  of 
nature  under  control  to  ease  the  burdens,  to  lighten  the 
labors,  and  to  facilitate  the  subsistence  of  the  human  race. 

The  history  of  this  nation,  then,  is  one  in  which  every 
American  may  take  pride;  it  should  be  familiar  to  every 
boy  and  girl.  There  is  a  past  that  in  its  glory  must  be  car- 
ried into  our  future.  There  is  a  past  that  in  its  sadness  must 
never  be  repeated  in  our  experience  so  long  as  the  nation 
endures.  Sadness  and  glory  alike  must  become  known  to 
successive  generations,  who,  becoming  citizens,  perpetuate 
our  institutions.  A  knowledge  of  what  has  transpired  enables 
one  to  judge  of  the  present  and  influence  the  future.  If  this 
knowledge  inform  us  of  ill-feeling  and  bitterness,  the  present 
tells  us  that  the  well  springs  of  this  ill-feeling  and  bitterness 
have  dried  up.  The  future  must  find  us  carrying  forward 
unitedly  our  common  country  to  its  glorious  destiny.  No 
greater  lesson  is  to  be  learned  from  United  States  history 
than  this. 

In  the  following  pages  the  history  of  the  United  States  is 
approached  by  first  considering  the  condition  of  Europe  at  a 
time  when  America  was  unknown.  In  the  consideration 
of  this  condition  we  are  to  note  the  circumstances  that  led  to 
the  discovery  of  America,  the  explorers  concerned  in  mak- 
ing this  newly-found  region  of  the  earth  known,  and  the  col- 
onization of  its  shores.  There  is  given  incidentally  some 
account  of  the  red  races  of  people  there  found,  showing  the 
degree  of  civilization  they  had  attained  in  accordance  with 
the  well-known  laws  of  human  progress ;  and  also  of  the 
authentic  and  uncertain  visitations  of  America  in  past  times, 
that  added  not  to  the  knowledge  of  mankind,  and  therefore 


1 6  INTRODUCTION. 

rob  the  navigator  who  first  made  the  western  continent  known, 
of  not  one  tithe  of  his  honor  and  credit. 

In  the  development  of  the  colonies  planted  upon  the  Amer- 
ican shores  we  are  to  see  first  the  beginnings  of  a  race  extinc- 
tion, the  red  disappearing  before  the  white,  as  inferior  races 
upon  the  advent  of  a  superior,  have  often  done  before;  then, 
the  conflicts  between  colonies  of  rival  nations,  ending  in  the 
supremacy  of  those  of  England.  This  colonial  development 
will  indicate  a  sectional  development,  due  to  diversity  of 
interests,  to  geographical  position,  and  to  climatic  conditions; 
and  for  a  time  these  sectional  differences  will  be  hidden  from 
sight  in  the  union  of  the  colonies  in  a  common  cause  against 
the  mother  country,  England. 

We  shall  see  what  reason  the  English  colonies  had  to  re- 
volt, and  how  the  Revolution  ended  in  the  establishment  of 
independence  and  self-government  in  America  and  in  the 
institution  of  the  present  government  of  the  United  States. 
We  shall  see  the  sectional  differences  developed  in  colonial 
times  increase  and  strengthen  into  antagonism,  and  two  sec- 
tions, urged  on  by  some  power  beyond  their  control,  rushing 
to  a  conflict  the  most  terrible  in  history.  This  conflict  was 
inevitable  before  the  Americans  could  become  one  people, 
and  from  it  both  emerged  with  heritage  of  noble  deeds  and 
memories  of  gallant  heroes,  with  mutual  respect  and  with  a 
clasping  of  hands  in  friendship,  all  barriers  to  which  from 
that  time  forward  it  is  to  be  their  duty  to  remove.  We  shall 
therefore  consider  the  subject  in  five  periods :  Discovery. 
Colonization,  Colonial  Development,  Revolution,  and 
Independence. 


HUMAN    PROGRESS, 


17 


BLACKBOARD    FORM 


Analysis  ok  Int.koouc'tio 


HUMAN  PROGRESS.     \  /m!)llhcs.  lo>  i 

given  by 


Dependent  upon 


Morality 
Personal  Freedom. 

Culture. 

Control  of  Nature, 


,  Exemplified  in  the.       < 


Conquests. 
Colonizations. 
Race  Conflicts. 
Inventions. 
Discoveries. 
Birth  of  Ideas. 

Discovery 

and 
Colonization 

of  America,  and  in  a 

Colonial  Development, 
which  led  to  the  American 

Revolution 

and  to  the 

establishment  oT 

American 

Independence. 


INTRODUCTION, 


QUESTIONS. 


Of  what  is  the  history  of  the  human  race  a  record  ?  What  is  revealed  to  us 
by  its  study  ?  Name  some  of  the  great  impulses  that  have  been  given  to 
human  progress.  What  is  the  history  of  a  nation  or  of  a  people  ?  To  what  is 
the  degree  of  enlightenment  attained  by  a  nation  or  people  proportional? 
Upon  what  does  individual  well-being  depend  ?  What  must  be  seen  in  the 
history  of  the  United  States  other  than  a  chronological  arrangement  of  facts  ? 
The  United  States  is  a  nation  of  what  ?  Its  rise  and  development  exemplify 
what  laws  ?  What  may  be  said  of  this  rise  and  development?  In  what  have 
the  foundations  of  the  United  States  been  laid  ?  What  has  marked  its  expan- 
sion o.  *erritory  ?  The  advancement  of  its  people  ?  What  great  ideas  have 
been  born  into  the  world  during  the  course  of  American  events  ?  What  are 
found  within  the  confines  of  the  United  States  ?  How  is  morality  fostered  and 
furthered  ?  With  what  does  each  State  concern  itself  ?  What  boon  is  held  out  ? 
What  is  the  only  restriction  upon  individuals  ?  Why  are  the  forces  of  nature 
controlled  ?  What  is  there  in  the  past  of  our  nation  ?  Who  perpetuate  our 
institutions?  What  enables  us  to  judge  of  the  present  and  influence  the 
future?  What  is  the  greatest  lesson  to  be  learned  in  American  history? 
Give  in  your  own  words  an  outline  of  the  ground  to  be  covered  in  this  work. 


PREPARATORY    NOTES. 


TO    CHAPTERS    I    AM)    II. 


Geography. —  Upon  a  globe  or  map  note  the  position  of  the  Mediterranean  sea: 
What  grand  divisions  border  it?  Where  is  Portugal?  Italy?  Genoa? 
Venice?  Name  the  principal  seaports  on  the  southeastern  shores  of  the 
Mediterranean.  How  would  a  vessel  go  from  Genoa  to  the  month  of  the 
Volga  River?  What  rivers  empty  into  the  Black  Sea?  What  islands  south- 
west of  Portugal?  Trace  the  west  coast  of  Africa.  How  would  a  vessel  sail 
from  Lisbon  to  Cape  of  Good  Hope? 

Definition  of  Words. — If  the  meaning  of  these  "words  is  not  clearly  under- 
stood master  each  with  the  aid  of  a  good  dictionary:  Civilization,  literature, 
garner,  superstition,  maritime,  caravans,  project,  essay,  conviction,  inves- 
tigation, conception,  canopy,  surmise,  fraught,  weird,  capital,  destined,  era, 
experience. 

Pronunciation  of  Names. — A  list  of  proper  names  difficult  to  pronounce  tvill 
be  found  in  the  appendix.  Practice  upon  the  pronunciation  of  the  following! 
Christoforo  Colombo,  Bartholomeu  Diaz,  Vasco  da  Oama. 


PARALLEL    READINGS. 


rope' 


Reference.— Ilallam's  "Middle  Ages,"  Draper's  "Intellectual  Development  of  Eu 
(vol.  2,  chap.  5)1  living's  "Life  ol  Columbus." 

ToriCAi..— "Dark    Ages,"    "Printing,    Discovery    oi,"    "Marco    Polo,"    "Mandeville,    Sir 
John,"  "Copernicus,"  "Mariner's  Compass." 


FIRST    FKRIOD. 


DISCOVERY 


The  Great  Awakening. 

CHAPTER  I. 

The  Dawn  of  Learning. 

SEA  more  historic  than  the 
Mediterranean  is  not  to  he 
found  on  the  surface  of  the  earth. 
Its  waters  have  floated  the  fleets  of  maritime  nations  for 
thousands  of  years,  bearing  to  and  fro  the  commerce  of 
three  grand  divisions.  About  its  shores  have  risen, 
flourished,  and  decayed,  civilizations,  the  records  of  which 
have  come  down  to  us  and  influenced  our  own. 

The  Europe  which  touches  this  sea  upon  the  north  was  not 
always  the  enlightened  portion  of  the  world  that  it  is  to-day. 
There  was  a  time  in  its  history  known  as  the  Dark  Ages,  in 
which  the  densest  ignorance  prevailed.  Learning  was 
locked  up  in  a  few  schools,  monasteries  and  colleges,  where 
priests  and  monks  preserved  the  literature  of  other  times  in 


20  PERIOD    OF    DISCOVERY. 

hand-written  volumes,  copying  the  same  from  time  to  time  as 
the  needs  of  their  few  patrons  required. 

Upon  no  subject  of  knowledge  were  the  masses  more  igno- 
rant than  geography.  When  we  examine  a  modern  text- 
book upon  this  subject,  and  in  it  see  elaborate  maps  outlining 
correctly  every  portion  of  the  earth's  surface;  when  we  read 
the  accompanying  descriptions  of  lands  and  inhabitants, 
countries  and  governments,  cities  and  industries,  it  seems 
di ffi cult  to  realize  that  the  time  of  this  general  ignorance 
was  no  further  back  in  the  history  of  man  than  four  hun- 
dred years.  Geographical  knowledge,  other  than  that  of  a 
local  nature  extended  but  little  beyond  the  shores  of  the 
Mediterranean.  America  then  formed  no  part  of  the  known 
world. 

The  fifteenth  century  brought  to  a  close  this  era  of  intel- 
lectual darkness.  The  art  of  printing,  so  wonderful  as  to  be 
regarded  by  the  ignorant  with  superstition  at  the  time,  was 
invented,  and  books  from  movable  type  began  to  appear. 
Thousands  of  books  could  now  be  easily  produced  by 
mechanical  means  where  formerly  the  production  by  hand 
of  but  one  was  a  laborious  undertaking  The  result  was  a 
cheapening  of  books,  and  with  this  cheapening  sprang  up  a 
desire  to  master  the  arts  of  reading  and  writing.  With  much 
reading  came  much  thinking.  The  storehouses  of  knowledge 
garnered  up  in  the  past  were  placed  within  easy  reach  of  the 
multitude.  It  was  not  long  before  Europe  was  in  a  state  of 
intellectual  activity. 

As  knowledge  of  the  old  became  familiar,  a  desire  for  the 
new  increased,  and  this  desire  extended  to  knowledge  of 
the  earth's  surface.  Sir  John  Mandevieee  of  England, 
and  Marco  Polo  of  Venice,  two  renowned  travelers,  had 
in  times  past  penetrated  into  the  interior  of  Asia.  Their 
works  were   read  with   avidity,  and    the    desire  for  further 


THE    GREAT    AWAKENING. 


21 


discovery  tended,  therefore. 


Successive  expeditions  were  slowly 
making'  known  the  west  coast  of  Af- 
rica, the  dispatch  of  which  had  been 
induced  by  the  reports  of  Portuguese 
representatives  at  Cairo  that  Africa 
is  a  peninsula,  and  that  its  southern- 
most cape  could  be  rounded.  This 
knowledge  was  obtained  from  the 
Arabs,  who  had  been  familiar  for 
some  time  with  the  navigation  of  the 
east  coast.  The  Cape  of  Good  Hope 
was  reached  by  Uartholomeu  Diaz, 
in  14S6,  and  was  finally  doubled  by 
Vasco  da  Gama  in  1497. 


to  the  East.  The  little  maritime 
nation  of  Portugal  was  trying  to 
reach  that  East  by  sailing  down 
the  unknown  shores  of  trans- 
equatorial  Africa.  The  known 
world  was  in  a  state  of  eager 
expectancy  to  gain  know- 
ledge of  the  unknown,  and 
an  era  of  discovery  was 
ushered    in. 


QUESTIONS. 

What  sea  is  one  of  the  most  historic  on  the  earth?  Why  is  the  Mediter- 
ranean historic?  What  fleets  has  it  floated?  What  have  risen,  flourished  and 
decayed  upon  its  shores?  What  has  not  Europe  always  heen?  What  period 
in  European  history  is  known  as  the  Dark  Ages?  By  whom  was  the  litera- 
ture of  other  times  preserved  during  the  Dark  Ages  ?  How  were  books  then 
produced  ?  Upon  what  subject  were  the  masses  greatly  ignorant?  How  does 
the  geographical  knowledge  of  the  present  day  differ  from  that  of  the  Dark 
Ages  ?  Of  what  does  the  fifteenth  century  mark  the  close?  What  effect  had  the 
invention  of  printing?  What  desire  sprang  up  with  the  cheapening  of  books? 
What  was  placed  within  easy  reach  of  all  who  learned  to  read?  What  increased 
as  a  knowledge  of  the  old  became  familiar?  What  do  you  know  of  Sir  John 
Mandeville  and  Marco  Polo?  In  what  direction  did  the  desire  for  discovery 
extend?  What  maritime  nation  was  endeavoring  to  reach  India  by  sea  ? 
What  do  you  know  of  Portuguese  discoveries  ?  What  era  was  ushered  in  with 
the  dawn  of  learning? 


CHAPTER  II. 

The   Increase   of   Geographical   Knowledge. 

Among  the  first  European  countries  to  experience  the 
revival  of  learning  was  Italy.  In  the  northern  portion  of  this 
peninsula  were  situated  the  republics  of  Venice  and  Genoa, 


2  2  PERIOD    OF    DISCOVERY. 

both  long  celebrated  for  commercial  enterprise,  their  seamen 
being  the  most  skilful  in  Europe,  and  their  vessels  plying  to 
and  fro  between  the  various  Mediterranean  ports. 

The  trade  of  Venice  had  long  been  established  with  the 
seacoast  towns  of  southwest  Asia  and  northeast  Africa, 
where  long  caravans  came  laden  with  the  treasures  of  the 
Indies  and  the  merchandise  of  the  East,  to  be  transferred  to  the 
holds  of  Venetian  vessels  for  European  distribution.  As  time 
passed  on,  the  trade  of  Genoa  was  centered  in  the  Black 
Sea,  where  stations  and  depots  were  established  to  receive 
the  vast  quantities  of  produce  coming  down  from  the  inte- 
rior of  Russia  by  way  of  her  numerous  rivers,  and  from 
the  interior  of  Asia  by  way  of  the  Caspian. 

But  the  trade  of  Genoa  suffered  a  death  blow  when  the 
warlike  Turks,  having  crossed  the  Bosphorus,  gained  a  foot- 
hold in  Europe,  and  cut  off  all  access  to  the  sea  on  which 
the  commerce  of  the  Genoese  had  been  built  up.  Com- 
petition with  Venice  had  now  to  be  entered  into.  Fierce 
rivalry  ensued  between  the  two  republics,  and  Genoa  being 
at  a  sore  disadvantage,  to  discover  a  new  route  to  India 
and  other  lands  soon  became  a  serious  question  with  her 
merchants  and  sailors. 

Among  the  many  whose  attention  was  occupied  with  this 
question  was  one  who  conceived  the  bold  project  of  reach- 
ing the  Indies  by  water  in  a  way  other  than  that  which 
was  being  essayed  by  the  Portuguese.  The  name  of 
this  Genoese  was  Christoforo  Colombo,  and  the  boldness 
of  his  idea  consisted  in  the  manner  in  which  he  proposed  to 
attain  his  object. 

A  skilful  navigator,  he  was  thoroughly  familiar  with  all 
matters  pertaining  to  the  sea.  He  had  voyaged  to  many  of 
the  known  regions  of  the  world,  and  during  a  long  course  of 
observation  the   conviction   had   entered   his   mind   that  the 


Till-:    GREAT    AWAKKN1N(J, 


n 


earth  is  round,  not   flat,  according  to  the   prevailing  belief 

at  the  time ;   and  under  the  impression  that  it  was  very  much 

smaller  than  it  really  is,  he 

proposed    to    reach    India 

by  sailing  west  across  the 

Atlantic    ocean,  upon   the 

bosom  of  which  no  known 

vessel    had    yet   ventured 

far. 

Columbus,  as  he  is  call- 
ed in  history,  was  not  alone 
in  the  belief  that  the  earth 
is  round.  A  few  great 
scholars,  in  the  course  of 
their  scientific  investiga- 
tions, had  arrived  at  the 
same  conclusion  ;  but  these 
conclusions  they  had  not 
dared  to  openly  assert. 
Long  years  of  ignorance  had  fixed  in  the  popular  mind 
a  conception  of  the  earth  as  being  flat,  as  having  four 
corners,  as  serving  to  support  the  heavens  stretched  canopy- 
like above  it,  and  an)-  expression  of  conviction  contrary  to 
the  popular  belief  called  forth  at  that  time  ridicule  and 
sometimes  persecution. 

Of  the  other  side  of  the  Atlantic  nothing  was  known. 
One  by  one  groups  of  islands  such  as  the  Canary,  had,  by 
some  accident  or  other,  come  within  the  knowledge  of  Por- 
tuguese navigators.  Surmise  placed  others  far  out  upon  the 
broad  expanse,  and  superstition  had  pictured  mysterious  lands 
beyond,  approach  to  which  was  fraught  with  weird  dangers, 
and  return  from  which  was  believed  to  be  impossible. 


...^ililllilUllilillllllilllllllllllllilllllill 

COLUMBUS. 


24  PERIOD    OF    DISCOVERY. 

Columbus  boldly  professed  his  belief,  and  offered  to 
attempt  the  westward  voyage  to  India.  His  services  were 
first  tendered  to  his  native  city,  but  Genoese  capital  could  be 
embarked  upon  no  scheme  so  visionary.  The  glory  of  send- 
ing him  upon  that  first  great  voyage  was  destined  for  no 
merchant  of  Genoa,  and  its  determining  motives  were  to  be 
other  than  those  of  commercial  enterprise. 

QUESTIONS. 

What  country  was  among  the  first  to  experience  the  revival  of  learning? 
What  two  little  republics  in  the  northern  part  of  Italy?  What  do  vqu  know 
of  Genoa  and  Venice?  What  can  you  say  of  their  vessels  and  seamen? 
What  trade  had  Venice  established?  Where  did  the  trade  of  Genoa  centre? 
What  finally  sprung  up  between  the  two  republics?  Why?  What  question 
became  a  serious  one  to  the  merchants  and  seamen  of  Genoa?  Who  con- 
ceived the  idea  of  reaching  India  by  water?  What  can  you  say  of  the  idea 
entertained  by  Christopher  Columbus?  With  what  was  Columbus  familiar? 
What  conviction  entered  his  mind?  What  mistaken  idea  had  he  about  the 
size  of  the  earth?  Who  besides  Columbus  had  reached  his  conclusion? 
Why  did  not  eminent  scholars  of  that  day  dare  to  profess  openly  their  beliefs 
and  convictions?  What  conceptions  had  been  firmly  fixed  in  the  popular 
mind  by  long  years  of  ignorance?  What  was  known  of  the  other  side  of 
the  Atlantic?  What  did  people  imagine  to  be  there?  What  offer  did 
Columbus  make?  To  whom  was  this  offer  first  tendered?  Why?  Why 
was  not  the  offer  of  Columbus  accepted  by  his  native  city? 


SEARCH  QUESTIONS. 


When  did  the  Turks  gain  a  foothold  in  Europe?  When  and  by  whom  was  printing 
invented?  What  nautical  instrument  renders  it  possible  for  a  vessel  to  sail  out  of  sight 
of  land?  Name  two  civilizations  that  have  arisen  and  decayed  about  the  shores  of  the 
Mediterranean  sea.      What  is  "St.  Brandan's  Isle?" 


PREPARATORY    NOTES. 

TO    CHAPTERS    III,    IV,    V    AND    VI. 

Geography. — Note  the  location  of  the  following  upon  a  globe  or  map.;' 
Lisbon,  Canary  Islands,  Palos,  Bahama  Islands,  Cuba,  Hayti,  Jamaica,  Ori- 
noco River,  Isthmus  of  Panama,  Barcelona,  Bristol,  Newfoundland,  Labra- 


AMERICA    DISCOVERED.  25 

dor,  Straits  of  Belle  Isle.  In  what  direction  from  Palos  are  the  Canary 
Islands?  What  point  on  the  American  coast  is  the  same  latitude  as  these 
islands?  Would  a  vessel  steer  north  or  south  of  this  parallel  in  sailing  from 
the  Canary  to  the  Bahama  Islands?  In  what  direction  is  Labrador  from  the 
British  Isles?  Which  is  the  greater  distance,  from  the  Canary  Islands  to 
the  Bahamas,  or  from  England  to  Labrador?  What  animals  are  found  in 
the  Polar  regions? 

Definition  of  Words. — Master  the  meaning-  of  the  following  words:  Patron, 
discredit,  treachery,  interval,  arguing,  prior,  dominant,  absurdity,  evidently, 
antipodes,  reversed,  visionist,  replenish,  species,  persistent,  depleted, 
accrue,  parallel,  identity,  formal,  disaster,  proclaim,  adulations,  accusations, 
latitude,  patent,  bestow,  subsequent,  authentic. 

Pronunciation  of  Names.  —  Practice  the  pronunciation  of  the  following1: 
Salamanca,  Pinzon,  Vineente  Yanez,  Roderigo  tie  Triana,  San  Salvador, 
Hispaniola,  Bahama,  Go m era,  Sebastian,  Santius,  Prima  Vista,  Alonzo  ck- 
Ojedo. 


PARALLEL  READINGS. 

Reference. — Irving's  "Life  of  Columbus,"  Nicholls'  "Cabot,"  Bancroft's  "History  of 
the  Colonization  of  the  United  States"  (chapter  1). 

General. — "How  America  was  Discovered,"  in  Harper's  Magazine  (Dec,  1SS1). 

Topical. — "West  Indies,"  "Labrador,"  "Cabot,  John,"  "Cabot,  Sebastian,"  "America, 
Discovery  of,"  "Ferdinand  and  Isabella,"  "Canary  Islands,"  "Columbus,  Life  of." 


America  Discovered. 

CHAPTER  III. 
The    Idea    and    The    Man. 

It  appears  that  Columbus  first  formed  the  idea  of  the 
earth's  roundness  about  the  year  1474,  at  which  time  he  was 
living  at  Lisbon,  Portugal,  whither  a  number  of  Genoese 
navigators,  attracted  by  the  fame  of  the  Portuguese  princes 
as  patrons  of  maritime  enterprises,  had  from  time  to  time 
repaired,  as  the  commerce  of  their  own  city  declined. 

At  this  time  he  was  very  poor,  and  having  no  means  to 
put   his    ideas    into    execution,   he    naturally  turned    to   the 


26  PERIOD    OF    DISCOVERY. 

Portuguese  king  after  his  native  city  had  declined  to  enter 
into  his  plans.  The  application  of  Columbus  was  referred 
to  several  councilors.  They  first  ridiculed  the  project 
openly,  then  secretly  advised  the  king  to  dispatch  an  expedi- 
tion of  his  own  and  reap  the  whole  glory.  To  the  discredit 
of  this  monarch — an  unusually  enlightened  one  for  the  times 
— it  is  said  that  he  listened  to  these  evil  advisers;  but  the 
expedition  sent  out  ended  in  speedy  failure. 

Smarting  from  the  treachery,  Columbus  set  out  from  Por- 
tugal to  lay  his  plans  before  the  court  of  Spain.  Much 
of  the  toilsome  journey  was  performed  on  foot,  his  little 
son  walking  beside  him.  Poverty-stricken,  the  very  bread 
they  ate  was  begged  at  times  by  the  wayside.     Spain,  then 

beginning  to  be  the  most  power- 
ful nation  in  Europe,  was  in  the 
midst  of  costly  wars,  and  a  long 
interval  elapsed  before  Columbus 
could  gain  a  hearing.  Seven  years 
jj|  did  he  spend  pleading,  urging, 
arguing,  devoting  his  whole  energy 
to  the  one  idea  of  adding  to  the 
world's  knowledge  a  knowledge 
of  the  world.  Two  of  these  years  were  spent  in  a 
convent,  whose  prior  fortunately  gained  for  him  power- 
ful friends  at  court.  He  obtained  a  hearing  at  last  from 
Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  the  reigning  king  and  queen. 
A  council  of  wise  men,  known  as  the  Council  of  Salamanca, 
was  assembled,  to  whom  Columbus  presented,  with  the  great- 
est eloquence,  the  ideas  that  had  long  been  dominant  in  his 
mind.  He  maintained  that  the  sea  was  everywhere  navigable ; 
that  j  there  were  lands  upon  the  earth  other  than  those 
then  known;  that  the  earth  was  round;  and  that  Asia  could 
be  reached  by  sailing  west  across  the  Atlantic. 


AMERICA    DISCOVERED.  27 

"The  earth,"  he  reasoned,  "is  made  lor  man.*'  "The 
command  and  promise  of  the  Bible  is  that  man  shall  increase 
and  replenish  the  earth.  Too  much  of  the  earth's  surface 
cannot  therefore  be  taken  up  with  water.  There  must  be 
lands  to  us  unknown.  Is  it  possible  that  the  sun  shines 
upon  nothing,  and  that  the  nightly  watches  of  the  stars  are 
wasted   upon  trackless  seas?" 

To  sustain  his  arguments  he  brought  forward  a  number  of 
facts.  West  of  the  Azores  Islands  had  been  found  floating  a 
piece  of  timber  curiously  carved  by  tools  evidently  not  of  iron. 
Whence  came  it?  Two  dead  bodies  of  an  unknown  race, 
with  large,  dark,  strange  features,  had  been  cast  upon  a 
western  coast.  Where  live  such  men?  Where  grow  the 
gigantic  canes,  the  trees  and  vines  of  strange  species,  whose 
trunks  and  stems  are  found  floating  upon  the  waters  of  the 
ocean  by  navigators  driven  far  out  to  sea  by  adverse  winds? 

But  the  great  and  wise  council  would  not  accept  his  argu- 
ments. "The  earth  cannot  be  round,"  they  answered,  "for 
then  there  would  be  antipodes,  and  everything  would  be 
reversed.  People  certainly  cannot  live  with  their  feet  up 
and  heads  down.  Snow  and  rain  cannot  fall  upwards 
Moreover  the  rotundity  of  the  earth 
would  imply  the  arrangement  of  the 
ocean  as  a  watery  hill,  up  and  down 
which  vessels  would  have  to  sail  in 
going  from  one  region  to  another — an 
absurdity." 

Discouraged,  but  still  persistent, 
Columbus  prepared  to  apply  to  France, 
and  had  actually  set  out  upon  his  way 
when  overtaken  and  recalled.     His  elo-  .sabflla 

quence  had  made   a  deep  impression   on    the  queen.     The 
possible  success  of  such  an  undertaking  as  Columbus  pro- 


28  PERIOD    OF    DISCOVERY. 

posed  opened  up  to  her  mind  the  glories  of  extended 
dominion,  and,  good  Catholic  that  she  was,  the  desire  of 
spreading  the  religion  of  Christ  to  such  unknown  regions 
as  might  be  found,  appealed  to  her  very  strongly.  So 
she  agreed  to  furnish  the  reouired  assistance. 

O  J- 

The  treasury  of  Spain  was  in  a  state  of  depletion,  caused 
by  years  of  war;  but  an  offer  to  pledge  her  jewels  obtained 
for  Isabella  the  necessary  amount.  An  agreement  was  entered 
into  with  Columbus  by  which  he  was  to  contribute  one-eighth 
of  the  expense  and  to  receive  one-tenth  of  whatever  pearls, 
precious  stones,  gold,  spices  and  other  articles  he  might 
obtain.  He  was  to  be  admiral  *'  in  all  the  lands  and 
continents  he  might  discover  or  acquire  in  the  ocean,  "  and 
viceroy  of  the  same.  He  was  also  to  have  the  privilege  of 
nominating  three  candidates  for  each  of  such  governorships 
as  might  be  established. 

Eighteen  long  years  of  poverty,  misfortune,  and  disappoint- 
ment had  he  passed  through.  Assailed  by  the  superstitious, 
ridiculed  as  a  madman  by  the  ignorant,  he  had  adhered  to 
his  purpose  with  a  perseverance,  the  parallel  of  which  it  is 
difficult  to  find.  At  last  his  time  had  come,  and  the  dreams 
of  the  visionist  were  to  become  established  facts. 

QUESTIONS. 

About  what  time  did  Columbus  form  the  idea  of  the  earth's  roundness? 
Where  was  he  then  living?1  Who  had  repaired  here  from  time  to  time? 
Why?  Whv  did  not  Columbus  put  his  ideas  into  execution?  What  efforts 
did  Columbus  make  to  obtain  assistance?  To  whom  was  the  application 
of  Columbus  for  assistance  referred?  To  what  evil  advice  did  the  Portuguese 
king  listen?  Where  did  Columbus  next  apply?  Tell  what  you  know  of 
Columbus'  visit  to  Spain.  How  was  the  journey  thither  performed?  Why 
could  he  not  gain  an  immediate  hearing?  How  long  a  time  did  he  spend  in 
Spain?  Where  were  two  of  these  years  spent?  Who  were  king  and  queen 
of  Spain  at  the  time?  What  council  was  assembled  to  pass  upon  Columbus' 
views?     What  do  you  know  of  the  Council  of  Salamanca?     What  arguments 


AMERICA    DISCOVERED. 


29 


SHOWING  THE   VOYAGES  OF   C0LUM3US,  CA30T,   AND   MAGELLAN 
AND  THE  KNOWN    AND    UNKNOWN    REGIONS   OF    THE    EAflTH 
IN  THE  TIME  OF  COLUMBUS. 


did    Columbus    present  ?      What 
facts?      I  low  was  he  answered 
by  the  wise  men  ?   Where 
did     Columbus     next 
proceed  ?      Why   did 
he      not     continue 
on   to    F  r  a  n  cc. 
Why  had  Isabella 
determined      to 
grant   the    neces- 
sary    assistance? 
Why  did  she  offer 
to    pledge     her 
jewels  ?       What 
agreement     be- 
tween     Columbus 
and      Isabella     was 
entered     into?       How 
long       did       Columbus 
labor    to    put    his    idea 
into    execution  ?     What 
had       he       encountered 
through  this  period  ? 


CHAPTER   IV. 


The    Story  of   San    Salvador. 

Immediately  upon  receiving  his  commission  Columbus 
repaired  to  Palos,  a  little  port  in  the  southwest  of  Spain,  and 
began  preparations  for  the  voyage.  Here  dwelt  a  wealthy 
family  of  navigators  named  Pinzon,  friends  of  Columbus, 
with  whose  assistance  he  was  enabled  to  contribute  that 
portion  of  the  expense  he  had  agreed  upon.  The  Pinzons 
thus  identifying  themselves  with  the  expedition,  were  to 
receive  a  share  of  whatever  profits  might  accrue. 

Two  small  vessels,  the  Pinta  and  the  Nina,  were  furnished 
by  the  government,  while  with  the  funds  obtained  from  the 
Pinzons,  a  third,  the  Santa  Maria,  somewhat  larger  than  the 


30  Period  of  discovery. 

other  two,  was  procured.  The  hist  named  was  made  the 
flagship  of  the  admiral.  Martin  Alonzo  Pinzon  took  com- 
mand of  the  Pinta,  and  his  brother,  Vincent  Yanez,  of  the 
Nina. 

The  government  provided  for  the  employment  of  ninety 
sailors.  At  first  it  was  with  some  difficulty  that  men  could 
be  procured.  Every  one  was  interested  in  the  expedition 
being  fitted  up,  but  the  venture  was  regarded  as  a  desperate 
one,  and  few  cared  to  risk  themselves  upon  a  voyage  with 
chances  of  returning  so  meagre.  The  results  of  possible 
success,  however,  were  held  up  so  glowingly  that,  by  the 
time  preparations  were  completed,  not  only^  ninety  sailors 
were  secured,  but  thirty  others  joined  for  the  purpose  of 
adventure. 

By  August  2,  1492,  everything  was  ready  for  departure. 
The  day  was  spent  in  solemn  and  impressive  religious 
ceremonies.  Officers  and  men  in  procession  marched  to  the 
church,  confessed  their  sins  and  offered  up  prayers,  accord- 
ing to  custom  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church.  The  priests 
called  down  the  blessings  of  heaven  upon  the  expedition,  and 
early  next  morning  the  fleet  set  out  to  sea,  Columbus  bear- 
ing with  him  a  letter  from  the  sovereign  of  Spain  to  the 
Grand  Kahn  of  Tartary,  a  monarch  whose  realm  had  been 
visited  and  described  by  Marco  Polo,  and  whom  Columbus 
expected  to  visit  before  his  return.  Aboard  the  vessels  it  was 
announced  that  a  prize,  offered  by  the  queen,  awaited  him  who 
was  first  to  see  land  not  heretofore  discovered.  The  great- 
est voyage  in  the  world's  history  had  now  begun. 

When  three  days  out,  the  rudder  of  the  Pinta  was  lost;  sail 
was  therefore  made  for  the  Canary  Islands,  where,  after  a 
three  weeks'  stay  at  the  one  called  Gomera,  the  damage  was 
repaired.  Here  Columbus  was  informed  that  a  Portuguese 
fleet  was  in  those  waters  for  the  purpose  of  intercepting  him. 


AMERICA    DISCOVERED.  31 

Fortunately  it  never  came  in  sight,  and  on  September  6th 
the  voyage  was  resumed. 

Day  after  day  now  passed,  filled  sometimes  with  hope, 
sometimes  with  fear.  Most  of  the  sailors  were  superstitious ; 
some  were  inclined  to  be  insubordinate.  When  the  sea  hap- 
pened to  be  calm,  they  were  afraid  that  a  region  had  been 
reached  where  winds  never  blowr.  When  a  steady  breeze  set 
in  and  wafted  them  swiftly  along  in  the  direction  most  to  be 
desired,  it  was,  "How  shall  we  ever  sail  back  against  it?" 

The  further  they  proceeded,  the  more  uneasy  they  became. 
In  consequence  of  this  uneasiness  Columbus  found  it  advis- 
able to  keep  two  reckonings  of  the  distance  daily  traveled  — 
a  correct  one  for  his  own  guidance,  and  another  recording 
a  less  number  of  miles  than  had  actually  been  traveled,  to  be 
shown  the  crew.  From  time  to  time  appeared  signs  that 
sailors  had  always  hitherto  regarded  as  indicating  nearness 
of  land,  but  in  these  instances  they  proved  false  indications. 
More  than  once  clouds  upon  the  horizon  were  mistaken 
for  shores.  The  fears  of  the  sailors  brought  them  at  times 
to  the  verge  of  mutiny;  and  it  was  only  by  great  tact  that 
Columbus  succeeded  in  persuading  them,  from  time  to  time, 
to  continue  the  voyage. 

On  the  7th  of  October  a  memorable  incident  happened. 
Martin  Pinzon,  from  the  deck  of  the  Pinta,  perceived  a  flock 
of  parrots  flying  toward  the  southwest,  and  rightly  suppos- 
ing land  to  lie  in  that  direction,  the  heads  of  the  vessels  were 
turned  accordingly.  As  thev  sailed  on  signs  of  land  became 
numerous  and  unmistakable.  A  branch  filled  with  berries 
went  floating  by,  and  birds  that  never  fly  far  from  shore, 
alighted  on  the  vessels. 

The  night  of  October  nth  arrived  in  the  course  of  time. 
The  vesper  hymn,  sung  by  each  crew  at  eve,  had  ceased  to 
sound  over  the  waters.      In  the  forepart  of  his  ship,  peering 


32 


PERIOD    OF    DISCOVERY, 


FIRST    SIGNS    OF     LAND. 


AMERICA    DISCOVERED,  33 

anxiously  into  the  dark  ahead,  stood  Columbus.  A  little 
twinkling  light  in  the  distance  suddenly  attracted  his  atten- 
tion. It  was  moving,  and,  though  he  was  not  certain  of  it  at 
the  time,  was  coming  from  land.  Early  the  next  morning  a 
gun  sounded  from  the  Pinta.  Rodrigo  de  Triana,  the  sailor 
on  watch,  had  summoned  all  hands;  for  there  before  them, 
dimly  to  be  seen,  was  an  unknown  shore  approached  in  the 
night.  The  joyful  shout  went  up,  and  all  uncertainty  was  at 
an  end. 

QUESTIONS. 

Where  did  Columbus  repair  upon  receiving  his  commission?  What  friends 
had  he  here?  What  part  did  the  Pinzons  take  in  aiding  the  enterprise  of 
Columbus?  What  benefit  were  they  to  receive  therefrom?  What  three  ves- 
sels were  fitted  up?  How  was  each  obtained?  Who  was  the  commander 
of  each?  How  many  sailors  were  employed?  I  low  many  men  went  with 
the  expedition?  How  was  this  number  finally  procured?  Tell  what  you  know 
of  the  fitting  up  of  Columbus'  expedition  ?  When  was  everything  ready 
for  the  start?  What  ceremonies  preceded  the  departure?  What  did  Colum- 
bus take  with  him?  Why  did  he  take  this  letter?  What  announcement  was 
made  to  the  crews?  Why  is  the  first  voyage  of  Columbus  one  of  the  greatest 
in  history?  What  accider.t  befell  the  Pinta?  When?  Where  was  it  repaired? 
What  danger  did  Columbus  escape?  Describe  the  voyage  from  the  Canary 
Islands?  What  fears  were  entertained  by  the  men?  What  did  Columbus 
find  it  necessary  to  do  on  account  of  these  fears?  What  was  the  notable 
occurrence  of  Octobet  7th?  Why  was  this  occurrence  remarkable?  What 
signs  of  land  soon  began  ta  appear?  What  happened  the  night  of  the  nth? 
The  morning  of  the  12th?     Who  first  saw  land?     What  was  now  at  an  end? 


CHAPTER  V. 

The    News    Brought    Back. 

The  land  first  seen  proved  to  be  one  of  the  Bahama  Islands. 
The  devout  Columbus  bestowed  upon  it  the  name  of  San 
Salvador  (Holy  Savior).  In  the  light  of  early  dawn  the 
three  vessels  drew  up  and  cast  anchor.    The  intense  interest 


34  PERIOD    OF    DISCOVERY. 

with  which  the  men  scanned  the  land  before  them  may  well 
be  imagined.  The  vanguard  of  European  civilization  had 
reached  American  shores,  and  all  felt  the  solemnity  and 
importance  of  the  occasion. 

The  first  landing  of  Columbus  in  the  new  world  was 
made  with  elaborate  ceremony.  Attired  in  a  rich  uniform  of 
scarlet,  with  the  royal  banner  of  Spain  in  his  hand,  the 
admiral  entered  his  own  boat  and  was  joined  by  his  subordi- 
nate captains  in  theirs,  each  holding  aloft  the  green-crossed 
banner  of  the  enterprise ;  all  three  were  accompanied  by 
retinues — the  whole  forming  a  most  brilliant  pageant  as  it 
drew  near  to  shore.  The  first  act  of  Columbus  on  landing 
was  to  kneel  reverently,  kiss  the  earth,  and  offer  thanks  to 
God,  while  the  tears  of  joy  sprang  to  his  eyes  and  a  sense 
of  gratitude  to  his  heart.  He  then  rose  to  his  feet,  drew 
his  sword,  and,  surrounded  by  his  men,  took  formal  posses- 
sion in  the  name  of  the  sovereigns  of  Spain.  The  oath 
of  obedience  to  him  as  admiral  and  viceroy  was  then  taken 
by  all  present. 

Dark-skinned  natives  had  gathered  around  and  were 
witnessing  the  proceedings  with  astonishment.  To  them  the 
ships  seemed  bird-like,  and  wing-like  the  sails.  Regarding 
the  visitors  as  from  the  sk}T,  they  treated  them  with  every 
mark  of  kindness.  A  few  of  them  wore  ornaments  of  gold, 
with  which  they  readily  parted,  and  when  asked  by  signs 
wrhere  more  of  that  metal  could  be  obtained,  they  pointed  to 
the  south.  This  led  the  Spaniards  to  further  search,  and, 
erecting  a  large  cross,  they  left  the  island,  and  proceeded  in 
the  direction  pointed  out. 

Before  long  the  coast  of  Cuba  was  sighted,  and  soon  after 
that  of  Hayti,  which  was  called  by  them  Hispaniola  (Little 
Spain).  The  Spaniards  landed  from  time  to  time  along  the 
coast  to  search  and  make  inquiry  for  the  gold  and  spices  they 


AMERICA    DISCOVER  ED. 


35 


had  hoped  to  find  in  abundance.  At  Hispaniola  disaster 
befell  the  Santa  Maria,  and  many  of  the  men  opposing  fur- 
ther exploration,  a  fort  was  constructed  from  the  wreck  and 
named  Fort  Isabel.  Leaving  thirty-five  men  as  a  garrison, 
Columbus  set  out  with  the  rest  upon  the  return. 

The  excitement  that  spread  over  Spain  when,  on  the  13th 


lensr/stM-.-XMaTX*  J 


STATUE    OF    COLUMBUS    AT    GENOA 


of  March,  1493,  news  went  out  from  Palos  that  Columbus 
had  returned  successful,  can  hardly  be  imagined.  Bells  were 
rung,  and  exultation  was  upon  every  side.  A  general  holi- 
day was  proclaimed.     The  king  and  queen   assembled  their 


36 


PERIOD    OF    DISCOVERY. 


courtiers,  and  waited  in  state  at  Barcelona,  to  welcome  with 
honor  the  man  who  was  thenceforth  to  be  known  as  Spain's 
greatest  admiral.  The  journey  of  Columbus  from  Palos  to 
the  Spanish  court  was  quite  different  from  the  footsore  and 
weary  one  made  six  years  before.  Greetings  and  adula- 
tions were  now  showered  upon  him  all  along  the  route,  and 
his  progress  was  a  series  of  triumphs. 

In  the  presence  of  the  assembled  court  Columbus  received 
the  hands  of  his  sovereign.  The  story  of  his  adventure,  and 
of  that  new  world  beyond  the  seas,  was  given  in  full.  The 
curious  objects  he  had  brought  back  with  him,  among 
which  were  two  natives  of  the  new  world,  were  examined 
with  wonder.  The  islands  that  Columbus  told  about  were 
thought  to  be  among  those  lying  off  the  southeast  coast  of 
Asia,  and  known  in  those  days  as  the  Indies ;  hence  the 
natives  received  the  name  of  Indians,  which  they  have 
retained  to  this  day. 

A  large  fleet  was  now  provided  for  Columbus  to  make  a 
second  voyage.  Impatient  to  make  further  discoveries  he 
soon  set  sail,  this  time  with  fifteen  hundred  soldiers,  mission- 
aries and  adventurers,  all  eager 
to  extend  Spain's  dominion, 
to  Christianize  the  savages, 
and  to  search  for  the  gold  and 
silver  that  were  to  flow  into 
the  coffers  of  Spain,  and,  for 
a  time,  make  her  the  richest 
among  nations. 

In  time  Hispaniola  was 
reached;  but  a  sad  discovery 
was  here  made.  The  men  left 
by  Columbus  on  his  first  vov- 


The  last  days  of  Columbus  were 
spent  in  misfortune.  The  powers  and 
privileges  granted  him  in  the  new  world, 
occasioned  much  jealousy  and  awaken- 
ed powerful  enmity.  False  accusa- 
tions were  made  against  him  at  one 
time,  and  he  was  sent  hack  in  chains  as 
a  criminal.  Public  opinion  was  so  in- 
censed at  the  indignity  imposed  upon 
him  that  his  chains  were  quickly  re- 
moved ;  but  he  was  never  restored  to 
the  benefits  to  which  he  was  entitled. 
His  patron,  Queen  Isabella,  having 
died,  he  was  treated  with  more  and 
more  neglect;  and  at  last,  overcome  ! 
by  disappointment,  the  man  who  had  I 
given  to  Spain  a  new  world  died  (May 
26,  1506)  a  victim  of  ingratitude. 


AMERICA    DISCOVERED.  37 

age  had  been  massacred,  and  Fort  Isabella  destroyed.  The 
fort  was  rebuilt  and  strengthened,  the  settlement  was  re- 
newed and  the  hostile  tribes  of  the  island  were  subdued  by 
the  many  new-comers. 

Columbus,  continuing  upon  his  voyage,  discovered  a  num- 
ber of  other  islands,  one  of  which  wras  Jamaica  (1493).  A 
third  voyage  brought  him  to  the  mainland  of  the  continent, 
near  the  mouth  of  the  Orinoco  River  (1498);  and  a  fourth 
and  last,  to  the  coast  of  Central  America  (1502). 


QUESTIONS. 

What  did  the  land  first  seen  prove  to  he  ?  Describe  the  ceremonies  of 
landing?  What  did  Columbus  do  upon  reaching  the  shore?  Who  gathered 
around  to  view  the  proceedings?  How  were  the  Spaniards  regarded  by  the 
natives?  W7hat  ornaments  were  found  upon  the  natives?  What  induced 
the  Spaniards  to  sail  south  upon  leaving  the  island?  What  did  they  d» 
before  leaving?  The  coasts  of  what  islands  were  explored?  What  inquiries 
were  made?  What  name  was  bestowed  upon  Hayti?  "What  followed  upon 
reaching  Hispaniola?  How  many  remained  behind  while  Columbus 
returned?  What  fort  had  been  erected?  Of  what  was  this  fort  constructed? 
What  effect  had  Columbus'  return  to  Palos  ?  I  low  was  he  greeted? 
What  was  the  difference  between  his  present  journey  to  the  Spanish  court 
and  his  former  one?  How  was  Columbus  received  by  Ferdinand  and 
Isabella?  What  mistaken  idea  had  Columbus  of  the  islands  he  had  vis- 
ited? What  name  was  bestowed  upon  their  inhabitants?  Tell  what  you 
know  of  Columbus'  second  voyage?  By  whom  was  he  accompanied? 
Why?  What  sad  discovery  was  made  upon  reaching  Hispaniola?  What 
did  the  Spaniards  do  after  their  arrival?  How  many  voyages  did  Columbus 
make?  What  did  Columbus  discover  upon  each  of  his  voyages?  How 
were  his  last  days  spent?  What  indignity  was  put  upon  him?  From  what 
did  he  suffer  after  Isabella's  death?     What  did  Columbus  give  to  Spain? 


3§ 


PERIOD    OF    DISCOVERY. 

REVIEW   OUTLINE 


Memory  Aid  for  Lesson  on  Columbus. 


Place  upon  the  Blackboard  and  have  pupils  fill  the  blank  spaces,  alter  which  use  as  outline 
ior  Composition  or  topical  recitation.) 


Native  of 

Entertained  idea 

Applied  for 
assistance  to 


of  earth's 

about  the  year. 

I 

2 


{refusal. ) 
(treachery. ) 


First  Voyage 
149 


Preparations 


waited   years. 

{  Arguments. 

was  refered  to <   _   .  .  ± 

I  Refutations 

f  Motives. 

was  assisted  by <    , 

17  1  Agreement. 

f<0 

Vessels  obtained ■{  (2)  

1(3) 

Expenses  shared  by  the  


Other  Voyages. 


Incidents  of 

Voyage.  < 

149. ...Discovered. 
,'49..  ..Discovered. 
150...  Discovered. 


n              ■        c            [  Procession, 
Ceremonies  or  I  D,„     . 


Accident  to  Repaired  at.. 

Direction  taken  

Uneasiness  of. 

Reckonings  kept  by... 

,  / 
Signs  of  land 


Course  changed  on  the 

Incident  of 

Oct.  Ilth 

Discovered  on... 

,  First  seen  by 

San  Salvador  {  ,       ..  J 

Landing 

Cuba.  { Natives 

r  Wreck  of 

Hayti        <  Fort built.      ... 

{  Garrisoned  by men, 

Greeted  by 


[  Return 


Welcomed  by. 


Last  Days. 


Suffered  from. 

Died 

Gave  to  Spain  i 


AMERICA    DISCOVERED.  39 

CHAPTER  VI. 

First   on    the    Mainland. 

The  news  that  Columbus  had  found  land  upon  the  other 
side  of  the  Atlantic  soon  spread  from  Spain  over  western 
Europe.  About  this  time  there  was  living  at  Bristol,  Eng- 
land, a  Venetian  navigator  named  Giovanni  Gabotto  (John 
Cabot),  who,  upon  learning  of  the  discoveries  of  the  Spanish 
admiral,  began  to  devote  much  study  to  the  shape  of  the 
earth.  It  occurred  to  him  that  this  newly  discovered  region 
could  be  reached  by  a  shorter  route  than  that  taken  by 
Columbus;  and  he  believed  this  shorter  route  lay  directly 
west  from  England.  An  examination  of  a  globe  will  show 
how  nearly  correct  he  was;  for  the  Western  Continent,  in 
the  latitude  of  England  is  much  nearer  the  Eastern  than  it 
is  in  the  latitudes  of  Spain  and  the  Canary  Islands. 

Cabot  fitted  up  an  expedition  at  his  own  expense.  The 
English  king  (Henry  VII),  interesting  himself  in  his  enter- 
prise, granted  a  patent  that  included  many  privileges.  This 
patent  was  made  out  to  John  Cabot  and  his  three  sons,  Lewis, 
Sebastian  and  Santius,  and  by  its  terms  they  were  authorized 
to  take  possession  of  all  "isles,  countries,  regions,  provinces, 
whatsoever  they  be,"  and  hold  the  same  in  the  king's  name. 
Should  any  profit?  accrue  from  the  venture  the  king  was  to 
receive  one-fifth. 

John  Cabot  and  his  son  Sebastian  set  sail  early  in  the  sum- 
mer of  1497,  and  after  a  short  but  stormy  voyage  sighted  land 
(June  24).  The  name  of  Prima  Vista  was  bestowed  upon 
the  land  first  seen,  and  it  is  believed  to  be  a  point  lying  a 
little  to  the  north  of  the  straits  now  called  Belle  Isle.  Thus 
was  reached  the  mainland  of  the  Western  Continent,  the 
Cabots  being  the  first  Europeans  to  set  foot  upon  its  shores, 


LANDING    Or    THE    CABOTS. 


as  Columbus  did 
not  discover  the 
coast  of  South 
America  until 
some  fourteen 
months  after- 
wards. 

Of  that  first  voyage  of  the  Cabots  there  remains  little 
record.  Doubtless  they  found  the  shores  bleak  and  barren, 
inhabited  by  a  few  savages,  whose  clothing  was  made  of  furs, 
whose  weapons  were  bone-pointed  pikes  and  darts,  and 
whose  occupations  were  hunting  and  fishing.  Such  a 
region  could  not  be  India.      It  must  be  a  "new  found  land." 

A  second  voyage  was  made  by  Sebastian  Cabot  in  May 
of  the  next  year.  This  navigator  at  the  time  was  only  twenty- 
two  years  old,  but  he  had  already  won  a  name  for  benevo- 
lence, courtesy,  daring  and  patience.  With  three  hundred 
men  he  set  out,  bent  upon  reaching  India  through  what- 
ever  passage  he  might  discover  in  the  new  found   land. 

On  arriving  at  the  Labrador  coast  he  turned  northward, 
entering  a  region  the  strangeness  of  which    so  alarmed  his 


IMEtttcA  fiigeoVfiftfiO, 


4' 


Naming  the  New  World. 

Among  those  who  came  to  America 
with  Columbus  upon  his  second  voyage 

and   who   took    an    active    part   in   the 
conquest  of  Ilispaniola  was  Alonzo  de 
Ojedo.    Commanding  in  time  an  expe- 
dition of  his  own,  he  made  explorations 
among  the    neighboring    islands,  and 
sailed  along  the  shores  of  South  Amer- 
ica for  some  hundreds  of  miles  (1499). 
His  pilot  upon  this  occasion,  as  well  as 
upon  a  subsequent  one  to  the  same  re- 
gion, was  a  man  of  some  intelligence 
named  Amerigo   Vespucci,   or,  Latin- 
ized, as  was  the  custom  in   those 
davs,  Americas  Vespuccius,    II 
with  keen  observation,  noted 
the  features  of  the  country, 
and  afterwards,   in   a  series 
of  printed  letters,  gave  an 
excellent  description  ol  the 
regions  visited.     These 
letters,    being    the  first 
published      description 
ol      the       new       world, 
were  read  with   eager- 
ness.    People  soon  be- 
gan    to     reler    to     the 
land  beyond  the  At  Ian  - 
i    tic    as    the    land    of 
Americus.       A  German 
geographer,    named  Waldsce  - Muller, 
I    finally    proposed      the    name    of 
;    America    lor    the     new    continent.      It 
I    met  with  general  acceptance,  and  soon 
I   began  to   appear  in   books   and   upon 
i    maps.     This    is  the  generally  accepted 
j    theory  concerning  the  name  America. 
I    It  is,  however,  stated  that  the  natives 
'    found  by  the  early  explorers  about  the 
southwest  shores  of  the  Carribean  Sea 
j    referred   to  their  country  as  Awaraca, 
i    hence  a  counter  theory  gives  the  origin 
of  the  name  to  the  natives  of  the  New 
World. 


AMERICUS    VESruCCIUS 


men  as  to  render  them  mu- 
tinous. Everywhere  the  sea 
was  tilled  with  blocks  of  ice 
and  floating  icebergs,  and 
monstrous  animals  of  strange 
appearance  often  made  them- 
selves visible.  Retracing  his 
course,  Cabot  sailed  south  as 
far  as  the  southern  limits  of 
what  is  now  Maryland,  and, 
not  finding  the  desired 
passage,  returned  to 
England. 

The  discoveries  of 
the  Cabots  have  an 
important  bearing 
upon  American  his- 
tory ;  for  by  them  Eng- 
land was  enabled  to 
establish  those  claims  to  terri- 
tory that  afterwards  led  to  her 
colonization  of  America.  In 
this  colonization  wrere  to  be 
laid  the  foundations  of  our 
present  great  English-speak- 
ing republic  of  the  United 
States. 


QUESTIONS, 

Who  was  John  Cabot?     Where  did  he  live?     What  did  he  do  upon  learn- 
ing of  the  discoveries  of  Columbus?     What  conclusion  did  he  arrive  at  from 


42 


PERIOD    OF    DISCOVERY. 


his  study  of  a  globe?  What  patent  did  the  English  king  grant  him?  What 
were  the  privileges  granted  by  patent  to  Cabot?  What  three  sons  had 
Cabot  ?  What  share  of  profits  was  to  be  the  king's  ?  When  did  Cabot  set 
sail?  Who  accompanied  him?  What  was  the  nature  of  the  voyage? 
Where  did  they  first  sight  land?  What  was  the  nature  of  this  land?  Why 
was  this  discovery  of  future  importance?  How  many  months  did  the 
Cabots  precede  Columbus  in  the  discovery  of  the  mainland?  For  what  was 
Sebastian  Cabot  noted  ?  When  was  a  second  voyage  made  by  him  ?  How 
oid  was  he  at  the  time?  Tell  what  you  know  of  the  voyage  of  Sebastian 
Cabot?  What  direction  did  he  first  take?  Why  did  he  turn  back?  How 
far  south  did  he  sail?  To  what  did  the  discoveries  of  the  Cabots  lead? 
Who  was  Alonzo  de  Ojedo  ?  Amerigo  Vespucci  ?  How  did  the  new  world 
receive  the  name  of  America?  Who  first  bestowed  this  name  upon  the  new 
continent? 


BLACKBOARD   FORM. 


THE 
FOUR  GREAT 
NAVIGATORS. 


Columbus.      Who  first  crossed  the  Atlantic. 
Da  Gama.      Who  first  doubled  Cape  Good  Hope. 
Cabot.      Who  frst  reached  North  America. 
Magellan.      Who  first  sailed  around  the  world. 


SEARCH    QUESTIONS. 

'  Where  is  Columbus  buried?  Was  Cabot  the  first  European  to  reach  North  America? 
How  large  did  Columbus  believe  the  world  to  be?  What  was  the  Indian  name  of  San 
Salvador  Is/and?  How  did  the  Pope  divide  the  new  world?  What  became  of  the  chains 
of  Columbus?     What  is  an  astrolabe?     What  is  a  caravel? 


PREPARATORY    NOTES. 


TO    CHAPTERS    VII,    VIII    AND    IX. 

Geography. — Note  the  principal  is/etf/ds  of  the  West  It/dies;  Name  them. 
Note  the  proximity  of  Mexico  and  Central  America  to  Cuba.  Where  is 
Vera  Cruz?     The  city  of  Mexico?      Isthmus  of  Darien?     Island  of  Porto 


FIRST    COMERS    FROM    FOUR    NATIONS.  43 

Rico?  In  what  direction  is  Florida  from  this  island  ?  Where  is  Tampa  Bay  ? 
How  would  one  go  overland  from  Florida  to  Mexico?  Note  the  nearness 
of  Peru  to  the  Isthmus  of  Darien.  About  how  wide  is  this  isthmus?  What 
strait  south  of  South  America?  What  ocean  west?  In  what  direction  is  this 
ocean  from  the  Isthmus  of  Darien?  Note  the  Rio  Grande,  Colorado,  and 
Gila  Rivers.  Into  what  do  each  empty?  Where  is  Santa  F6  ?  Cape  Men- 
docino? Note  the  relative  position  of  the  Southern  States?  What  state 
north  of  Florida?  West  of  Georgia?  West  of  Alabama?  Two  west  of 
Mississippi?  Where  is  the  Altamaha  River?  Ogeeche?  Coosa?  Missis- 
sippi?    White?     Ouachita?     Where  is  Mobile? 

Definition  of  Words. —  Learn  the  meaning  of  the  following:  Adventu- 
rous, materially,  ambition,  credulous,  subsequently,  taskmaster,  ruse,  avail, 
abduct,  harass,  persistently,  circumnavigate,  subjugate,  equip,  atrocity, 
manifest,  revolt,  dietates,  annals,  eventually,  similar,  realm,  fabulous, 
survivor,  transcending,  assert,  pacify,  acquirement,  rumor,  indomitable, 
emergency,  miasmatic,  summit,  bayou,  fidelity,  unanimity,  viceroy. 

Pronunciation  of  Names. —  Practice  the  pronunciation  of  the  following: 
Porto  Rico,  Ponce  de  Leon,  San  Augustine,  Pascua  Florida,  Chiccra, 
liispaniola,  Vasquez  de  Ay  Hon,  Pamphilo  de  Narvaez,  Alvar  Nunez, 
Cabecca  de  Vaca,  Enciso,  Nunez  de  Balboa,  Grijalva,  Hernando 
Cortez,  Velasquez,  Montezuma,  La  Noche  Triste,  Francisco,  Pizarro, 
Antonio  de  Mendoza,  Coronado,  Espejo,  Juan  de  Onate,  Rio  Grande, 
Gila,  Altamaha,  Mauvilla,  Arkansas,  Ouachita,  Luys  de  Moscoso. 

PARALLEL  READINGS. 

Reference. — Prescott's  "Conquest  of  Mexico,"  Bancroft's  "History  of  the  Colonization 
of  the  United  States"  (chapter  2),  Martin's  "History  of  Louisiana"  (chapter  1). 

General. — "Spanish  Discoveries,"  in  Harper's  Magazine  (October,  1SS2),  "Pictures  from 
Florida,"  in  Scrihner's  Monthly  (November,  1^74),  Morris'  "Half  Hours  with  American  His- 
tory" (vol.  1),  Wallace's  "Fair  God"   (fiction),  Drake's  "Making  of  the  Great  West." 

Topical, — "DeSoto,"  "Ponce  de  Leon,"  "Cortez,"  "Fountain  of  Youth,"  "Mississippi, 
Discovery  of,"  "Florida,  Discovery  of,"  "Mexico,  Conquest  ol,"  "Santa  Fe,  Founding  of,  ' 
"Coronado,  Expedition  of." 


First  Comers  from  Four  Nations. 

CHAPTER  VII. 

The  Spaniards  in  Florida. 

To  this  day  the  islands  of  the  West  Indies  are  remarkable 
for  fertility  of  soil  and  for  beauty  of  vegetation.  Such  won- 
derful accounts  of  this  region    were   wafted  back  to  Spain, 


44  ££1*100  OF  f>isddvEiiV< 

that  adventurers  in  great  numbers  flocked  to  the  New  World 
to  embark  in  the  eager  pursuit  of  wealth.  Island  after  island 
was  taken  possession  of  and  entrusted  to  the  governorship  of 
some  soldier  of  fortune  or  adventurous  nobleman ;  and  it  was 
not  long  before  Spanish  conquest  extended  to  the  mainland. 

Among  the  many  who  came  over  with  Columbus  upc_i  his 
second  voyage  was  a  stern  old  soldier,  named  Ponce  de 
Leon,  who,  having  aided  materially  in  the  conquest  of 
Hispaniola,  was  made  governor  of  that  island.  Soon  after- 
wards he  was  transferred  to  the  smaller  domain  of  Porto 
Rico ;  but  here  his  ambition  prevented  him  from  remaining 
long  content.  Moreover  there  had  been  whispered  in  the 
ears  of  the  credulous  Spaniards  the  legend  of  a  wonderful 
fountain,  whose  waters,  bathed  in,  restored  the  old  to  youth. 
Tradition  placed  this  fountain  somewhere  to  the  northwest; 
and  De  Leon,  with  three  vessels,  set  sail  in  that  direction, 
bent  upon  finding  the  fountain. 

His  search  was,  as  maybe  supposed,  fruitless;  but  during 
the  course  of  his  voyage  he  sighted  the  mainland  a  little  north 
of  what  is  now  San  Augustine  (1512).  It  was  Easter  Sun- 
day, a  day  known  to  the  Spaniards  as  Pascua  Florida ;  so 
to  the  land  was  given  the  name  of  the  holv  day.  Formal 
possession  was  taken.  De  Leon  subsequently  returned  with 
the  appointment  of  governor;  but  his  landing  was  this  time 
opposed  by  the  natives,  and  in  the  attack  he  was  mortally 
wounded. 

Some  miles  north  of  where  he  had  first  landed,  lay  the  coast 
of  Chicora  (South  Carolina).  From  Hispaniola  there  came 
to  this  coast  Vasquez  de  Ayllon,  with  two  vessels,  upon  a 
kidnapping  expedition  (1520).  The  Spaniards,  in  their 
eagerness  for  riches,  had  opened  up  mines  and  laid  out  plan- 
tations in  the  different  islands,  and  the  conquered  natives, 
compelled  to  labor  under  brutal  taskmasters,  were  fast  disap- 


FIRST    COMERS    FROM    FOUR    NATIONS.  45 

pearing.  To  remedy  this  loss  was  DeAyllon's  mission.  The 
natives  of  Chicora,  ignorant  of  his  intentions,  received  him 
kindly,  and  were  induced  to  come  on  board  the  visitors'  ves- 
sels for  the  ostensible  purpose  of  taking  part  in  a  great  feast. 
When  a  sufficient  number  had  crowded  aboard,  the  cruel  De 
Ayllon  headed  his  vessel  for  the  place  whence  he  came,  and 
sailed  away.  The  ruse  availed  but  little.  One  of  the  ves- 
sels was  wrecked,  and  the  captives  on  board  of  the  other  so 
sickened  from  grief  as  to  be  totally  unfit  for  the  purpose  for 
which  they  had  been  abducted. 

By  the  time  the  territory  of  Florida  became  established 
within  the  geographical  knowledge  of  the  Spaniards,  its 
conquest  was  determined  upon  by  Pamphilo  de  Narvaez. 
He  landed  for  the  purpose  upon  the  west  coast,  near  Tampa 
Bay,  with  three  hundred  men  and  eighty  horses  (April, 
1528).  The  vessels  were  placed  in  charge  of  one  Alvar 
Nunez,  better  known  as  Cabecca  de  Vacca,  with  instruc- 
tions to  sail  along  the  shores  to  the  northwest ;  and  with  his 
land  forces  De  Narvaez  marched  into  the  interior. 

The  natives  encountered  by  the  Spaniards  along  the  route 
were  treated  with  great  atrocity,  and  therefore  rose  in  hos- 
tility  against  the  invaders.  The  Spaniards,  after  eight  hun- 
dred miles  of  weary  marching,  harassed  by  natives,  suffering 
from  pestilence  and  hunger,  reached  the  coast  exhausted. 
Upon  embarkation  a  storm  arose,  and  wrecked  the  vessels, 
and  all  the  adventurers  perished  miserably,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  De  Vacca  and  four  or  five  others,  who  made  their 
way  overland  to  Mexico. 


46 


PERIOD   OF   DISCOVERY. 

TOPICAL    OUTLINE 


Memory  Am. 


For  Lesson  on   Early   Florida   Exploration. 


(Place  on  the   Black   Board  and   have   pupils  nil   blank  spaces,  then   elaborate  in  «  ritten 

composition.) 


Erf 


De  Leon 
151 


De  Ay  lion 
152 


De  Narvaez 
152 


Came  to  New  World  with 

Appointed  to  governorship  of. then  to... 

Went  in  search  of 

Landed near in  the  year. 

Named  the  country because 

Was in  his  search. 

Returned  subsequently  and  was by 


Sailed  from with vessels. 

Landed  on  the  coast  of which  is  now. 

Practiced  the  deception  of 

Expedition  unsuccessful  because  .. 


Landed  near Bay. 

Left  his  vessels  in  charge  of 

Marched  about miles. 

Treated  natives 

(/)  ... 


Expedition  suffered  from....  <  (2)  

1(3)  

Returned  to  the  coast,  embarked  and  vessels  were 

surv'ved  and  made  their  way  to  Mexico. 


QUESTIONS. 

For  what  are  the  West  Indies  remarkable?  Why  did  adventurers  flock  to 
the  New  World?  Where  did  Spanish  conquest  extend?  Who  was  Ponce  de 
Leon?  What  island  did  he  help  to  conquer?  To  what  three  governorships 
was  he  successively  appointed?  What  legend  had  he  heard?  What  was  the 
result  of  de  Leon's  exploration?  How  did  Florida  receive  its  name?  What 
was  the  fate  of  De  Leon?  What  coast  was  called  Chicora?  What  was  the 
object  of  de  Ayllon's  expedition?  Mow  did  he  succeed?  What  deception 
did  he  practice?  What  do  you  know  of  Pamphilo  de  Narvaez?  Cabecca  de 
Vacca  ?  I  low  were  the  natives  treated  by  De  Narvaez?  What  sufferings  did 
the  expedition  of  De  Narvaez  encounter?  What  was  its  fate?  Where  did 
the  survivors  make  their  way?     How? 


FIRST    COMERS    FROM    FOUR    NATIONS. 

CHAPTER  VIII. 


47 


The    Conquest   of    New   Spain. 

In  the  belief  that  the  West  Indies  were  the  outlying  islands 

upon  the  southeast  shores  of  Asia,  the  Spaniards  went  from 

island  to  island,   persistently  searching  for   those   sources  of 

gold,  spices  and  precious  commodities  that  had  been  so  long 

the  objects  of  maritime  enterprise. 

In  the  course  of  these  searching^  Enciso  landed  upon  the 

Isthmus  of  Darien  about  the  time  De  Leon  was  exploring 

Florida  (1512) ;  and  Grijalva  reached 

the  coast  of  Mexico  (1518),  two  years 

before  De  Ayllon  did  that   of  Chicora. 

With  Enciso  wrent  Nunez  de  Balboa, 

who,  hearing  upon  his  arrival  at  Darien, 

of  a  great  sea  to  the  south,  determined 

to     behold    it,    and   for    that     purpose 

journeyed   over  land.      Ascending  the 

last  range  of  mountains,  he 
was  greeted  with  a  view  oi 
the  mighty  ocean  that  has  since 
borne    the    name,  Pacific 

(1513). 

The  discoveries  of  Balboa 
and  Grijalva  opened  up  other 
regions  to  conquest.  Mexico, 
or  Anahuac,  as  it  was  then 
called,  was  the  first  to  attract 
attention.  Grijalva  brought 
back  with  him  accounts  of  the 
Aztecs,  a  strange  race  of 
people  living   in  the    interior. 


Eight  years  after  Balboa's  discovery 
( 1520),  Magellan,  a  navigator  sailing  in 
the  interest  of  Spain,  entered  the  Pacific 
ocean  through  the  straits  that  now  bear 
his  name,  crossed  the  broad  expanse, 
his  vessel  finally  reaching  Spain  after 
having  circumnavigated  the  globe. 


48 


PERIOD    OF    DISCOVERY 


Wonderful  to  relate,  this  people  had  made  great  advances 
toward  civilization.  They  knew  many  of  the  uses  of  metals, 
wore  ornaments  of  gold,  lived  in  cities  composed  of  well- 
built  houses,  and  fol- 
lowed many  of  the  arts 
and  occupations  of  civil- 
ized life.  A  conquer- 
ing race,  they  had  subju- 
gated most  of  the  neigh- 
boring tribes.    iVlarvelous 


/ 


m*i 


A 


•M 


^r 


Wf 


CORTEZ    IN    MFX1CO 


w.  <m 


accounts  of  the  wealth  of  their 
capital  city,  given  by  the  natives 
of  the  coast,  were  but  little 
exaggerated. 

The  avarice  of  the  Spaniards  was  incited  by  these  accounts, 
and  it  was  determined  to  conquer  this  people.  Seven  hundred 
men,  carefully  selected  and  equipped,  were  placed  under 


FIRST    COMERS    FROM    FOUR    NATIONS.  49 

command  of  Hernando  Cortez  by  Velasquez,  the  gover- 
nor of  Cuba.  Eleven  vessels  conveyed  the  expedition  to 
a  spot  near  the  present  town  of  Vera  Cruz,  where  a 
landing  was  made  (1520).  Cortez  was  here  joined  by 
the  Tlascalans  and  other  tribes  at  enmity  with  the  Aztecs, 
and,  with  forces  thus  augmented,  marched  into  the  interior. 
Along  the  route  many  atrocities  were  perpetrated  by  the 
Spaniards  for  the  purpose  of  intimidating  all  who  were 
inclined  to  oppose  them.  At  first  the  Aztecs,  regarding  the 
Spaniards  with  awe,  as  superior  beings  or  gods,  offered  no 
resistance.  The  capital  city  was  entered  without  opposition, 
and  the  strangers  took  up  their  abode  in  quarters  furnished 
by  the  Montezuma,  or  Aztec  emperor.         ^ 

Meanwhile  Velasquez,  becoming  jealous  of  the  superior 
qualities  for  leadership  manifested  by  Cortez,  dispatched 
De  Narvaez — him  wrho  eight  years  after  attempted  the 
conquest  of  Florida — with  another  force  to  supersede  him. 
Cortez  refused  to  surrender  his  command,  and,  returning 
to  the  coast  with  a  portion  of  his  army,  defeated  De  Nar- 
vaez, many  of  whose  men  joined  the  conqueror,  and  with 
him  marched  back  to  the  Aztec  city. 

Affairs,  however,  had  <jone  wrong  in  the  absence  of  the 
commander.  The  natives,  becoming  assured  that  the  Span- 
iards were  but  men,  had  risen  in  revolt.  Their  numbers  were 
overwhelming;  but  Cortez,  by  treachery,  secured  the  person 
of  the  Montezuma  and  held  him  as  hostage  for  the  good 
behavior  of  his  subjects.  He  compelled  the  unfortunate 
monarch  to  furnish  large  quantities  of  gold  and  supplies  of 
food,  and  to  administer  the  affairs  of  his  empire  according 
to  the  dictates  of  his  captor.  This  served  for  a  time ;  but 
the  warlike  spirit  of  the  people  soon  manifested  itself  anew, 
and  to  so  alarming  an  extent  that  the  abandonment  of  the 
city  was  determined  upon, 


5° 


PERIOD    OF    DISCOVERY. 


Having  selected  a  dark  night  for  the  purpose  the  Spani- 
ards as  quietly  as  possible  withdrew  from  the  castle  they  had 
been  occupying,  and  attempted  to  leave  the  city.     But  the 

^?n^  alert,  and  assembled 
off    the  retreat.     A 


natives  were  on  the  ^ 
in  thousands  to  cut 
terrible  night  of  con- 
flict and  slaughter 
ensued,  known  in 
the  annals  of  the 
expedition  as  La  m 
Nochc  Triste.  By  almost 
superhuman  exertions,  Cortez 
and  a  remnant  of  his  army 
made  their  way  through  the 
swarming  natives,  and  escaped 


A  race  similar  to  the 
Mexicans  in  enlightenment 
and  advancement  inhabited 
Peru.  Their  conquest  was 
brought  about  by  Francisco 
Pizarro,  a  bold  but  ignorant 
man,  who  went  there  from 
Darien  with  a  much  smaller 
army  than  Cortez  had,  and  met  with 
less  opposition.  The  same  treachery 
was  practiced  against  the  Peruvian 
Inca  as  against  the  Mexican  Monte- 
zuma, and  the  realms  of  both  poured 
into  the  coffers  of  Spain,  riches  that 
surpassed  in  realization  the  tradi- 
tions of  the  long-sought  lor  Indies. 


to  the  coast.      By  aid  of  rein- 
forcements   which  joined  him  here,  he    eventually  effected 
the  conquest    that    has    placed    his    name  among    the  great 
conquerors  of  history. 


QUESTIONS. 

What  were  the  West  Indies  according  to  early  belief?  For  what  were  the 
Spaniards  continually  seeking?  Who  landed  upon  Darien?  Who  went 
with  him?  What  do  you  know  of  Balboa?  Who  explored  the  coast  of 
Mexico?  When?  When  was  the  Pacific  discovered?  What  do  you  know 
of  Magellan?  To  what  did  the  discoveries  of  Balboa  and  Grijalva  lead? 
What  was  the  ancient  name  of  Mexico?  What  accounts  were  brought  back 
by  Grijalva?  What  progress  had  been  made  by  the  Aztecs?  What  did  they 
know?  Wear?  How  did  they  live?  What  expedition  was  sent  against 
them?  When?  Tell  what  you  know  of  Cortez.  Where  did  he  land?  What 
natives  assisted  him?  Why?  Why  did  the  Aztecs  not  resist?  Why  was 
De  Narvaez  sent  to  recall  Cortez?  What  was  his  fate?  What  did  Cortez 
find  upon  returning  to  the  Aztec  capital?    Whom  did  he  take  prisoner: 


FIRST    COMERS    FROM    FOUR    NATIONS. 


Si 


How?  Why?  What  did  he  compel  Montezuma  to  do?  What  was  deter- 
mined upon  when  the  Aztecs  became  threatening?  Tell  what  you  know  of 
La  Nov  lie  Triste.  How  was  Cortez  enabled  to  conquer  Mexico?  Who  was 
Francisco  Pizarro  ?  What  was  his  success  in  Peru?  How  did  Spain  benefit  in 
the  conquest  of  Mexico  and  Peru  ? 


TOPICAL   OUTLINE 


Memory  Aid. 


For  Lesson  on  the  Establishment  of  Spanish  Power  in  America. 


(Place  on  the  Blackboard,  have  pupils  fill  blanks  and  then  elaborate  in  original  composition.) 


5 

CO 


Uj 


Enciso's      [Isthmus  of .. 
Exploration  \ 


15. 


I  Resulted  in 


f  Coast  of. 


Grijalva's 

Exploration 

15 


Resulted  in 


Discovery  of Ocean  by. 

Conquest  of  Peru  by in. 


Naming  the  mainland  New. 


Conquest  of 

Mexico  by 

Cortez. 

152 


Lands  with men. 

Near  what  is  now 

Was  assisted  by  the 

Aztecs  did  not  resist  because 

Returns  to  coast  to  meet 

who  was  sent  by ..because  he 

was  

The  result  was 

Cortez  seizes 

Is  compelled  to 

The  night  of  his  withdrawal  called  

Afterwards  successful  because 


$2  PERIOD    OF   DISCOVERY. 

CHAPTER  IX. 

The   Quest   for   the   Fabulous. 

Spanish  dominion  was  extended  into  the  limits  of  what  is 
now  the  territory  of  the  United  States  in  two  directions. 
One  was  from  the  southeast,  and  began  with  the  discovery 
of  Florida  by  De  Leon;  the  other  was  from  "the  southwest, 
following  upon  the  conquest  of  New  Spain,  as  Mexico  was 
in  those  days  called. 

The  survivors  of  the  ill-fated  De  Narvaez  expedition  had  a 
tale  of  wild  exaggeration  to  unfold  to  their  brethren  upon 
reaching  Mexico.  The  dangers  of  their  toilsome  overland 
journey  were  graphically  portrayed;  and  the  existence  of 
wonderful  races  of  people  living  in  large  cities,  abounding  in 
wealth,  far  transcending  anything  the  Spaniards  had  yet 
beheld,  was  asserted  by  them.  These  reports  confirmed 
the  traditions  of  the  natives  whom  the  Spaniards  had  con- 
quered, and  Antonio  dp:  Mendoza,  the  viceroy  of  Mexico, 
gave  to  them  willing  ear. 

An  expedition  was  prepared  to  go  in  quest  of  these  fabu- 
ous  realms.  Father  Marco,  a  friar,  was  sent  on  before,  with 
presents  to  pacify  the  natives  through  whose  territory 
it  was  to  pass.  Under  the  leadership  of  Vasquez  de 
Coronado  this  expedition  penetrated  some  distance  into 
the  interior  (1540).  Its  only  immediate  result,  however, 
was  the  acquisition  of  geographical  knowledge  concerning 
the  region  about  the  Rio  Grande,  Gila,  and  Colorado 
Rivers;  but  it  eventually  led  to  Spanish  occupancy  of 
what  is  now  the  southwestern  part  of  the  United  States. 
Cabrielo  traced  the  west  coast  up  as  far  as  Cape  Men- 
docino (1542);  Espejo  built  Santa  Fe  (1582),  the  second 
oldest   town   in    the    United    States;    and   Juan  de  Onate 


FIRST   COMERS    FROM   POUR   NATIONS. 


53 


established   forts    and    missions,    and    took    full    possession 
in  the  name  of   Spain  (1595-1599). 

Mendoza  was  not  the  only  one  who  put  faith  in  the  false 
reports  of  Cabecca  de  Vaca  and  his  companions.  In  far-off 
Spain  these  reports  reached  the  ear  of  Hernando  de  Soto. 
De  Soto  had  been  one  of  the  trustiest  lieutenants  of  Pizarro 
in  the  successful  conquest  of  Peru,  and  had  returned  to 
his  native  country  to  find  content  and  enjoyment  in  the 
wealth  amassed  in  that  expedition.  But  in  this  he  was  dis- 
appointed, for  his  great  ambition  was  to  place  his  name 
above  those  of  Cortez  and  Pizarro  as  a  conquering  son  of 
Spain. 

The  rumors  wafted  to  him  from  Mexico  seemed  to  present 

his  opportunity.  His  wealth 
placed  at  his  command  every- 
thing necessary  to  accomplish 
his  desires.  An  expedition  was 
fitted  up  at  his  own  expense, 
perfectly  equipped  in  every 
detail.  From  the  multitude 
that  would  have  accompanied 
him  six  hundred  were  carefully 
chosen  for  strength  and  cour- 
age. The  route  of  De  Nar- 
vaez  was  selected,  rather  than 
that  of  Coronado;  and  in  time 
De  Soto  and  his  men  reached  the  New  World  and  landed 
near  Tampa  Bay,  Florida  (1539). 

The  Indians  had  not  forgotten  the  depredations  of  those 
who  not  long  before  had  visited  their  territory.  They  either 
opposed  the  progress  of  the  Spaniards,  or  rid  themselves  of 
their  presence  by    narrating  to  them  tales    more    fabulous 


The  preparations  for  this  expedition 
were  most  complete.  Weapons  of  the 
finest  make,  chains  to  bind  captives, 
and  a  forge  to  repair  armor  and  im- 
plements, were  provided.  To  guard 
against  a  possible  scarcity  of  food, 
hogs  were  driven  before  the  expedi- 
tion. The  men  were  distinguished  for 
courage;  their  leader,  indomitable.  It 
would  seem  no  emergency  could  arise 
to  debar  them  from  success.  We  how- 
ever see  them  three  years  after,  amid 
Swamps  and  reeds,  surrounded  by  lurk- 
ing fo«s  and  miasmatic  death,  in  woe 
and  desolation,  but  faithful  to  each 
other,  making  their  way  slowly  back 
to  safety,  with  only  memories  of  fallen 
comrades,  oi  toils  and  privations,  lead- 
erless  and  unsuccessful,  their  quest  a 
failure,  the  ends  of  their  expedition 
unachieved. 


G(4  PERIOD    OF    DISCOVERY. 

than  any  that  had  drawn  them  to  the  New  World,  thus  caus- 
ing them  to  press  on  in  all  eagerness. 

Having  crossed  the  Altamaha  River  the  Spaniards  entered 
the  land  of  the  Cherokees,  in  what  is  now  Georgia,  and 
arrived  at  the  Ogeechee,  from  which  they  turned  northwest 
to  the  Coosa.  Down  this  river  they  journeyed  to  the  Indian 
village  of  Mauvilla,  near  what  is  now  Mobile.  A  fierce  battle 
with  the  natives  here  ensued,  during  which  sixteen  of  De 
Soto's  men  lost  their  lives,  more  than  one  thousand  Indians 
were  killed,  and  their  village  was  laid  in  ashes. 

After  a  rest  of  one  month  the  Spaniards  again  turned  to 
the  interior,  marching  northwest  over  what  is  now  the  State 
of  Mississippi.  This  brought  them  into  the  country  of  the 
Chickasaws,  a  powerful  tribe,  who  waged  such  fierce  war 
against  them  that  in  one  attack  alone,  forty  of  the  Spaniards 
fell.  De  Soto  pushed  on  through  this  hostile  territory  until, 
reaching  the  summit  of  a  high  bluff,  he  found  his  further 
progress  obstructed  by  the  mighty  river  (i 541)  that  now 
bears  the   name  Mississippi. 

Flatboats  were  hastily  constructed.  The  expedition 
crossed  to  the  other  side,  into  the  present  State  of  Arkansas, 
and  moved  up  the  banks  of  the  White  River  for  some  dis- 
tance. The  Spaniards  had  now  been  engaged  for  two  years 
in  following  their  quest,  marching  and  fighting  with  energy 
and  courage  under  their  iron-willed  leader,  and  at  last 
they  could  but  conclude  to  return. 

Southward  they  turned  to  the  Ouachita  River,  down  whose 
banks  they  proceeded  to  the  marshes  and  bayous  near 
its  mouth.  Here  they  made  their  way  with  difficulty, 
harassed  by  hostile  natives  and  attacked  by  disease.  Here 
also  their  brave  leader  was  stricken  with  an  illness  that 
proved  fatal,  and,  as  his  end  approached,  he  called  his 
faithful  followers   about  him.      Commending  them  feelingly 


FIRST    COMERS    FROM    FOUR    NATIONS.  55 

for  the  fidelity  with  which  they  had  served  him,  he  gave 
them  parting  words  of  instructions,  appointed  Luys  dp: 
Moscoso  his  successor,  and  urged  upon  them  the  neces- 
sity of  obedience  to  their  new  commander,  affection  for  each 
other,  discipline,  unanimity  and  perseverance.  The  last 
rites  of  the  church  were  administered  to  him  and  he  was  laid 
at  rest  (1542),  first  at  the  foot  of  a  tree,  afterwards  beneath 
the  surface  of  the  mighty  river  he  had  discovered. 

Moscoso  succeeded  with  great  difficulty  in  constructing 
some  small  vessels,  and  in  these  the  Spaniards  drifted  down 
the  Mississippi,  fighting  their  way  against  armed  canoes. 
When,  by  way  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  they  arrived  at  a  place 
of  safety,  it  was  found  that  of  the  six  hundred  who  set  out 
upon  the  expedition,  but  three  hundred  and  eleven  had  lived 
through  the  three  years  of  toil  and  hardship,  to  tell  of  its 
dangers  and,  of  its  failures. 

QUESTIONS. 

From  how  many  directions  did  Spanish  explorers  enter  the  territory  of 
what  is  now  the  United  States?  From  what  directions?  What  reports  were 
spread  in  Mexico  by  the  survivors  of  the  De  Narvaez  expedition  ?  What  did 
these  reports  confirm?  Who  was  Viceroy  of  Mexico  at  the  time?  How  did 
these  leports  affect  him?  What  do  you  know  of  Vasquez  de  Coronado  ? 
What  was  the  result  of  his  expedition?  When  was  it  made?  Who  explored 
the  coast  line  of  what  is  now  California?  When?  Who  was  Espejo  ? 
Who  took  full  possession  for  Spain  in  the  southwest?  What  did  he  establish? 
When?  Where  else  had  the  reports  of  De  Vacca  extended?  Who  was  Her- 
nando de  Soto  ?  Why  was  he  not  contented  with  the  wealth  already  ac- 
quired? Tell  what  you  know  about  the  organization  of  this  expedition. 
Why  was  it  reasonable  to  suppose  that  this  expedition  would  be  successful? 
Where  did  it  land?  When?  Trace  De  Soto's  route  upon  some  map  of  the 
Southern  States.  What  spirit  did  the  Indians  show?  Why?  From  what 
river  in  Georgia  was  the  route  changed  to  the  northwest?  What  direction 
was  taken  upon  reaching  the  Coosa?  What  happened  at  Mauvilla  ?  What 
State  was  then  crossed?  What  Indian  tribe  made  war  upon  De  Soto?  What 
prevented  further  progress  at  Chickasaw  Bluff?  When  was  the  Mississippi 
River  discovered?  How  was  it  crossed?  In  what  State  did  they  wander? 
How  long  had  they  been  searching  by  this  time?  What  was  determined 
upon?     What  river  did  they  descend?     By  what  difficulties  were  they  sur- 


5$ 


PERIOD    OF    DISCOVERY. 


rounded  near  its  mouth  ?  Tell  what  you  know  of  the  last  days  of  De  Soto? 
How  many  times  was  he  buried?  How  did  the  survivors  rmally  reach  a 
place  of  safety  ? 

TOPICAL    OUTLINE. 


MiiMOKY  Aid. 


For  Lesson   on   Early   Spanish   Exploration. 


(Place 


on  the  Blackboard   and  have   pupils  fill  blanks  and  afterwards  elaborate  in  written 
composition.) 


Florida. 


o 

CO 


5 

CO 


f   De  Leon- 
Review.  \    De  Ayllon. 

}    De  Narvaez. 


Preparations 

Lands  at In. 


States 


Route 


De  Soto.        <! 


(  Mobile, 

Incidents {  Chlckasaws, 

I  Death  of  De  Soto. 

Discovered river  in 

Dies  near  mouth  of in  year. 

I   Buried 


(I.  A 

12.  0 

J  3.  C 

^  4.  M. 

5.  VJ 

6.  0. 


New  Spain.   < 


Review,  Conquest  by  Cortez. 

15 Cabrillo  traces  coast  line  of 

15 Cor  on  ado  explores 

1 5 Espejo  founds 

15 On  ate  establishes 


As  far  as  Cape., 
is  preceded  by. 


SEARCH  QUESTIONS. 

Why  is  the  term  "  New  World  ' '  a  misnomer  ?  What  was  the  fabled  Is/and  of  Bimini  ? 
What  were  the  Seven  Cities  of  Cibola  ?  Was  De  Soto  the  first  European  to  see  the  Mis- 
sissippi River  ?  Who  are  the  Zunis  ?  Why  was  De  Soto  buried  twice  ?  What  was  the 
fate  of  Magellan  ? 


FIRST    COMERS    FROM    FOUR    NATIONS.  57 

PREPARATORY    NOTES. 

TO    CHAPTERS    X,    XI     AND    XII. 

Geography. — Note  upon  a  globe  or  map  of  the.  zvorld  the  similar  latitude  of 
France  and  Newfoundland^  and  their  comparative  nearness.  What  is  the 
latitude  of  each?  Note  the  location  of  the  St.  Lawrence  Gulf.  Where  is 
the  Bay  of  Chaleurs?  Note  the  St.  Lawrence  River.  Where  is  Montreal? 
Quebec?  Kingston?  Note  the  southeast  coast  of  Maine.  Where  is  the 
St.  Croix  River?  What  islands  at  its  mouth?  Where  is  Nova.  Scotia?  In 
what  part  of  it  is  Annapolis?  Where  is  Lake  Champlain?  Note  the 
region  about  the  Great  Lakes.  Name  these  lakes.  What  State  borders 
Lake  Michigan  on  the  west?  Where  is  the  Fox  River?  Into  what  do#s 
it  empty?  Where  is  the  Wisconsin  River?  Find  the  shortest  distance 
between  the  two  rivers  over  which  a  canoe  would  have  to  be  carried. 
Note  the  Mississippi  River  from  its  source  to  its  mouth.  Where  are  the 
falls  of  St.  Anthony?  Into  what  does  the  Illinois  empty?  Wisconsin? 
Missouri?  Ohio?  Arkansas?  Red?  Into  what  does  the  Mississippi 
empty?  Note  the  northeast  coast  of  North  America.  Where  is  Davis 
Strait?  Frobisher's  Inlet?  Hudson  Bay?  Hudson  Strait?  Trace  the  west 
coast  of  South  and  North  America  up  as  far  as  Oregon. 

Definition  of  Words. — Know  the  meaning-  of  the  following:  Ignore, 
sarcastically,  disinherit,  severity,  appellation,  monopoly,  instigation,  immi- 
grant, frontier,  interference,  peltry,  vicissitude,  erection,  acquire,  recipient, 
veteran,  devotion,  portage,  capacity,  tact,  incite,  obstacle,  symbol,  alliance, 
final,  freighted,  assume,  eminent,  achievement,  frequented. 

Pronunciation  of  Names. — Verrazanni,  Denys,  Jacques  Cartier,  Cha- 
leurs, Hochelaga,  De  la  Roche,  Roberval,  Poutrincourt,  St.  Croix,  Port 
Royal,  De  Monts,  Acadie,  Champlain,  Iroquois,  Algonquin,  Coureurs-dc- 
bois,  Outagamis,  Marquette,  Joliet,  La  Salle,  Frontenac,  Chevalier  de 
Tonti,  Dacan,  Hennepin,  Sioux,  Duluth,  Prudhomme,  Quapaws,  Tiensas. 

PARALLEL   READINGS. 

Reference. — Parkman's  "Pioneers of  France  in  the  New  World,"  Gayarre's  "History  of 
Louisiana,"  Parkman's  "Jesuits  in  North  America,"  Shea's  "Discovery  and  Exploration  of 
the  Mississippi  Valley." 

General.— Drake's  "Making  of  the  Great  West,"  "Champlain  in  America"  (Magazine 
of  American  History,  March,  1SS6),  Drake's  "Making  of  New  England,"  (pages  20  and  40), 
"The  Romance  of  Dollard,"  (fiction),  (Century  Magazine,  iSSS). 

Topical.— "Cartier,"  "Roberval,"  "Frontenac,"  "De  Monts," "Champlain,"  "La  Salle, 
"Marquette,"    "Joliet,"  "Hennepin,"  "The  Jesuits,"    "Tonti,"  "St  Lawrence,    Discovery 
of,"  "New  France,"  "Settlement,  First  French  in  America,"  "French  Fisheries  in  Amer- 
ica," "Quebec,  Founding  of,"  "Champlain  Lake,  Discovery  of,"  "French  Claims." 

CHAPTER  X. 
New    France    and   Acadie. 
The  explorations  and  conquests  of  Spain  in  America  were 
bringing  to  that  nation  such  wealth  that  others  would  have 


5» 


PERIOD    OF    DISCOVERY, 


gladly  followed  in  her  footsteps  had  she  not  set  up  a 
haughty  claim  to  all  the  regions  beyond  the  Atlantic. 
Francis  I,  King  of  France,  disregarded  this  claim  of 
his  powerful  neighbor,  and  resolved  to  have  a  share  of 
America's    riches,    sarcastically    demanding    to    be    shown 


CARTIER    ON    THE    ST     LAWRENCE. 


the   clause  in  father  Adam's  will  by  which   he  was  disin- 
herited in  the  New  World. 

So  Verrazani,  a  Florentine  navigator,  was  employed 
and  sent  over  to  explore  (1524)  the  east  coast  of  what 
is  now  the  United  States.  Long  before  the  voyage  of 
Verrazani,  however,  the  waters  about  Newfoundland  had 
become    familiar   to    the    Breton    fishermen    of    northwest 


FIRST    COMERS    FROM    FOUR    NATIONS.  59 

France,  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  having  been  entered  by 
John  Denys  (1506).  The  explorations  of  France  were  thus 
directed  to  this  portion  of  the  continent.  Jacques  Cartier 
entered  the  gulf  (1534)  ten  years  after  the  voyage  of  Ver- 
razani,  naming  one  of  its  bays,  Chaleurs.  The  next  year 
(*535)  ne  ascended  the  St.  Lawrence  River  to  the  Indian 
village  of  Hochelaga,  near  the  site  of  the  present  city  of 
Montreal.  The  territory  was  taken  formal  possession  of, 
after  the  manner  of  the  early  explorers,  and  named  New 
France. 

This  establishment  of  a  French  claim  was  followed  up  by 
an  attempt  at  settlement.  Francis  de  la  Roche,  Lord  of 
Roberval,  was  appointed  viceroy  of  the  territory,  and  with 
Jacques  Cartier  as  his  captain-general,  proceeded  to  estab- 
lish a  colony.  There  was  little  unanimity  between  the  two. 
Cartier,  arriving  first,  built  a  fort  near  the  present  town  of 
Quebec  (1541),  passed  a  gloomy  winter,  and  in  the  spring 
abandoned  the  settlement  just  as  Roberval  arrived  with 
reinforcements. 

More  than  fifty  years  elapsed  before  any  further  efforts 
were  made.  A  monopoly  of  the  fur  trade  having  been 
granted  to  De  Monts,  an  honest,  able  and  patriotic 
Frenchman,  he  arrived  off  the  coast  of  what  is  now  Nova 
Scotia,  entering  the  harbor  of  Annapolis.  Its  situation  so 
pleased  Poutrincourt,  one. of  the  leaders  of  the  expedi- 
tion, that  he  obtained  permission  to  establish  himself  near 
by;  and  De  Monts,  continuing  on,  planted  a  settlement  upon 
an  island  at  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Croix  River  (1604).  The 
winter  was  one  of  unusual  severity;  and  next  year  the 
colony  was  transferred  to  the  site  selected  by  Poutrincourt. 
This  became  the  first  permanent  French  settlement  in 
America,  and  was  called  Port  Royal  (1605).  The  neigh- 
boring territory  received   the   appellation  of    Axadie. 


6o 


PERIOD    OF    DISCOVERY. 


The  monopoly  granted  to  De  Monts  was,  however,  soon 
set  aside  at  the  instigation  of  a  company  of  French  mer- 
chants, who  themselves  desired  to  enjoy  some  of  the  fur- 
trading  privileges.  Samuel  Champlain,  a  man  who  had 
served  the  St.  Croix  settlers  faithfully  in  their  trying 
winter,  and  who  had  displayed  unusual 
energy  and  intelligence,  was  sent  over 
to  New  France  by  these  merchants. 
Champlain  founded  the  city  of  Quebec 
(1608),  from  which  point  he  ex- 
plored the  country  in  every  direction, 
entering  at  one  time  the  territorial 
limits  of  the  present  United  States, 
and  discovering  the  lake  that  now 
bears  his  name.  Numbers  of  French 
other  settlements  were  founded,  whose 
affairs  were  directed  by  Champlain  with  such  wisdom  and 
ability  that  he  has  been  called  the  "  Father  of  New  France." 
Champlain,  however,  made  the  fatal  mistake  of  permit- 
ting himself  to  be  drawn  into  the  quarrel  that  had  long  existed 


CHAMPLAIN. 


immigrants  arriving, 


between  the  Algonquin  Indians 
of  Canada  and  the  Iroquois  of 
central  New  York.  The  latter 
were  among  the  most  power- 
ful tribes  upon  the  continent, 
and  they  long  resented  this 
French  interference  with  such 
success  that  the  French  tide  of 
immigration  to  the  St.  Law- 
rence never  turned  southward 
to  the  Atlantic,  but  was  compelled  to  make  its  way  to 
the  southwest,  thus  leaving  the  Atlantic  seaboard  clear 
for  the  English  colonies  soon  to  be  planted. 


The  Jesuits  in  North  America. 
With  these  early  immigrants  came 
the  Jesuits,  members  of  a  religious 
order  that  has  done  much  to  spread 
the  faith  of  the  Catholic  Church  be- 
yond the  frontiers  of  civilization. 
These  missionaries  penetrated  great 
distances  into  the  country,  took  up 
their  abode  among  the  Indians,  bring- 
ing the  savages  into  subjection  by  the 
mild  aits  of  peace,  and  while  engaged 
in  their  Christianizing  and  self-sacri- 
ficing labors,  were  laying  the  founda- 
tions for  trance  of  a  mighty  empire  in 
the  new  world. 


FIRST    COMERS    FROM    FOUR    NATIONS. 


6l 


QUESTIONS. 

What  did  the  explorations  and  conquests  of  Spain  bring  to  that  nation? 
Why  did  not  other  nations  follow  in  her  footsteps  ?  What  king  ignored  the 
claim  ot  Spain  to  a  monopoly  of  the  new  world's  riches?  What  sarcastic 
inquiry  did  he  make?  Who  was  employed  to  make  explorations  for  France? 
When?  Where  were  his  explorations  made?  What  fishermen  had  already 
become  familiar  with  American  waters?  Who  was  the  first  to  enter  the 
St.  Lawrence  Gulf?  When?  What  do  you  know  of  Jacques  Cartier ?  What 
bay  did  he  discover  and  name?  When?  What  river  did  he  ascend?  When? 
To  what  point?  What  name  was  bestowed  upon  the  region  about  the  St. 
Lawrence?  Who  was  appointed  viceroy?  What  appointment  did  Cartier 
receive?  Tell  what  you  know  of  the  first  efforts  of  France  to  occupy  this  ter- 
ritory. What  fort  did  Cartier  build?  When?  Why  was  this  attempted  set- 
tlement unsuccessful?  How  many  years  elapsed  before  further  effort  was 
made?  To  whom  was  a  monopoly  of  the  fur  trade  then  granted?  Where 
did  De  Monts  first  establish  himself?  When?  To  what  point  was  this  set- 
tlement than  removed?  When?  Tell  what  you  know  of  the  first  permanent 
French  settlement  in  America.  What  was  it  called?  What  name  was 
bestowed  upon  the  territory  now  known  as  Nova  Scotia?  How  did  the 
monopoly  of  De  Monts  come  to  be  set  aside?  What  do  you  know  of  Cham- 
plain  ?  What  explorations  did  he  make?  What  city  did  he  found?  When? 
Why  was  he  called  the  father  of  New  France?  What  grave  error  did  he 
commit?  What  effect  had  this  upon  the  extension  of  French  dominion  in 
America  ?  What  part  did  the  Jesuits  take  in  establishing  the  French  power 
in  the  New  World  ? 

TOPICAL    OUTLINE. 


Memory  Aid. 


For  Lesson  on  First  Ventures  of  France  in  the  New  World. 


5! 


(IMacc  on  the  Blackboard  and  have  pupils  till  blanks.) 


C  Denys,  Gulf  of in 

Early  Discoveries.  \  Verrazml,  Coast  of 


Cartier. 


Roberval  and 

Cartier. 


New   France 


Bay  of in  .. 

river,  in.. 

Fail  to  colonize  in.. 

Settles  at  mouth  of river  In. 


r   Settles  at  mouth  of river  in.. 

Da  Mnn+o  J    Removes  to in and 

Ue  iVIOniS <       establishes    first m  Ami 

//, 

i. 

(< 

! 


thus 
America. 


Champlain.. 
.  The  Jesuits 


{   Country  called   Acadie, 

Founds  city  of in 

Explores 

Discovers  Lake (/V.  Y.) 


Manages  affairs  with- 
Mistake  made  and  its  results 


62 


PERIOD    OF    DISCOVERY. 


CHAPTER  XI. 


Louisiana. 
As  time  passed  on,  the  prosperity  of  the  French  settlements 
about  the  St.  Lawrence  became  assured.  The  fur  trade 
that  had  sprung  up  proved  to  be  Aery  profitable.  French 
influence  and  dominion  were  extended  about  the  great  lakes. 
Traveling  agents  or  runners,  known  as  coicreurs-de-bois, 
penetrated  to  great  distances,  returning  with  loads  of  valu- 
able furs  and  peltries  to  be  shipped  to  France. 

Accounts  gathered  from  the  Indians  of  the  interior,  of  a 
great  river  flowing  southward,  were  from  time  to  time  brought 
back  by  these  runners.  It  was  believed  that  this  river  flowed 
to  the  great  South  Sea,  and  as  visions  of  French  supremacy 
in  the  New  World  began  to  arise,  the  discovery  and  explo- 
ration of  this  river  were  determined  upon.  Along  the  chain 
of  great  lakes  went  a  monk,  Marquette,  accompanied  by 
a  trader,  Joliet,  to  seek  out  this  river;  and  entering  the 
Outagamis,  now  the  Fox  River,  of  Wisconsin,  ascended  it  to 

a  point  near  its  head  waters.  A 
portage  enabled  them  to  trans- 
fer their  canoes  to  the  stream 
now  called  the  Wisconsin,  upon 
which  they  floated  until  they 
reached  the  Mississippi,  the  ob- 
ject of  their  search  (July,  1673). 
Down  this  river  they  proceeded 
to  the  mouth  of  what  is  now  the 
Arkansas,  where,  becoming  satis- 
fied of  its  general  direction,  size 
and  importance,  they  turned  back. 
Marquette  and  Joliet  were  soon  followed  by  Robert 
Cavelier  de  la  Saeee.     This  "prince  of  explorers"  haa 


FIRST    COMERS    FROM    FOUR    NATIONS.  63 

spent  several  years  with  the  Jesuits,  and  coming  to  New 
France  had  found  much  to  occupy  his  mind  in  conceiving 
brilliant  plans  for  the  extension  of  French  dominion.  One 
of  these  plans  was  the  thorough  exploration  of  the  great 
river  that  had  been  brought  to  notice,  and  the  erection  of 
forts  within  convenient  distances  of  one  another,  along  the 
lakes  and  down  the  newly  explored  river,  to  serve  as  links 
in  a  chain  binding  a  vast  domain  to  the  already  acquired  pos- 
sessions of  France. 

Count  Frontenac,  who  was  at  that  time  governor  of 
New  France,  entered  fully  into  the  proposed  plans,  and  La 
Salle  went  to  France  and  laid  the  matter  before  the  French 
king,  whose  interest  was  immediately  awakened »  Here  was 
a  man  who  proposed  to  add  an  empire  to  the  possessions 
of  France.  La  Salle  having  received  a  title  of  nobility,  and 
being  clothe J  with  ample  authority,  returned  to  America, 
accompanied  by  Chevalier  de  Tonti,  a  grim,  experienced, 
one-armed  veteran,  who  was  to  serve  him  devotedly  through 
many  vicissitudes. 

The  first  fort  was  erected  near  the  present  town  of  Kings- 
ton, and  was  called  Fort  Frontenac.  From  this  point  expedi- 
tions were  sent  out  along  the  lake  shores  until  a  territory  of 
some  fifteen  hundred  miles  had  been  covered.  At  length  La 
Salle  found  himself  in  the  country  of  the  Illinois  (1680), 
where  the  difficulties  and  conditions  with  which  he  had  to 
contend,  tested  at  times  his  capacity  and  tact  to  the  utmost, 
Iroquois  messengers  had  been  sent  to  inflame  the  minds  of 
the  Illinois  against  the  French.  His  own  men  mutinied, 
plotted  against  him,  endeavored  to  incite  the  Indians  to  hos- 
tility, and  even  attempted  his  death  by  poison;  but  every 
obstacle  was  overcome,  and  La  Salle  never  lost  sight  of  what 
he  had  set  out  to  do. 

A  small  party,  under  Dacan  and  Father  Hennepin,  was 
sent  to  explore  the  headwaters  of  the  Mississippi  (February, 


&4 


PERIOD    OF   DISCOVERY. 


1680).  In  this  expedition  they  discovered  and  named  the 
falls  of  St.  Anthony,  near  which  they  were  captured  and  held 
prisoners  for  some  time  by  the  warlike  Dakota  or  Sioux 
Indians.  They  were  finally  liberated  through  the  interces- 
sion of  some  traders,  who  had  thus  early  penetrated  this 
region  from  the  north.  One  of  these  bore  the  name  of  Du 
Luth. 


LA    SALLE    TAKIN8    FORMAL    POSSESSION    OF    LOUISIANA. 


At  Creve  Coeur,  the  fort  erected  in  the  Illinois  country, 
preparation  wras  made  to  proceed  further,  and  early  in  Feb- 
ruary, 1681,  La  Salle  and  his  men  floated  out  of  the  Illinois 
River  for  a  voyage  down  the  Mississippi.  Short  stops  were 
made  at  the  mouths  of  the  Missouri  and  Ohio  Rivers,  but  the 


FIRST    COMERS    FROM    FOUR    NATIONS.  65 

first  landing  of  importance  was  at  Chickasaw  Bluff,  where  a 
log  fort  was  erected  and  named  Fort  Prudhomme. 

One  hundred  and  forty  years  had  elapsed  since  the  ill-fated 
De  Soto  had  encamped  near  this  same  spot,  and  the  Chicka- 
saws  had  had  time  to  forget  the  cruelties  of  the  Europeans 
who  first  came  among  them.  A  calumet,  or  peace  pipe,  had 
been  given  to  the  French  by  the  Illinois,  and  the  symbol  was 
understood  and  responded  to  favorably,  so  La  Salle  and  his 
men  were  not  disturbed,  and  here,  for  the  first  time,  were 
the  shores  of  the  lower  Mississippi  taken  possession  of 
formally  in  the  name  of  the  King  of  France . 

A  four  days'  voyage  further  on  brought  the  explorers  to 
a  village  of  the  Kappas  or  Quapaws,  in  the  present  territory 
of  Arkansas.  The  peace  pipe  was  again  brought  into 
service,  and  professions  of  alliance  and  friendship  were 
exchanged  with  these  Indians  and  also  with  the  Arkansas, 
twenty-five  miles  further  down.  Here  the  standard  of 
France  was  again  erected  and  possession  taken.  One 
hundred  and  eighty  miles  then  brought  them  to  the  land 
of  the  Tamsas.  The  enmity  of  these  Indians  had  been 
feared,  but  Tonti,  sent  on  in  advance  with  the  peace 
pipe,  succeeded  in  rendering  them  friendly. 

Below  the  mouth  of  Red  River  some  hostile  tribes  were 
encountered,  but  the  opposition  presented  was  not  sufficient 
to  deter  them  from  continuing  on,  and  at  last  the  mouth  of 
the  river  was  reached  ( April,  1682 ).  Landing  here,  La  Salle 
took  final  possession,  in  the  name  of  the  King  of  France,  of 
the  whole  territory  through  which  he  had  traveled,  bestow- 
ing upon  the  river  he  had  descended  the  name  St.  Louis, 
and  the  region  through  which  it  coursed  Louisiana. 


66 


PERIOD  OF  DISCOVERS 


QUESTIONS. 


What   important  trade   sprang   up  about    the    Great    Lakes?     Who    we*e 
co7ireurs-de-boisf     What  accounts  were  gathered  by  them  from  the  Indians  of 
the  interior?    Where  was  the  Mississippi  river  supposed  to  empty?  Who  were 
sent  to  explore  it?     What  do  you  know  of  Marquette  and  Joliet?     Who  were 
they?     How     did    they   reach     the     Mississippi  ? 
When?      How  far  down  this  river  did  they  make 
explorations?      Why   did    they   turn   back?     Who 
soon    followed  up  their  explorations?     Tell  what 
you  know  of  La  Salle.     What  great  plans  did  he 
conceive?  Who  was  then  governor  of  New  France? 
What  encouragement  did  he  give  La  Salle?  Before 
whom   were    these  plans  laid?     What  success  had 
La  Salle  with    the  French  king?     Who  accom- 
panied   him    back   to   America?      What  was    the 
first  fort  built?  About  how  many  miles  of  territory 
were  soon    covered?       When   did   La  Salle    find 
himself  in    the  Illinois    country?     What  difficul- 
ties were    overcome  by    La  Salle   in   the    Illinois 
country?      Who    were     dispatched    to    the    head 
waters   of  the  Mississippi?     Tell  what  you   know 
of  the  expedition  of  Dacan  and  Hennepin?    What 
happened    to    them?     By  whom  were  they  res- 
cued?    What    was  the    Illinois    fort    called? 
How  did   La  Salle  reach    the   Mississippi? 
When?     In    drifting   down   where    were 
short   stops    made?     Where  was    the 
first     landing    of    importance     made    by 
La  Salle  on  the  Mississippi?     What 
fort   was    here    erected?       Why  did   he 
meet    with   a      better    reception     at    the 
hands  of   the   Chickasaws  than    had  De 
Soto?     What    ceremony    occurred     at 
Chickasaw    Bluff?      With    what    two 
Arkansas    tribes    were    friendly     relations     established?       Who    was    sent 
on    in    advance    to    the   Tamsas  ?      Why  ?      With    what    success  ?       What 
opposition  was  encountered  below  the  mouth  of  Red  River?     When  did  La 
Salle  reach  the  mouth  of  the  river?     What  name  was  bestowed  upon  the 
river?     Upon  the  territory?     What  do  you  know  of  the  Prince  of  Explorers  ? 


MAP    SHOWING     EARLY    EXPLORATIONS     OF 
MISSISSIPPI     VALLEY 


FIRST    COMERS    FROM    FOUR    NATIONS.  67 

TOPICAL    OUTLINE. 

Memory  Aid. 
For  Lesson  on  The  Exploration  of  Louisiana. 

(Place  on  Blackboard  and  have  pupils  fill  blanks  and  elaborate  by  written  composition.) 


CO 

o 


La  Salle. 


.,  a  monk.     ]   Reach  the   [  By  way  off 
,  a  trader.    J  Mississippi^.^ 


he  year 

Early  fife. 

Conceives  plans  of 

Is  encouraged  by Governor  of  New  France. 

Lays  plans  before  the  King. 
r  (/)   Authority. 

Returns  with    <(2)  Title  of. 


Sends 


[(3)   Chevalier 

Builds  first  fort  and  calls  it 

Explores  territory  for miles. 

Reaches  the  Illinois  country  about  the  year 

(  Discover  falls  of 

To  headwaters  of  M,s-  I  Are  ed  by 

sissipi  River  wno  ....      1 

'  (,  Are  rescued  by 

mouth  of  Illinois  River (dab  . ) 

r  Treated by  Indians. 

Arrives  at Bluff <  Builds  Fort 

[  Takes  formal  possession. 

J  Indians. 

Continues  on  to  country  of  the     <  „, 

J  \  Then  to  that  of  the 

Sends  Tonti  in  advance  to  trie Indians. 

Arrives  at  mouth  of  Mississippi 


Takes  final  possession,  calls 


River.. 


Territory. 


CHAPTER  XII. 
The  Northwest  Passage. 

When  the  discoveries  of  Balboa  and  Magellan  made  it 
known  that  America  was  a  new  continent,  the  old  question 
of  the  shortest  route  to  India  again  arose,     For  almost  a 


68 


PERIOD    OF    DISCOVERY. 


century  Spanish  galleons  had  been  crossing  and  recrossing 
the  Atlantic,  freighted  with  the  riches  and  products  of  New 
Spain.  All  this  time  the  naval  power  of  England  had  been 
increasing;    and  when    Elizabeth    assumed    the    throne  the 


IN    SEARCH    OF    A    NORTHWEST    PASSAGE." 


<£—  _  spirit  of  English  enterprise  was  directed 

to  the  explorations  begun  by  the  Cabots  years  before. 

To  reach  India  by  the  most  direct  route  seemed  to  be  about 
the  only  achievement  remaining  by  which  a  navigator  could 
win  renown.  Moreover,  the  voyage  by  way  of  Cape  Horn 
or  Cape  of  Good  Hope  was  impracticable  to  English  vessels 


FIRST    COMERS    FROM    FOUR    NATIONS. 


69 


in  those  days,  not  only  because  of  the  distance,  but  because 
a  part  of  the  ocean  would  have  to  be  crossed  which  was 
zealously  guarded  by  hostile  Spanish  fleets  going  to  and 
returning  from  America. 

This  caused  English  navi- 
gators to  follow  up  the  explora- 
tions of  Sebastian  Cabot  in 
seeking  for  a  northwest  pass- 
age around  North  America. 
Many  eminent  English  sea- 
men engaged  in  this  enter- 
prise. One  of  these,  Martin 
Frobisher,  sailed  with  a  small 
fleet  (1576),  explored 
much  of  the  coast  vis- 
ited by  the  Cabots, 
reaching  a  higher  lati- 
tude. Returning  the 
nextyearwith  alarger 
fleet,  he  pushed  on 
^  until  blocked  by  ice, 
Eight  years  after 
(1585)  John  Davis  entered 
the  straits  that  now  bear  his 
name,  but  was  compelled  to 
turn  back  by  the  same  ice  that 
had  obstructed  the  passage  of 
Frobisher.  Both  of  these 
navigators  were  firmly  im- 
pressed with  the  idea  that,  were  it  not  for  this  ice,  the 
object   of  their  voyages  could  be  attained. 

The    Dutch    also    attempted    to   find   a   passage  to  India. 
No  sooner  had  the  way  to  the  East  Indies  around  Africa 


Sir  Francis  Drake. 
While  this  northwest  passage  was 
being  sought  there  was  one,  who,  in 
another  quarter  ot  the  globe,  was 
achieving  glory  and  renown  tor 
England's  growing  navy.  Sir  Fran- 
cis Drake,  styled  the  greatest  sea- 
man ot  his  age,  scorning  to  avoid  the 
waters  trequented  by  Spanish  men- 
of-war,  sailed  southward  with  five 
vessels  (1577),  and  after  taking  many 
rich  prizes  and  making  his  name  a 
terror  upon  the  Spanish  seas,  found 
himself  in  the  south  Atlantic  with  one 
vessel  laden  with  the  treasures  he 
had  captured.  Drake  boldly  enter 
ed  the  Pacific,  although  Spain 
had  set  up  the  claim  to  the  ex- 
clusive right  ot  navigating  its 
waters.  He  sailed  up  the  western 
coast  ot  South  and  North 
America,  and  landed  at  a 
point  north  of  that  reach- 
ed by  Cabrillo,  upon  the 
shores  of  what  is  now 
Oregon  (1579).  He  named 
the  country  New  Albion. 
and  took  formal  posses- 
sion of  it  tor  England 
The  Indians,  in  all  friend 
liness,  crowned  him  king  in  token 
of  their  submission.  Two  years  had 
elapsed  since  he  left  England,  and 
he  now  determined  to  set  out  forborne. 
Having  refitted  his  little  vessel  he 
decided  to  cruise  across  the  broad  Pac- 
ific. Rounding  Cape  Good  Hope  he 
arrived  safely  in  England— the  second 
navigator  in  the  world's  history  to  cir-  j 
cumnavigate  the  globe,  as  Magellan  ! 
was  the  first. 


SIR    FRANCIS    DRAKE 


70  PERIOD    OF    DISCOVERY. 

become  known  than  the  ships  of  the  enterprising  little 
country  of  Holland  followed  closely  in  the  wake  of  the 
Portuguese  discoverers.  A  company  of  merchants  called 
the  Dutch  East  India  Company  rapidly  rose  to  wealth 
and  power,  and  in  their  service,  Henry  Hudson,  an 
Englishman,  visited  the  shores  of  North  America  (1609) 
and  explored  numerous  inlets,  in  the  hope  that  they  might 
prove  to  be  the  long  sought  passage.  He  entered  the 
harbor  now  known  as  New  York,  and  his  vessel,  the  Half 
Moon,  ascended  the  Hudson  River  to  the  head  of  naviga- 
tion. One  year  after  this  Hudson,  now  in  the  service  of 
England,  entered  the  strait  and  bay  that  bear  his  name. 
Here  he  was  forced  into  an  open  boat  and  sent  adrift  by  a 
mutinous  crew,   and  was  never  heard  of   more. 

QUESTIONS. 

What  question  again  arose  as  soon  as  it  was  known  that  America  was 
a  new  continent?  About  how  long  after  the  discovery  of  America  did 
England  begin  to  follow  up  the  discoveries  of  the  Cabots?  Why  was  the 
voyage  to  India  by  way  of  Cape  Horn  or  Cape  Good  Hope  impracticable  to 
English  vessels?  What  English  navigators  followed  up  the  explorations  of 
the  Cabots?  When  did  each  make  his  voyage?  Where?  Tell  what  you 
know  of  Frobisher  and  Davis.  Who  was  Sir  Francis  Drake?  How  did  Drake 
bring  glory  and  renown  to  England?  When  did  he  sail?  What  did  he  make 
himself  in  Spanish  waters?  What  did  he  capture?  What  ocean  did  he 
enter  from  the  Atlantic?  What  shores  did  he  reach?  What  name  was 
bestowed  upon  what  is  now  called  Oregon?  How  did  the  Indians  of  this 
region  show  their  friendliness?  Tell  what  you  know  of  the  second  circum- 
navigation of  the  globe.  What  other  nation  sought  a  northwest  passage? 
What  was  the  Dutch  East  India  Company?  What  Englishman  was 
employed  by  them?  What  do  you  know  of  Henry  Hudson  ?  What  harbor 
did  he  enter?  Why?  What  river  did  he  ascend?  What  was  the  name  of 
his  vessel?     What  was  his  fate? 


FIRST    COMERS    PROM    FOUR    NATIONS. 

TOPICAL    OUTLINE. 


7i 


Memory  Am. 


For  Lesson  on   Early   English  and  Dutch   Explorers. 


( Place   on   the    Blackboard    and    have   pupils   fill    blanks,  then   elaborate   by  written 

composition.) 


-J 

5 


English 


.  Dutch 


Seekers  for  the 
Northwest  Passage 


Sir  Francis  Drake.    < 


)  Henry  Hudson 


'Sebastian  Cabot 
robisher 


Davis 


First  Voyage. 

Second  Voyage 

Sailed  in 

Discovers strait 


Sails  in  year with vess°'$ 

Captures 

Enters ocean 

Discovers 

Crowned  by  

Reaches  England  by  way  of 


'  Explores  coast  of in  year 

Ascends  river 

Name  of  vessel 

Subsequent  voyage  to  

Perished  in Bay- 


SEARCH  QUESTIONS. 
What  has  been  built  over  Champlain  's  grave  ?     How  did  Canada  receive  its  name  ? 
How  was  Jo.'iet  rewarded  ?      What  name  did  La  Salle  give  Ins  residence  ?     After  whom 
did  La  Salle  name  his  fort  at  Chickasaw  Bluff?    Why  was  New  Albion  so  called?     Who 
was  the  founder  of  the  Jesuits  ? 


PREPARATORY  NOTES. 
TO    CHAPTERS    XIII,    XIV,    XV. 

Geography. — Note  upon  a  map  the  location  of  Mexico.  Where  is  Yucatan* 
Vera  Cruz?  Note  the  relative  position  of  America  and  Asia.  What  strait 
between  them?  About  how  wide  is  this  strait?  Where  are  the  Aleutian 
Islands.  Upon  the  chart  of  the  ocean  currents  in  a  physical  geography  note 
the  direction  and  How  of  the  Japan  current.  Where  does  this  current  touch 
the  American  shores?  What  current  flows  from  Africa  to  South  America 
at  the  equator?     Note  the  numerous  islands  in  the  Pacific  Ocean.     Name 


72  PERIOD   OF   DISCOVERV. 

the  principal  ones  in  Malaysia.  Upon  a  globe  or  map  of  the  world  note  the 
nearness  of  Norway  to  Iceland.  Of  Iceland  to  Greenland.  Of  Greenland 
to  Labrador.  Of  Labrador  to  Newfoundland.  Of  Newfoundland  to  the 
New  England  coast.     Where  is  Newport  ? 

Definition  of  Words. — Know  the  meanings  of  the  fol/otvingzvords:  Aborig- 
inal, ethnologist,  plane,  immutable,  partial,  zeal,  impelled,  revealed, 
archaeologists,  imbedded,  supplanting,  predecessor,  ingenuity,  devise,  con- 
centrate, inferior,  absolute,  expressive,  systematic,  precepts,  expert,  fabrics, 
crystal ized,  congregate,  surveillance,  serfdom,  vassalage,  dialects,  varying, 
improvident,  edifice,  economy,  primitive,  constituents,  prowess,  decorum, 
taciturn,  ceremonious,  intervals,  guttural,  vocabulary,  reverence,  appease, 
grotesque,  efficacy,  interpret,  alternate,  attribute,  discordant,  fantastically, 
incantations,  intensified,  accordance,  inferior,  encroaching,  bounty,  cope, 
extinction,  speculative,  fabricated,  similarity,  nautical,  evidence,  research, 
predominating,  structure,  antiquity,  sedentary,  relapse,  deify,  accredited, 
ample,  blend,  corroborative,  bards,  veritable,  inscribe,  prehistoric. 

Pronunciation  of  Names. — Study  the  pronunciation  of  the  following!  Chi- 
chimecs,  Alcolhuas,  Nahuatlac,  Aztlan,  Tenochitlan,  Montezuma,  Esqui- 
maux, Algonquins,  Sioux,  Shoshones,  Comanches,  Apaches,  Iroquois,  Hoei 
Shiu,  Phoenicians,  Zuni,  Pueblo,  Moquis  Cabral,  Quetzal,  Gunnbjorn, 
Bjorne  Herjulfson,  Lief  Ericson,  Thorstein,  Thorfinn,  Karlsefne. 

PARALLEL  READINGS. 

Reference. — Short's  "North  Americans  of  Antiquity,"  Foster's  "  Prehistoric  Races," 
Bancroft's  (H.  H.)  "  Native  Races  of  the  Pacific  States,"  Schoolcraft's  "Indian  Tribes  of 
the  United  States,"  Biart's  "The  Aztecs,"  Prescott's  "  Conquest  of  Mexico,"  Catlis's 
"North  American  Indians  ,"  Beamish's  "Discovery  of  America  by  Northmen,"  Weise's 
"Discoveries  of  America  to  the  year  1525,"  Vining's  "An  Inglorious  Columbus." 

General. — Wallace's  "Fair  God,"  Mrs.  Wallace's  "Land  of  the  Pueblos,"  Drake's 
"Making  of  the  Great  West,"  Cooper's  "Leatherstocking  Tales,"  Longfellow's  "Hia- 
watha," "Skeleton  in  Armor,"  Fontaine's  "How  the  World  was  Peopled,"  "The  First 
Americans"  (Harper's  Magazine,  August,  1SS2),  "The  Zunis"  (Century  Magazine, 
Aug. -Dec,  1SS2,  Feb. -May,  1S83),  Mrs.  Jackson's  "A  Century  of  Dishonor,"  "The  Visit  of 
the  Vikings"  (Harper's  Magazine,  Sept.,  1SS2),  "Indian  Tribes  of  Prehistoric  Times," 
(Magazine  of  American  History,  Sept.,  1SS8),  "Conquest  of  the  Mayas,"  (Magazine  of 
American  History,  April,  iSSS),  "Lief  Ericson,"  by  Mrs.  Ole  Bull  (Magazine  of  American 
History,  March,  iSSS). 

ToriCAL. — "Mound  Builders,"  "Iroquois,"  "Northmen,"  "Vikings,"  "Aztecs,"  "Pueblos," 
'Mayas,"  "Indians,  North  American,"  "Madoc,"  "Lief  Ericson,"  "Vinland,"  "Snorri," 
"Karlsefne,"   "Mandans,"  "Newport,  Old  Tower  at,"    "Dighton  Rock,"  "Cliff-Dwellers." 


America  of  old, 


W 


America  of  Old. 

CHAPTER  XIII. 

Aboriginal    Races. — Semi-Civilized. 

The  Spaniards,  under  Cortez,  came  in  contact  with  th«2 
Indian  in  his  highest  state  of  development.  Of  the  races 
conquered  by  him  and  his  followers  we  have  had  for  a  long 
time  but  little  knowledge.  The  religious  zeal  of  the  con- 
querors impelled  them  to  tear 
down  what  to  them  were  pagan 
temples,  and  destroy  many  of 
the  sacred  records  that  would 
have  made  ancient  Mexican 
history  clear  to  us.  What  has 
long  been  hidden,  however,  is 
being  gradually  revealed  by 
the  labors  of  modern  explorers 
and  archaeologists. 

Among  the  earliest  to  occupy 
the  territory  afterwards  to  be 
conquered  by  Cortez  were  the 
Mayas,  whose  descendants  still 
live  in  the  interior  of  Yuca- 
tan. Here  to  this  day  are  to 
be  found  imbedded  in  the  earth 
and  covered  with  forests,  ruins  of  their  ancient  monuments, 
temples  and  cities.  Following  the  Mayas,  there  arrived  suc- 
cessively, each  blending  with  or  supplanting  its  predecessor, 
the  Toltecs,  the  Chichimecs,  the  Alcolhuas  and  the  seven 
Nahuatlac  tribes,  one  of  which  (the  Aztecs)  deeming  them- 
selves the  favored  children  of  their  divinity,  Afexitli, 
changed  their  names  to  Mext,  from  which  we  have  the 
present  Mexico. 


The  aboriginal  inhabitants  of  the 
American  Continent,  wherever  found, 
are  known  as  Indians.  They  are 
classed  by  some  ethnologists  as  a 
separate  and  distinct  family  of  man- 
kind. By  others  they  are  regarded 
as  suhdivsions  of  a  great  family  that 
includes  among  its  members  the  yel- 
low races  of  Asia. 

J  ust  as  we  find  the  white  race  to-day 
in  various  portions  of  the  world,  exist- 
ing in  every  condition  of  society,  so 
were  the  red  race  found  living  at  the 
time  of  the  discovery  in  different  por- 
tions of  the  American  Continent. 
Some  were  occupying  very  low  planes 
ot  existence,  as  do  now  the  animal  - 
like  Digger  Indians  of  California; 
others,  in  accordance  with  the  immu- 
table laws  ot  human  progress,  had. 
by  the  time  the  Europeans  began  to 
visit  American  shores,  responded  to 
several  impulses,  and  reached  a  state 
oi  partial  civilization,  both  peculiar 
and  wonderful. 


74  PERIOD   OF    DISCOVERY. 

Emigrating  from  a  northern  land,  referred  to  in  their  tra- 
ditions as  Aztlan,  of  whose  location  we  know  but  little,  the 
Aztecs  reached  Anahuac,  and  laid  the  foundations  of  their 
capital,  Tenochitlan,  about  the  year  1325,  near  the  present 
City  of  Mexico.  A  warlike  race,  continually  engaged  in 
conquests  and  conflicts,  they  made  themselves  secure  by 
building  in  a  lake  and  guarding  the  approach  to  their  city 
by  long  and  easily  defended  causeways. 

When  at  war  and  surrounded  by  enemies,  the  fish 
of  the  lake  served  them  as  food,  and  ingenuity  devised 
chinampas,  or  floating  islands,  upon  which  they  raised  fruits 
and  vegetables.  These  chinampas  were  constructed  of 
interwoven  reeds  and  roots,  upon  which  was  deposited  the 
rich  soil  taken  from  the  bottom  of  the  lake.  As  time  passed 
on,  and  the  subjugation  of  neighboring  tribes  brought 
security  and  power,  Tenochitlan  became  adorned  with  tem- 
ples and  palaces,  wherein  were  accumulated  from  all  parts 
of  the  realm,  the  wealth  and  treasure  for  which  the  mines  of 
Mexico  are  to  this  day  celebrated.  Under  the  reigns  of  wise 
and  intelligent  Montezumas,  many  of  the  arts  of  civilized 
life  developed,  and  the  advancement  made  by  them  before 
the  conquest,  reached  a  degree  but  little  inferior  to  that  of 
their  conquerors. 

The  government  of  the  Aztecs  was  that  of  an  absolute 
monarchy.  Supreme  power  was  vested  in  the  Montezuma,  or 
emperor.  Under  him  ruled  nobles  or  caciques  over  the  dif- 
ferent provinces.  Justice  was  admirably  administered  in 
every  part  of  the  kingdom.  The  religion,  however,  was 
idolatrous,  and,  unlike  that  of  the  Mayas  and  some  of  the 
other  tribes,  cruel  in  many  of  its  practices  and  ceremonies, 
human  sacrifice  being  of  frequent  occurrence. 

The  language  of  the  Aztecs  was  very  full  and  expressive ; 
their  speech,    musical.       In    writing  they   employed  hiero- 


AMERICA    OF    OLD. 


75 


glyphics  and  pictures.  Poetry  was  frequently  composed  and 
sung  to  appreciative  hearers,  and  oratory  was  carefully  culti- 
vated. The  education  of  children  was  systematic,  and  con- 
sisted of  precepts  and  counsels 
regularly  bestowed  by  fath 
er    to    son,      and  -.  -  ^ 

by    mother    to 
daughter.     Re- 
ligious instruc- 
tion  was  given 


for    three   years   in   public 
schools,  and  special  semi- 
naries   were    provided    for 
the    higher    education    of 
those     destined    to    become 
priests  and  priestesses. 
In  many  of  the  arts  the  Aztecs  were    expert.     As  potters, 
stonecutters,    jewelers,   and   basket-makers,  they    excelled, 
Many   were    skilled    woodworkers,    builders,  and    weavers, 


76  PERIOD   OF   DISCOVERY. 

weaving  not  only  delicate  and  beautiful  fabrics,  wherein 
feathers  took  the  place  of  silk,  and  rabbit  skins  of  wool,  but 
also  more  serviceable  clothes  of  cotton  and  other  plant 
fibres.  The  farmers  raised  maize,  cocoa,  cotton,  fruits, 
and  agave,  a  plant  most  useful  to  them, — its  thorns  sup- 
plying needles;  its  fibres,  thread  for  sewing  and  weaving; 
its  juice,  when  boiled,  honey  ;  when  crystalized,  sugar;  when 
fermented,  their  favorite  beverages  of  -pulque  and  mescal. 

Commerce  was  their  special  delight.  Money  consisted  of 
grains  of  cocoa,  squares  of  cloth  and  quills  of  gold.  The 
market-places  were  large  squares  where  one  day  in  five 
traders  from  long  distances  congregated  and  displayed  their 
wares.  These  market-places  were  admirably  managed.  Com- 
missioners, officially  appointed,  by  strict  surveillance  insured 
good  order  and  fair  dealing.  All  differences  were  referred 
to  a  court  of  two  judges  near  by,  who  decreed  and  instantly 
executed  punishment  upon  those  guilty  of  law-breaking  and 
fraud.  Enterprising  merchants  made  long  journeys  to  the 
interior,  their  goods  borne  upon  the  backs  of  porters,  or 
tlamenes,  whose  individual  load  was  sixty  pounds  and  whose 
daily  task  was  twelve  miles.  The  most  powerful  of  these 
traveling  merchants  took  with  them  armed  escorts,  and  their 
expeditions  to  distant  regions  often  resulted  in  a  conquest  of 
territory  visited,  and  its  addition    to  the  Aztec  realm. 

Such  was  the  people  who  were  overcome  by  Spanish  arms, 
whose  records  were  destroyed  by  Spanish  zeal,  and  whose 
civilization  has  been  replaced  by  that  of  modern  Mexico. 
The  conquest  of  this  race  could  not  have  been  achieved  by 
Cortez  without  the  assistance  of  the  many  tribes,  who  pre- 
ferred serfdom  to  Spain  rather  than  vassalage  to  Tenochitlan. 


AMERICA   OF   OLD. 

BLACKBOARD    FORM 


17 


Analysis  of  Lesson  on    The  Aztecs. 


f  Origin — Aztlan. 
Cap  ita  I —  Tenochit/an. 
Government — Absolute  Monarchy. 


N 

5 


Religion. 


Occupation. 


Language. 


Education. 


Idolatrous. 
Human  sacrifices. 
Priests,    Temples,  etc. 

(   Chinampas. 


Agricultural.  ) 


Commercial. 


Industrial. 


Written. 


Spoken, 


Products 


Market  places. 
Money 

Caravans 

Builders. 

Woodworkers. 

Stone  cutters. 

Basket  makers. 

Weavers 

Jewelers. 

Potters. 

j   Picture. 

y  Hieroglyphic. 

Complete. 
Musical, 
Adapted  to 


Maize 
Coco-a 
+  Agave 
Cotton 
Fruit 


Thread. 

Needles. 

Paper. 
\    Clothes. 
\    Food. 

Sugar. 

Pulque. 
{  Mezcal. 


r   Grains  of  Cocoa. 
'.    Squares  of  cloth. 
I   Quills  of  Gold. 
j    Tiamenes. 
\    Armed  escorts. 


t  Feathers, 

J  Cotton. 

)  Agave  fibre. 

{  Rabbit  skins. 


j   Oratory. 
\    Poetry. 


Instruction  of  son  by  father. 
Instruction  of  daughter  by  mother. 
Public  schools,  seminaries,  etc. 


QUESTIONS. 
What  name  was  bestowed  upon  the  aboriginal  inhabitants  of  Amerkd? 
What  race  do  they  constitute?  What  Indians  occupy  a  very  low  plane  of 
existence?  What  had  some  of  the  Indian  races  reached  by  the  time  the 
Europeans  came  ?  Why  did  the  Spaniards  destroy  most  of  the  records  of 
ancient  Mexico?  How  are  we  coming  to  know  of  what  could  have  been  told 
us  by  these  records?  What  race  was  among  the  earliest  to  occupy  Mexico? 
What  races  followed?     Who  were  the  Aztecs?     From  where  did  they  come? 


78 


PERIOD    OF    DISCOVERY. 


What  is  the  origin  of  the  name  Mexico?  When  was  Tenochitlan  founded? 
How  was  it  built?  Why?  How  did  the  Aztecs  obtain  food  when  besieged? 
How  did  Tenochitlan  become  adorned?  What  form  of  government  had  the 
Aztecs?  Who  ruled  subordinate  to  the  Montezuma?  How  was  justice 
administered?  What  was  the  character  of  their  religion ?  What  did  they 
practice?  What  was  the  nature  of  their  language?  Speech?  What  was 
frequently  composed?  What  cultivated?  How  were  children  educated ?  In 
what  arts  did  the  Aztecs  excel?  What  materials  did  they  weave?  What  did 
the  farmers  raise?  Why  was  the  agave  a  useful  plant  to  them?  In  what  did 
the  Aztecs  specially  delight?  What  did  they  use  for  money?  What  about 
their  market  places?  Traveling  merchants?  Tlamenes?  How  did  the 
Spaniards  succeed  in  overcoming  this  race  ? 


CHAPTER  XIV. 


Aboriginal    Races — Savage. 

The  Indians  found  living  in  that  part  of  America 
occupied  by  what  is  now  the 
United  States  and  British 
America  constituted  number- 
less tribes,  having  many  resem  - 
blances  in  common.  Classi- 
fied according  to  language, 
the  greater  portion  of  them 
comprises  four  great  fami- 
lies: the  Esquimaux  of  the 
North,  the  Athabascans  of 
West  British  America,  the  Al- 
gonquins  of  Canada  and 
Northeast  United  States,  and 
the  Dakotas  of  Northwest 
United  States.  Each  of  these 
embraces  many  tribal  sub- 
divisions, speaking  dialects 
whose  similarities  enable  them 
to  be  grouped  together.  Thus 
we  have  the  Wampanoags,    Narragansetts,  Periods,  Pow 


Many  of  the  tribes  that  occupied  the 
Southern  States  are  generally  classed 
together,  as  the  Mobilian  or  Apala 
chians,  though  theii  singularities  of 
language  and  dialectical  differences 
are  perhaps  more  marked  than  those 
existing  between  the  subdivisions  oi 
the  Algonquins  or  Dakotas.  Among 
these  tribes  are  the  Yamasees.  Corees, 
Appal  achees,Seminoles,  Creeks,  Choc  - 
taws.  Chickasaws  and  others.  Separate 
and  distinct  from  any  mentioned  Kere- 
totore,  and  existing  as  single  tribes  or 
smaller  confederacies,  were  the  Iro- 
quois of  New  York,  the  Cherokees  ot 
Georgia,  the  Natchez  of  Missis- 
sippi, the  Mandans  of  the  upper 
Missouri  River,  and  the  Shoshones, 
Comanches,  Apaches,  Pawnees  ami 
many  others  of  West  and  Southwest 
United  States.  Of  these  the  Iroquois 
and  the  Natchez  were  remarkable— 
the  Iroqmos  because  of  the  indomitable 
spirit  and  courage  that  enabled  them 
to  conquer  and  destroy  their  powerful 
neighbors ;  the  Natchez  because  of 
their  peculiar  fire  and  sun  worship, 
and  a  governmental  and  industrial 
development  far  in  advance  of  sur- 
rounding tribes. 


AMERICA    OF    OLD. 


79 


hattans,  Shawnees,  Ottawas,  Sacs  and  Foxes,  Illinois,  Chip- 
pewas  and  others,  constituting  the  Algonquin  group:  and 
the  Crow,  Sioux,  Osage,  Quapaws,  Arkansas,  Omahas,  and 
others,  the  Dakota  group. 

Much  has  been  written  of  the  life,  habits  and  customs  of 

these  savage 
races.  That 
they  possessed 
both  good  and 
bad  traits  of 
character, 
varying  ac- 
cording to 
£  the  individ- 
ual,  is 


TTM:,-3A;J    tfli.iAC;i 


'$..'■>  V 


:^. 


beyond  a  P 
doubt.  As 
a  general  thin 
they  were  brave , 
hospitable  and 
grateful,  yet  indolent,  improvident,  revengeful  and  treacher- 
ous. Their  habitations  were  rudelv  built  huts  or  wigwams 
covered  with  barks  and  skins,  the  exception  being  the  well- 
built  "  long  houses"  of  the  Iroquois,  the  dome-roofed  dwell- 
ings of  the  Mandans,  built  upon  circular  foundations  of 
stone ;  and  the  edifices  of  the  Natchez  and  Pueblo  Indians, 
constructed  of  sun-dried  brick.  In  the  economy  of  the 
household    the   women   or    squaws   were  most   conspicuous 


80  PERIOD    OF    DISCOVERY, 

for  the  labors  that  devolved  upon  them.  It  was  their  duty  to 
cultivate  in  primitive  fashion  small  fields  of  maize ;  to  dress 
the  skins  and  cure  the  meat  of  the  game  taken  in  the  chase ; 
to  make  the  moccasins  and  garments,  decorating  them  with 
quills  of  porcupine,  shells,  feathers  and  other  ornaments;  to 
cook  the  meals  of  parched  corn,  broiled  flesh  and  sometimes 
broth,  boiled  in  closely- woven  baskets  or  rude  utensils  of 
clay  by  means  of  hot  stones  dropped  therein. 

The  passion  of  the  men  seemed  to  be  for  killing,  either  in 
the  chase  or  upon  the  war-path.  Their  weapons  until  the 
whites  came  and  supplied  them  with  better  were  of  the 
rudest  description,  consisting  of  bows  and  flint-tipped 
arrows,  clubs  and  stone-headed  hatchets  or  tomahawks. 
Their  condition  of  continual  warfare  caused  them  to  associate 
themselves  in  tribes  and  confederacies  of  tribes,  their  gov- 
ernment imposing  but  few  restrictions  upon  them.  In  peace, 
a  sachem  presided  over  the  councils  of  a  tribe;  in  war,  a 
war-chief  led  them  against  the  foe.  Respect  for  the 
wisdom  of  the  one,  and  the  prowess  of  the  other,  assured 
obedience. 

Matters  of  importance  were  always  referred  to  the  older 
and  experienced  members  of  the  tribe,  who  assembled  for 
the  purpose  of  deliberation  around  the  council  fire.  The  pro- 
ceedings always  opened  with  a  ceremonious  smoking  cf  the 
calumet,  the  sacred  pipe  passing  from  lip  to  lip  amidst  the 
greatest  decorum.  Between  intervals  of  dignified  silence 
one  after  another  would  express  his  views  and  opinions, 
tersely,  yet  eloquently,  to  the  taciturn  circle  seated  upon  the 
ground  around  him. 

The  spoken  language  of  the  Indian  was  harsh  and  gut- 
tural. The  words  in  his  vocabulary  were  so  few  that 
when  new  ideas  were  introduced  to  him  by  the  Europeans  it 
often   required  the   combining  of   several   of  his  words   to 


AMERICA    OF    OLD. 


8l 


The  Indian  Medicine 
Man. 
The  priest  or  medi- 
cine man  occupied  an 
exalted  position  in  the 
tribe.  It  was  his  duty 
to  read  signs  and  inter- 
pret omens,  to  tender 
sacrifices  and  conduct 
religious  ceremonies. 
He  was  supposed  to 
have  the  power  to  call 
down  rain  in  time  of 
drouth,  which  he  often 
endeavored  to  do  by 
means  of  chants,  danc- 
ings and  loud  mouth  - 
ings  to  the  spirits  of 
the  air,  in  which  coax- 
ings alternated  with 
violent  abuse.  His 
ability  to  heal  the  sick 
went  unquestioned. 
When  illness  would  not 
yield  to  his  simple 
remedies  of  roots  and 
herbs,  the  cause  would 
be  attributed  to  a  demon 
that  had  possession  of 
the  patient,  and  forth- 
with preparations  would 
be  made  to  exorcise 
the  evil  one.  Relatives 
and  friends  gather- 
ed about  the  sick  one's 
dwelling  and  engaged 
in  noise-makings  with 
gourd  rattles  and  rude 
drums,  accompanied  by 
screechings  and  howls 
of  a  most  discordant 
nature.  Amidst  the 
hideous  din  the  medi- 
cine man,  fantastically 
attired  and  decorated 
with  his  most  effective 
totems,  practiced  his 
incantations  and  exe 
cuted  his  medicine 
dance. 


INDIAN    MEDICINE    MAN. 


82  PERIOD    OF    DISCOVERY, 

express  what  we  in  our  language  can  with  one.  A  very 
primitive  form  of  picture-writing  upon  the  inner  and  paper- 
like bark  of  trees  was  practiced  by  some  few  tribes. 

The  North  American  Indian  has  often  been  wrongly  pic- 
tured as  having  a  sublime  faith  in  one  God,  Great  Spirit,  or 
Manitou.  In  truth  his  religion  was  but  a  bundle  of  supersti- 
tions, erroneously  comprehended  by  those  who  came  in  early 
contact  with  him.  Certain  animals  were  reverenced  by 
him,  and  he  believed  in  good  and  evil  spirits,  the  latter  of 
whom  received  the  greater  part  of  his  worship;  for,  accord- 
ing to  his  mode  of  reasoning,  the  good  never  did  him  harm, 
the  evil  injured  him  upon  all  occasions  unless  appeased. 
This  appeasing  constituted  the  greater  part  of  his  religious 
ceremonies,  and  consisted  in  sacrifices,  grotesque  dances, 
chantings,  playing  upon  sacred  and  noisy  instruments, 
and  voluble  promise-makings.  He  had  great  faith  in  the 
efficacy  of  charms,  or  totems,  to  shield  him  from  evil 
influences. 

To  him  who  died  there  was  a  hereafter,  in  which  all  the 
pleasures  of  this  life  were  intensified  and  enjoyed  in  continu- 
ous repetition.  So  when  a  warrior  died  his  weapons  and 
other  favorite  possessions,  including  sometimes  his  dog,  were 
buried  with  him,  to  add  to  his  happiness  when  he  reached 
the  "Happy  Hunting  Ground." 

Some  tribes  buried  their  dead  in  sitting  posture,  a  cover- 
ing of  stones  and  earth  forming  a  mound  above  the  remains. 
Among  many  of  the  western  tribes  the  custom  existed  of 
depositing  the  dead  upon  high  platforms,  erected  for  the  pur- 
pose out  on  the  prairie,  awray  from  the  village.  Here  would 
the  widow  daily  come  to  mourn  her  husband,  to  bring  to 
him  the  food  that  only  the  fowrls  of  the  air  devoured,  to 
speak  to  him  and  in  return  receive  no  answer. 

With  the  advance  of  the  white  man  the  red  race  is  rapidly 


AMERICA    OF    OLD. 


83 


passing  away,  in  accordance  with  a  well-established  law  of 
nature,  that  causes  an  inferior  race  to  yield  to  a  superior 
when  on  e 
comes  in  con- 
tact with  the 
other.  Rem- 
nants are 
found  far  out 
in  the  West, 
where  e  v  e  n 
now  the  emi- 
grant and  the 
ranchman  are 
encroaching 
upon  their 
domain;  or  at 
agencies  sub- 
sisting as  pen- 
sioners on  the 
bounty  of  the 
United  States 
government. 
A  fortunate 
few,  descend- 
ants of  the 
once  power- 
ful Cherokee, 
Chickasaw, 
Choctaw  and 
other  tribes, 
occupy  lands 
reserved  to 
them  in   the 

Indian  Territory,  where  education  and  acquired  enlightenment 
are  enabling  them  to  cope  successfully  against  extinction. 


84 


PERIOD    OF-    DISCOVERY, 

BLACKBOARD    FORM 


Analysis  cf  Lesson  on  Savage 

Races  of  America, 

Esquimaux. 
Athabascans. 

f  Sioux. 
Osage. 
Quapaws, 

Dakoias. 

Arkansas, 

Omahas, 

.  Crow,  etc. 

Principal  Groups. 

< 

Algonqums,    - 

Wampanoags. 

Narragansetto. 

Pequods, 

Powhattans, 

Snawnees, 

Illinois,  OttaAas.  jr 

Classification. 

,  Mobilians.      < 

Chickasaws. 
Creeks. 
Choctaw s. 
Appalachees. 

Corees, 

Semino/es, 

.   Etc.,  Etc, 

f   Iroquois. 

Cherokees. 

to 

.  Minor  Groups. 

J    Natchez, 
]    Shoshones. 

Apaches. 

5 

1  Etc.,  Etc. 

5 
5 

Characteristics, 

'  Good. 

f  Brave. 
s    Hospitable. 
1  Grateful. 

5 

Evil. 

(  improvident. 

J    indolent. 

J    Revengeful. 

$ 

1   Treacherous. 

f  Written. 

J   Primitive  Picture 

Language. 

\         Writing, 

£ 

1 

-  Spoken. 

(   Guttural. 

The  Sachem. 
The  War-Chief. 

1  incomplete. 

Government.         1 

The  Council. 

kj 

.  The  Confederacy. 

St 

K 

Totems. 

Religion. 

Incantations. 
The  Medicine  Man. 

j   Duties. 

1 

Worship  of  Spirits. 

1  Powers, 

, 

The  Hereafter. 

The  Family. 

The  Dwelling. 

Life,  Manners 

The  Dance. 

and  Customs.  \ 

The  Hunt. 

The  Preparation  of 

r  Food. 
\  Ctothlng 

The  War-Path. 

\ 

The  Burial. 

AMERICA    OF    OLD.  85 

QUESTIONS. 

According  to  language  how  are  most  of  the  Indian  tribes  classified? 
Locate  each.  Mention  some  or  the  tribal  subdivisions  of  the 
Algonquins.  Dakota*.  Name  the  subdivisions  of  the  Mobilian  group. 
What  can  you  say  of  the  Iroquois?  Name  some  tribes  other  than 
those  already  mentioned.  Why  were  the  Natchez  remarkable?  What 
are  the  principal  traits  of  Indian  character?  What  about  their  habitations? 
What  can  you  say  of  the  dwellings  of  the  Iroquois?  The  Natchez  and 
Pueblos?  The  Man  dans?  What  duties  devolved  upon  the  squaws?  Of 
what  were  garments  made?  Decorated?  What  were  the  principal  articles 
of  food?  For  what  did  the  men  have  a  passion?  What  weapons  did  they 
employ  before  the  coming  of  the  whites?  How  did  they  associate  them- 
selves? Who  was  the  sachem?  The  war-chief?  What  was  the  council? 
How  were  matters  passed  upon  by  the  council  ?  What  was  the  nature  of  the 
Indian  language  ?  What  about  its  vocabulary?  What  form  of  writing  was 
practiced?  What  was  the  nature  of  the  Indian  religion?  What  did  they 
worship?  Reverence?  How  did  they  endeavor  to  appease  evil  spirits?  In 
what  did  they  have  great  faith?  What  do  you  know  of  the  medicine  man? 
What  were  some  of  his  duties?  What  power  was  he  supposed  to  have? 
Describe  the  ceremony  of  curing  the  sick.  What  hereafter  did  the  Indian 
anticipate?  What  were  the  different  methods  of  burial?  To  what  has  the 
red  race  yielded?  Where  are  remnants  of  this  race  to  be  found  to-day? 
What  Indians  are  found  in  the  Indian  Territory?     What  is  their  condition? 

CHAPTER  XV. 
Prehistoric   America. 

The  question  of  how  America  was  originally  peopled  is, of 
fascinating  interest  to  students  of  a  speculative  turn  of  mind. 
Many  wild  theories  have  been  fabricated  upon  the  subject. 
It  has  been  advanced  that  the  Indians  are  perhaps  the 
descendants  of  the  ten  tribes  of  Israel,  of  whom  it  is  recorded 
in  Biblical  history  that  they  wandered  away  and  were  lost; 
and  that  time,  climatic  conditions,  and  changed  modes  of 
life  have  altered  their  original  appearance  and  charac- 
teristics. 

The  nearness  of  Asia  and  America  at  the  Behring  Strait; 
the  Aleutian   Islands  arranged,  stepping-stone-hke,  between 


86 


PERIOD    OF    DISCOVERY. 


It  has  even  been  advanced  that 
South  America  was  visited  in  ancient 
times  by  the  Malays  whose  nautical 
skill  enabled  them  to  people  many  oi 
the  Pacific  islands.  Under  this  theory 
it  is  interesting  to  note  that  the  learned 
philologist,  Pickering,  is  quoted  ;is 
having  detected,  in  the  language  ot 
tne  Inca  Indians  of  Peru,  a  resem- 
blance to  that  of  the  Malays.  It  is 
also  claimed  that  among  the  historical 
records  of  China,  a  nation  among  the 
oldest  on  the  globe,  there  is  to  he 
found  the  narrative  ot  a  great  traveler, 
Hu>i  Shin,  who  in  the  year  491?, 
visited  a  country  called  by  him 
Fit  Sang  This  narrative  has  been 
recently  translated,  and  from  the  des- 
cription of  the  country  visited,  the 
direction  taken,  and  the  number  of 
miles  traveled,  the  evidence  is  strong 
that  Fu  Sang  corresponds  with  the 
southwestern  shores  of  the  United 
States. 


the  two  continents ;  the  Japan  current  sweeping  around  the 
east  coast  of  Asia  and  depositing  upon  the  western  shores  oi 
America,  even  within  our 
present  knowledge,  wreckage 
of  Chinese  and  Japanese 
junks ;  the  marked  similarity 
of  complexion  and  feature  of 
the  natives  of  Northwest 
America  to  those  of  North- 
eastern Asia,  all  lead  many 
to  believe  that  America  re- 
ceived its  hist  inhabitants 
from  Asia. 

Many  of  the  theories  ad- 
vanced upon  the  origin  of  the 
American  Indian  would  carry 
with  them  greater  weight  had 
not  modern  investigation  and 


research  brought  to  light  his  great  antiquity.  Evidence  is 
multiplying  to  show  that  the  Indians  found  living  here  at  the 
time  of  the  discovery  wrere  but  descendants  of  a  people 
whose  existence  extends  ijar  back  in  the  past  These  people 
have  received  the  name,  mound-buifders,  from  the  charac- 
ter of  the  remains  they  have  left  behind. 

These  remains  take  the  forms  of  serpent,  bird  and  animal- 
shaped  embankments,  mathematically  constructed  earthworks, 
seemingly  fortifications,  and  tumuli  or  mounds,  the  latter 
predominating.  Nothing  resists  the  destroying  effects  of 
time  more  than  a  mound  of  earth.  Structures  of  hardest 
stone  decay  and  crumble  into  dust,  but  an  earth-mound 
retains  its  shape  indefinitely.  Many  of  these  American 
mounds  are  known  to  be  of  great  antiquity,  some  of  them 
being  covered  with   dense  forests,  evidencing  centuries   of 


AMERICA    OF    OLD. 


87 


growth:  others  have  been  constructed  within  the   knowledge 

of  the   present   day  by  the    Indians   of    Florida    and    other 
Southern  States. 

American  antiquities  of  a  much  more  wonderful  nature 
are  to  be  found  in  the  southwest  part  of  the  United  States. 
Here  are  to  be  seen  Pueblos,      — 

By  excavating,   pottery,  copper   and 
great     single     houses     built     of  Btone  utensils,  flint  arrowheads,  idols, 

.       .     ,  ,  ,       •     ,    .  P>PCS,   Stone   tools    and    human    hones 

brick,  several  stories  in  height,        havc  becn  loumK   Hence  lt  is  llllerred 
semi-circular  in  form,  honey-        lluLt  the  I"oumis  wcrc  COD*in^^  lor 

J  religious,  burial     and     defensive    pur- 

poses. The  builders 
were    in    all     prob- 
ability  a  sedentary 
and        agricultural 
race,      populating 
densely  the  alluvial 
valleys    and    rich 
lands  of  the  Cen- 
tra 1        and 
Southern 
^      States. 
The 
:op- 
p  e  r 
-y*       mines  of 
Michigan  were 
worked  by  them, 
Iso  the  mica  deposits 
of  North  Carolina  and  the  lead  ores  of 
other  States.     Thev  were  much  further 
advanced  towards  civilization  than  the 
Indians.     Perhaps  the  savage  state  ot 
their   descendants    was    but    a    relapse 
into    primitive     barbarism    from   which 
the  moundbuilders   had    advanced.      It 
is  believed    that    the  Natchez  Indians 
preserved    intact  many  of  the  original 
habits,  customs,  religious  and  govern 
mental    institutions,    many    of    which 
were  noted  by  the  first  French   settlers    i 
ot  the  lower  Mississippi  valley. 


as    were 


combed  with  rooms,  capable  of 
containing  one  thousand  or 
more  inhabitants.  Similar  ed- 
ifices are  found  built  at  almost 
inaccessible  heights,  in  open- 
ings hollowed  out  of  the  gigan- 
tic sides  of  canon  or  cliff.  The 
builders  of  these  structures 
have  probably  left  their  de- 
scendants in  the  Pueblo,  Zuni  and  Moquis  Indians  of  those 
parts. 

Many  traditions  bind  the  old  and  new  worlds  together.  In 
ancient  times  there  lived  on  the  southwest  shores  of  the 
Mediterranean  Sea  a  maritime  people  known  as  the  Phoeni- 


88 


ptiniot*  op  DlsCdVBftV. 


cians.  Such  was  the  skill 
of  their  naval  commanders 
that  their  vessels  voyaged  to 
every  part  of  the  known 
world  (iooo  B.  C).  Out 
through  the  straits  of  Gib- 
raltar would  they  go,  then 
up  to  the  coast  of  Cornwall, 
in  England,  for  tin,  to  the 
shores  of  the  Baltic  for  am- 
ber, or  down  the  African 
coast  for  ivory  and  gold, 
their  destination  always  a 
secret,  their  endeavor  always 
to  keep  hidden  from  other 
nations  the  sources  of  their 
wealth.  Their  records  refer 
to  Ophir,  a  land  of  fabulous 
wealth  far  to  the  west,  and 
the  fact  that  Cabral,  a  Por- 
tuguese navigator,  endeavor- 
ing in  more  recent  times  to  cliff  dwellings 
double  the  African  Cape,  was  carried  by  wind  and  current 
to  South  America,  renders  the  idea  of  an  accidental  dis- 
covery of 
America  by 
the  Phoenic- 
ians not  im- 
p  o  s  s  i  b  le  , 
particularly 
as  the  Mayas 
and  other 
an  c  i  e  n  t 


AMtiMCA  OP  QLQ, 


«9 


tribes  of  Mexico  have  a  record  of  the  visitation  of  a  superior 
being,  coming  to  them  by  sea  from  the  East.  This  visitor, 
they  claimed,  taught  them  various  arts,  and  they  have 
deified  him  under  the  names  of  Votan  and  Quetzal. 

Leaving  the  realm  of  sur- 
mise, let  us  consider  a  dis- 
covery of  America  before  the 
time  of  Columbus,  a  reason- 
able certainty  of  which  has 
recently  been  established.  In 
th**  north  of  Europe,  about  the 
shores  of  the  North  Sea,  hold- 
ing little  or  no  communication 
.with  the  people  south  of  them, 
lived  tribes  and  clans  of  Norse- 
men, whose  rulers  were  called 
Vikings,  the  achievements  and 
adventures  of  whom  have  been 
recited  and  sung  by  bards  and 
poets  called  scalds,  in  verse 
and  narrative  called  sagas. 
These  were  the  veritable  sea- 
kings  of  history,  bold  and 
adventurous,  loving  no  life  but 
that  upon  the  billow,  happy 
only  when  engaged  in  preda- 
tory and  warlike  expeditions, 
wherein  strength  and  courage  could  be  exercised  to  the 
utmost. 

In  the  course  of  their  wanderings  these  sea  rovers  became 
thoroughly  familiar  with  the  Northern  Ocean.  It  is  believed 
that  Iceland  was  discovered  by  Nadod  (860).  Greenland  by 
Gunnbjorn  (876),  Labrador  by    Bjorne   Herjulfson   (986), 


Among  other  nations  who  have  been 
accredited  with  having  visited  the 
New  World  in  lormer  tunes  ate  the 
Arabs,  the  Irish,  the  Basque  or  Bis- 
cavan  fishermen  oi  Western  France 
and  the  Welsh.  Strong  testimony  has 
been  adduced  to  show  that  the  last 
named  were  not  unfamiliar  with  this 
continent.  It  is  asserted  that  the 
Welsh  Prince  Madog,  after  making 
a  preliminary  visit  to  this  country, 
embarked  a  large  colony  upon  ten  ves- 
sels and  arrived  on  the  coast  of  the 
United  States,  perhaps  Carolina  (i  170). 
Four  hundred  years  elapsed  before 
the  Europeans  became  familiar  with 
America,  which  period  gave  ample 
time  for  the  colony  to  lose  its  identity 
and  blend  itself  with  neighboring 
tribes.  Most  strongly  corroborative 
of  this  are  the  facts  that  the  Tuscarora 
Indians  of  North  Carolina  were 
known  to  the  earlier  settlers  as 
'•  White  Indians,"  the  skins  of  some 
of  them  being  lighter  than  usual ;  and 
that  the  eminent  ethnologist,  Catlin, 
found  in  the  Mandans  of  the  upper 
Missouri  a  tribe  in  which,  contrary 
to  the  distinctive  features  of  pure- 
blooded  Indians,  blue  eyes  and  fair 
skin  were  not  uncommon,  whose  lan- 
guage contained  no  less  than  fifty 
pure  Welsh  words,  whose  odd  shaped, 
hide  covered  canoe  was  identical  with 
the  coracle  of  tne  ancient  \\  elsh,  and 
peculiar  to  no  other  people,  and  whose 
very  name,  Mandan,  is  strikingly  simi- 
lar to  the  Wrelsti  word  for  red. 


go 


J'ERIOD    OF   DISCOVER Y. 


and  the  New  England  coast  by  Lief  Ericson  (iooo),  who 
bestowed  upon  it  the  name,  Vinland,  Erik  the  Red 
attempted  the  colonization  of  Greenland  (985  ) ;  Thoerwald 
and  Thorstein,  Newfoundland  (1002-5),  and  Thorfinn 
Kalsefne,   Vinland    (1007).      In   this   last   colony  was  born 

Snorri,  the  first  child  of  Euro- 
pean parents  known  to  have 
been  born  in  America. 

The  discoveries  of  the  Norse- 
men bore  little  fruit.     Their  set- 
tlements soon 


Mass.,  were  long  supposed  to  be  relics  of  the  Norse  visita- 
tion of  this  continent.  The  authenticity  of  both,  however, 
has  been  cast  into  doubt.  Knowledge-seeking  Europeans 
were  none  the  wiser  from  viking  voyages,  and  when,  five 
hundred  years  later,  Columbus  returned  from  the  west  with 
intelligence  of  another  continent,  his  achievement  had  all  the 
merit  of  original  discovery. 


A M ERICA    OF    OLfi. 

BLACKBOARD    FORM. 


9* 


Analysis  of  Lesson  on  Prehistoric  America. 


*K 

Inhabitants 

CO 

5 

kj 

^ 

^ 

O 

5 

Discoveries 

o 

K 

CO 

$ 

Uj 

S^ 

CL 

Settlements 

Moundbuilders. 
Cliff  dwellers. 
Pueblo  builders. 
Mayas. 
Toltecs. 
Chichimecs,  etc. 

Uncertain. 


Authentic. 


1000.     B.  C.  Phoenicians, 

499.  Chinese.     {Hoei  Shin) 
700-800.     Irish. 

H70.  Welsh.     {Ma  dog.) 

860.  Iceland.   (Nadod.) 

876.  Greenland.   (Gunnbjom.) 

986.  Labrador  ( Bjorne  Herjulfson) 

[    1000.  Vinland  ( Lief  Ericson. 

985.     Greenland.      {Erik  the  Red.) 

1002-5.      Newfoundland  {   VT^f 
1    Thorstem. 

1007.      y inland.      (Thorfinn   Karlsefne.) 


QUESTIONS. 

What  question  has  often  interested  students  ?  What  theories  have  been 
advanced  in  regard  to  the  origin  of  the  Indians?  Why  does  it  seem  rea- 
sonable to  suppose  that  America  received  its  first  inhabitants  from  Asia? 
Name  some  of  the  ways  by  which  people  could  come  from  Asia  in  pre- 
historic times?     What  about  the  Malayan  theory?     What  learned   philol- 


ogist discovered  similarities   in   the  Inca  and  Malayan   1; 


tagef 


What 


great  Chinese  traveler  is  supposed  to  have  visited  this  country  ?  When  ? 
What  is  it  called  in  his  narratives  ?  Why  do  we  think  the  land  he  visited 
to  be  the  southwestern  part  of  the  United  States  ?  Of  what  people  are  the 
Indians  now  supposed  to  be  descendants  ?  What  is  the  character  of  the 
remains  left  by  the  moundbuilders  ?  How  do  we  know  that  some  of 
these  mounds  are  very  old?  What  Indians  of  the  present  day  are  known 
to  have  been  builders  of  mounds  ?  What  are  frequently  found 
by  digging  in  these  mounds  ?  For  what  purpose  do  we  infer  that  these 
mounds  were  constructed?  What  kind  of  a  people  were  the  ancient 
moundbuilders?  What  mines  and  deposits  were  worked  by  them?  How 
did  their  social  state  compare  with  that  of  the  Indians?  What  Indians 
are  supposed  to  have  preserved  many  of  the  customs  of  the  ancient 
moundbuilders?  What  antiquities  are  found  in  the  Southwest?  What 
are  pueblos  ?  Cliff  dwellings  ?  Who  were  the  Phoenicians  ?  Why  is  it 
reasonable  to  suppose  they  visited  America  ?  About  what  time  ?  What 
Portuguese  navigator  was  driven  by  accident  to  the  coast  of  Brazil  ?     What 


1)2 


v\Mun)  oc   j)/s((.)vi;ia, 


snow  without  sinking  ?     Who  was  Uncas  ? 
civilization  ?     Nane  two   Spaniards  who 


other   people   are1 
supposed  to  have 
visited  America  ? 
What   is  the  tra- 
dition of  Madog  ? 
What     has    heen 
brought    forward 
to  substantiate 
it?     Who   were 
the      Vikings  ? 
What     are     sagas  ? 
calds?     What  Norse- 
man   discovered    Iceland  ? 
Greenland  ?     L abrado r  ? 
Vinland  ?       About    what    time 
as    each    discovered  ?      Where 
Vinland  ?        Who     attempted 
the    settlement    of    Greenland  ? 
Newfoundland  ?    Vinland  ?    When 
was    each    settlement     attempted  ? 
Who  was  Snorri  ?     Why  is  Colum- 
bus   entitled   to  full    credit   for   his 
discovery    of    America,    despite 
these  previous  visits   of  the 
Norsemen  ? 

SEARCH    QUESTIONS. 

What  were  the  "  Pillars  of 
Hercules  ?  "  What  is 
Runic  Writing  ? 
What  eminent  Dan- 
ish sculptor  is  de- 
scended from 
Snorri?  By  what 
title  was  the  chief 
of  the  Natchez  tribe 
known  ?  What  is 
the  "  Stone  Age  ?  " 
How  could  Indian 
hunters  walk  over 
What  is  called  the  northward  trend  of  Indian 
ssisted   Cortez  in   th:-  wnquest  of  Mexico? 


REVIEW  OF  FIRST   PERIOD.  93 

REVIEW   QUESTIONS. 

What  was  the  condition  of  Europe  just  before  the  discovery  of  America? 
Who  were  the  four  great  navigators  ?  What  four  voyages  did  Columbus 
make?  What  do  you  know  of  the  life  of  Columbus?  Who  were  the  prin- 
cipal Spanish  explorers?  Conquerors?  Mow  did  America  receive  its  name? 
What  motives  led  the  Spaniards  to  explore  the  West  Indies?  The  coast  of 
Mexico  ?  Florida  ?  South  Carolina  ?  The  southern  part  of  the  United 
States?  The  southwestern  part  of  the  United  States?  Taking  the  Aztecs  as 
a  type  of  the  American  Indian,  in  his  highest  state  of  development,  what  do 
you  know  of  the  progress  attained?  What  do  you  know  of  De  Soto?  What 
led  to  French  explorations  in  America  ?  Name  eight  French  explorers. 
What  was  the  first  permanent  French  settlement  in  America?  What  do  you 
know  of  the  explorations  of  La  Salle?  Name  four  seekers  for  the  northwest 
passage.  What  do  you  know  of  Sir  Francis  Drake?  How  are  the  savage 
races  of  North  America  classified?  Tell  what  you  know  of  the  Northmen 
in  America.     What  do  you  know  of  the  prehistoric  discoveries  of  America? 

REVIEW    EXERCISES. 

To  the  Teacher  : — Place  the  following  names  on  the  blackboard,  and  after  each  have  the 
pupils  write  the  answers  to  the  following  questions: 

Exercise    I  —  Who  was  he?        Exercise    II  —  What  did  he  do?        Exer- 
cise III  —  What  date  is  associated  with  what  he  did? 

La  Salle.       Columbus.       De  Ay  Hon.        Poutrincourt. 
Ericson.         Magellan.         Karlsefne.  Champlain. 

DeSoto.        De  Monts.        Frobisher.         De  Narvaez. 
Hudson.         De  Leon.         Cabrillo.  Coronado. 

Cartier.          DaGama.         Roberval.  Verrazani. 

Place  the  following  dates  upon  the  board: 
Exercise    IV  —  Have  pupils  write  the  name  associated  with  each.     Exer- 
cise V — Have  pupils  write  the  event  associated  with  each. 


Kspejo. 

Balboa. 

Onate. 

Den  vs. 

Tonti. 

Cabot. 

Davis. 

Cortez. 

Diaz. 

Drake. 

1506  (2) 

1680 

1519 

1492 

1577 

1541  (2) 

1528 

1498 

1585 

1534 

1512  (2 

1673 

1604 

1542  (2) 

1518 

1493 

1682 

1539 

i486 

1579 

1608 

1524 

1520 

1609 

1535 

l620 

1497  (2) 

1576 

Exercise  VI  —  Have  pupils  fill  the  following  blanks  with  names  and  dates  : 

AMERICA  was  discovered  by In 

FLORIDA  was  discovered  by in .;  was  explored  by m 

and  by in 

SOUTH  AMERICA  was  discovered  by in ;  was  visited  by In 

MISSISSIPPI  RIVER  was  discovered  by in ;  was  explored  by In 

and  by in 

NORTHWEST  PASSAGE  was  sought  by in /  by In ;  by in 

MEXICO  was  discovered  by /'/) ;  was  conquered  by In 

PACIFIC  OCEAN  was  discovered  by in  ;  was  first  crossed  by in 

ST.   LAWRENCE  GULF  was  discovered  by...... in ;  was  explored  by in 

NORTH  AMERICA  was  discovered  by in ;  east  coast  was  explored  by. 

in  ;  by in ,  and  by In ;    west  coast  was 

explored  by In ,  and  by in 

UNITED  STATES  was  explored  from  the  southeast  by in  ....  ;  by in  

^  and  by In  ;  from  the  southwest  by in  ,  and 

by .In    ....;  from  the  north  by In 1  by 

in ,  and  by In 


94 


PERIOD    OF   DISCOVERY. 

REVIEW    OUTLINE 


AMERICAN    DISCOVERIES    AND    EXPLORATIONS 
(BY   NATIONS). 


Discoveries 

and 
Explorations. 


\  1492 

SAN  SALVADOR 

COLUMBUS 

J  1493 

JAMAICA. 

1  1498 

SOUTH  AMERICA. 

I  1502 

CENTRAL  AMERICA 

OJEDO, 

1499 

SOUTH  AMERICA 

DE  LEON, 

1512 

FLORIDA. 

ENCISO, 

1512 

DARIEN. 

BALBOA, 

1513 

PACIFIC  OCEAN. 

Spanish. 

GRIJALVA,. 

1518 

MEXICO. 

CORTEZ,  

1519 

MEXICO. 

MAGELLAN,. 

1520 

STRAITS  OF  MAGELLAh 

DE  AYLLON, 

1520 

SOUTH  CAROLINA 

DE  NARVAE1 

1528 

FLORIDA. 

PIZARRO,  .... 

1531 

PERU. 

CORONADO,  . 

1540 

ARIZONA. 

DE  SOTO, 

1541 

MISSISSIPPI  RIVER 

CABR/LLO. 

1542 

CALIFORNIA. 

1 1497 
\ 1498  J 

LABRADOR. 

CABOT, 

N.  E.  COAST  OF  N.  A. 

English 

E.  COAST  OF  U.  S. 

and      I 

FROB/SHER, 
DAVIS,  

1576\ 
1585  j 

N.  E.  COAST  OF  N.  A. 

Dutch. 

DRAKE, 

1579 

OREGON. 

HUDSON,  

j  1609 

E.  COAST  OF  U.  S; 

I  1611 

HUDSON  BAY. 

DENYS, 

1506 

ST.  LAWRENCE  GULF. 

VERRAZANI 

.    1524 

E.  COAST  OF  U.  S. 

C  ARTIER, 

J  1534 

ST.   LAWRENCE  GULF. 

\  1535 

ST.  LAWRENCE  RIVER. 

French. 

DE  MONTS, 

1604 

BAY  OF  FUNDY. 

CHAM  PLAIN 

1608 

CANADA. 

MARQUETTE 
JOLIET, 

\  1673 

MISSISSIPPI  RIVER. 

HENNEPIN, 
DACAN, 

\l680 

MINNESOTA, 

LA  SALLE,... 

1682 

LOUISIANA. 

REVIEW    OF    FIRST    PERIOD. 

REVIEW    OUTLINE. 


95 


AMERICAN    DISCOVERIES    AND    EXPLORATIONS 
(SHOWING    RELATIVE   TIME). 


Principal 
Discoveries 

and 
Ezo/o  rat  ions. 


1492 

1493 

1497 
1498 

1498. 

1499 

1502 

1506 

1512 

1512 

1513 

1518 

1519 

1520 

1520 

1524 

1528 

1531 

1534 

1535. 

1540 

1541 

1542 

1576 

1579 

1585 
1604. 

1608. 

1609 

1611 
1673 

1680 

1682 


SAN  SALVADOR  COLUMBUS 

JAMAICA  COLUMBUS. 

LABRADOR CABOT. 

SOUTH  AMERICA  COLUMBUS. 

E.   COAST  OF  U.  S.  CABOT. 

SOUTH  AMERICA  OJEDO. 

CENTRAL   AMERICA  COLUMBUS. 

.ST.  LAWRENCE  GULF DENTS. 

FLORIDA  DE  LEON. 

DAR/EN  ENC/SO. 

PACIFIC  OCEAN  BALBOA. 

MEXICO  GR/JALVA. 

MEXICO  CORTEZ. 

STRAIT  OF  MAGELLAN       MAGELLAN. 
SOUTH   CAROLINA  DE  AYLLON. 

E.   COAST  OF  U.  S VERRAZANI. 

FLORIDA  DE  NARVAEZ. 

PERU  PIZARRO. 

ST.   LAWRENCE  GULF        CARTIER. 

■  ST.  LAWRENCE  RIVER CARTIER 

ARIZONA  CORONA  DO 

MISSISSIPPI  RIVER  DESOTO. 

CALIFORNIA  CABRILLO. 

N.  E.  COAST  OF  N.  A.       FROBISHER. 
OREGON  DRAKE. 

N.   E.   COAST  OF  N.  A DAVIS. 

BAY  OF  FUNDY DE  MONTS. 

CANADA CHAMPLAIN. 

E.  COAST  OF  U.  S HUDSON. 

HUDSON   BAY HUDSON. 

MISSISSIPPI  RIVER  MARQUETTE  and  JOLIET 

MINNESOTA  HENNEPIN  and   DACAN 

LOUISIANA    LA  SALLE. 


p6 


PERIOD    OF    COLONIZATION. 
PREPARATORY    NOTES. 


Geography. — Note  upon  a  map  the  coast  of  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina, 
Georgia  and  Florida .  Where  is  St.  Augustine?  St.  Mary's  River?  Port 
Royal?  Note  the  distance  between  St.  Augustine  and  the  mouth  of  St.  Mary's 
River.  Where  is  Roanoke  Island?  Ocracoke  Inlet?  Note  upon  the  map 
of  New  England  the  position  of  Cape  Cod.  Where  is  Martha's  Vineyard? 
Elizabeth  Islands?     Kennebec  River? 

Definition  of  Words. — Know  the  meaning  of  the  following:  Interpreta- 
tion, tenets,  protesting,  prevails,  menace,  ascendancy,  genial,  trespassing, 
havoc,  treat,  apprised,  alternative,  clemency,  pinioned,  occupancy,  indefi- 
nitely,    inspire,    intimidate,    recreant,  preliminary,  venture,  fortitude. 

Pronunciation  of  Names. — Practice  the  pronuncia- 
tion of  the  following:    Huguenots,  Gaspard  de  Coligny, 
Ribaut,    Albert,    Rene,    Laudonniere,    Melendez    de 
Aviles,  Durand  de  Villagagnon,  De  Gourgues,  St. 
Augustine. 

PARALLEL  READINGS. 

Reference. — Bancroft's   "Colonial  History,"  Foote's 
"  The    Huguenots,    or     Reformed     French    Church 
Martin's  "History  of  Louisiana,"  Moore's  "History 
of  North  Carolina,"  Palfrey's  "History  of    New 

England." 

General. — Towle's  "Exploits  and 
Voyages  of  Raleigh,"  Drake' 
"Making  of  New  England," 
"  Old  English  Seamen  "  (Har- 
per's Magazine,  January, 
1SS3),  Longfellow's  "Sir 
Humphrey  Gilbert"  (poem), 
Margaret  J.  Preston's  "  Croa- 
tan  "  (poem). 

Topical.  —  "Huguenots," 
"  Coligny,"  "  Ribaut,"  "  Lau- 
donniere," "Mclendez,"  "St.  Augustine,"   "De  Gourgues,"   "Raleigh,''   "Roanoke,  Colony 
of,"  "Gilbert,  Sir  Humphrey,"  "Gosnold,"  "Plymouth  and  London  Companies." 


SEARCH  QUESTIONS. 

Who  was  Father  Kino?  What  is  the  meaning  of  Colorado?  What  are  "  Casas 
Grandes  "?  Who  was  Lieutenant  Cashing  and  what  researches  have  made  him  fa- 
mous? What  was  the  name  of  the  second  vessel  that  circumnavigated  the  Globe?  Who 
was  Jean  Nicollet? 


SECCOND    PERIOD, 


COLONIZATION 


Attempted  Settlements. 

CHAPTER  I. 

First  Seekers  for  Religious 
Liberty. 

N  the  intellectual  awakening 
that  followed  the  invention 
of  printing,  the  subject  of  religion  occupied  much  of  the 
attention  of  the  people  of  Europe.  As  religious  writings 
came  to  be  printed  and  distributed  more  widely,  various 
interpretations  were  placed  upon  them.  Discussion  and 
study  led  many  earnest  Christians  to  opinions  different 
from  those  entertained  by  the  great  body  of  the  Church.  In 
time,  this  dissent  from  the  established  tenets  and  ceremonies 
took  the  form  of  protesting;  hence  the  term  Protestant 
came  to  be  applied  to  these  dissenting  Chiistians. 

At  the  present  day,  the  idea  of  religious  tolerance  generally 
prevails;  but  this  idea  was  born  into  the  world  amid  great 
suffering.  With  the  growth  of  Protestantism  there  arose 
a  discord  that  for  many  years  plunged  Europe  into  the 
miseries  and  cruelties  of  war  and  persecution.     They  who 


9§ 


PERIOD    OF    COLONIZATION. 


were  faithful  to  their  creed  and  church,  regarded  all  dissent- 
ing as  a  menace  to  their  dearly-beloved  faith.  They  who  dii- 
fered,  adhered  ofttimes  to  their  convictions  and  beliefs,  un- 
deterred by  imprisonment  and  death.  The  struggle  was  a 
mighty  one.  When  one  side  gained  the  ascendancy,  the 
other  was  persecuted.  Small  wonder  it  is,  that  the  eyes  of 
both  should  turn  to  that  land  beyond  the  seas  where  man 
could  abide  in  peace,  and  God  be  worshiped  as  conscience 
might  dictate. 

France  was  among  the  European  nations  that  suffered  most 
severely  from  these  religious  dissensions.  Here  the  Protes- 
tants were  known  as  Huguenots,  and  prominent  among  them 
was   Gaspard     de    Coligny.      \ 


Coligny  made  three  attempts  to  es- 
tablish the  Huguenots  in  America.  The 
first  colon}'  was  sent  under  Durand  de 
Villegagnon  to  South  America  (1555), 
A  fort  was  built  near  the  Rio  Janeiro 
River,  and  named  "Coligny,"  but  the 
expedition  ended  in  failure. 


This  nobleman  conceived  the 
plan  of  colonizing  his  people 
in  America.  The  cold  region 
of  the  north  was  not  selected 
to  add  discomfort  to  the  sor- 
rows of  exile,  but  a  more  genial  clime  was  chosen.  What 
is  now  South  Carolina  became  the  refuge  of  the  earliest  seek- 
ers after  religious  libertv. 

John   Ribaut,    commanding  the   expedition  sent   out  by 

Coligny,   reached  the  coast 


of  Florida  near  the  mouth 
of  a  beautiful  river  (1562), 
upon  which  they  bestowed 
the  name,  May  (now  St. 
Mary's).  Proceeding  up 
the  coast,  the  Huguenots 
landed  near  what  is  now 
Port  Royal,  where  they  built  a  fort  and  called  it  Fort 
Carolina,  after  Charles  IX,  King  of  France.  Leaving 
twenty-six  men  in  charge,  under  Captain  Albert,  Ribaut 
returned  to  France  for  supplies.     After  Ribaut 's  departure, 


**w-    —  :-„-___  ""~ 


OLD    FORT,     ST.    AUGUSTINE. 


ATTEMPTED    SETTLEMENTS.  99 

Albert  and  his  men,  becoming  uneasy,  constructed  a  small 
brigantine  upon  which  they  embarked  for  Europe.  After 
enduring  many  of  the  horrors  of  starvation  at  sea,  they 
were  rescued  by  an  English  vessel. 

A  second  Huguenot  colony  was  sent  out  under  Rene  Lau- 
donniere  (1564),  a  member  of  Ribaut's  colony,  and  a 
fort  was  built  near  the  River  of  May  and  called  Fort  Caro- 
lina also.  Discouragements  brought  this  colony  to  the  point 
of  abandonment,  but  Ribaut's  arrival  with  six  hundred  immi- 
grants, gave  an  impetus  to  the  settlement  that  promised  per- 
manency. 

News  reached  Spain  of  this  trespass  upon  Spanish  terri- 
tory and  Melendez  de  Aviles,  a  cruel,  bloodthirsty  man, 
was  sent  with  an  army  of  twenty-six  hundred  men  against 
the  intruders.  He  determined  to  attack  them  by  land;  but 
before  setting  out,  he  built  a  fort,  and  founded  a  town  ( 1565  ) 
called  St.  Augustine,  which  is  still  in  existence,  and  is,  there- 
fore, the  oldest  town  within  the  limits  of  the  present  United 
States. 

In  the  march  to  Fort  Carolina  the  Spaniards  encountered 
marshes  and  swamps,  through  which  they  made  their  way 
with  great  difficulty.  Contrary  to  the  advice  of  Laudonniere 
Ribaut,  apprised  of  the  landing  of  the  Spaniards,  had  left 
Fort  Carolina  with  all  but  three  of  his  vessels,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  attacking  the  Spanish  fleet  down  the  coast.  Only 
one  hundred  and  fifty  men  remained  to  defend  the  fort. 

By  a  strange  act  of  carelessness  there  were  no  sentinels  on 
duty  to  warn  the  French  of  the  approach  of  the  Spaniards. 
The  fort  was  therefore  surprised,  and  easily  taken.  About 
twenty  escaped  to  the  woods,  and  were  afterwards  picked  up 
by  the  vessels  left  by  Ribaut.     The  rest  were  massacred. 

Ribaut's  fleet,  proceeding  along  the  coast,  did  not  meet 
the   Spanish   vessels,   but  encountered    a  disastrous  storm. 


IOO  PERIOD    OF    COLONIZATION. 

Wind  and  sea  and  sandy  beach  made  sad  havoc,  and  Ribaut 
and  his  men,  barely  escaping  with  their  lives,  found  them- 
selves shipwrecked,  in  a  defenseless  condition,  upon  a  hos- 
tile shore. 

The  French  wearily  made  their  way  back  by  land  towards 
Fort  Carolina,  only  to  find  the  Spanish  flag  floating  above 
it,  showing  that  it  had  fallen.  They  turned  again  into  the 
wilderness,  and  in  hunger  and  suffering  journeyed  footsore 
southward,  not  knowing  the  Spanish  stronghold  of  St. 
Augustine  to  be  in  their  path. 

An  advance  party  of  two  hundred  soon  reached  the  neigh- 
borhood of  the  fort,  and,  becoming  apprised  of  its  proximity, 
sent  messengers  to  treat  with  the  Spaniards.  Melendez 
would  make  them  no  promises.  Behind  them  lay  starvation 
and  ceaseless  wandering;  before  them,  possible  clemency. 
There  seemed  no  alternative  but  surrender.  Giving  up  their 
arms,  they  were  marched,  with  hands  tied  behind,  in  small 
companies  to  the  Spanish  commander.  His  treatment  of  the 
prisoners  was  most  cruel.  A  line  was  traced  in  the  sand, 
and,  pinioned  as  they  were,  they  were  led  up  to  it  and  shot. 
The  rest  of  Ribaut' s  men,  arriving  the  next  day,  met  with  a 
similar  fate. 

No  official  steps  were  taken  by  France  to  obtain  repara- 
tion for  this  outrage,  but  many  gallant  Frenchmen  smarted 
under  the  injury  done  their  countrymen.  One  Dominique 
de  Gourgues  took  upon  himself  the  task  of  avenging  this 
wrong.  Three  vessels  were  fitted  out  by  him,  and  with 
one  hundred  and  eighty  men,  he  landed  in  Florida.  He  was 
joined  by  a  number  of  the  natives,  who  made  common  cause 
with  him  against  the  cruel  Spaniards.  Fort  Carolina,  with 
its  garrison  of  three  hundred,  was  captured.  In  the  attack 
it  was  sought  to  save  from  death  as  many  Spaniards  as  pos- 
sible, for  De   Gourgues   had    determined   to   match  cruelty 


ATTEMPTED  SETTLEMENTS.  IOI 

with  cruelty.  The  Spaniards  who  survived  the  attack 
were  hanged  without  mercy,  and  De  Gourgues  returned 
whence  he  came. 

QUESTIONS. 

What  subject  claimed  much  attention  in  Europe  after  the  invention  of 
printing?  What  came  to  be  printed  and  distributed?  To  what  did  study 
and  discussion  lead  many?  How  was  the  term  Protestant  first  applied? 
What  idea  upon  religion  generally  prevails  now?  What  arose  with  the 
Protestant  movement?  How. was  dissenting  regarded?  How  did  they  who 
dissented  show  the  earnestness  of  their  belief?  What  was  beheld  in  the 
land  beyond  the  seas?  What  nation  suffered  greatly  from  religious  disturb- 
ances? Who  were  the  Huguenots?  Who  was  Coligny?  What  plan  did 
he  conceive?  What  region  did  he  select?  Who  was  Ribaut?  Tell  what 
you  know  of  Ribaut's  colony.  What  river  was  named  by  him?  Where 
did  his  colony  land?  What  did  they  call  the  fort?  Who  was  left  in  com- 
mand? With  how  many  men?  What  followed  Ribaut's  departure?  What 
do  you  know  of  Laudonniere's  colony?  Where  was  a  fort  built?  What 
prevented  the  abandonment  of  this  settlement?  How  was  the  news  of 
French  intrusion  upon  Spanish  territory  received  in  Spain?  Who  was  sent 
to  reclaim  Florida?  With  how  many  men?  Tell  what  you  know  of  Melen- 
dez.  What  fort  did  he  build?  What  is  the  oldest  town  in  the  United 
States?  Describe  the  march  to  Fort  Carolina.  What  was  the  result  of  the 
Spanish  attack?  Why?  Where  had  Ribaut  gone  with  his  fleet?  What 
misfortune  befell  him?  Describe  the  wanderings  of  the  shipwrecked 
French.  Why  did  the}'  turn  back  from  Fort  Carolina?  What  was  their 
fate?  Who  avenged  this  outrage?  Tell  what  you  know  of  De  Gourgues. 
Who  assisted  him  against  the  Spaniards?  What  was  the  fate  of  the  Span' 
iards  who  survived  the  French  attack? 


CHAPTER  II. 

Raleigh's    Failures    in    South   Virginia. 

The  sixteenth  century  was  drawing  to  a  close  before  Eng- 
land took  the  first  steps  to  establish  by  occupancy  her  claim 
to  the  territory  discovered  by  the  Cabots.  Spanish  power 
had  been  steadily  increasing  all  the  wrhile,  and  the  expulsion 
of  the  French  from  the  territory  of  Florida  had  established 
Spanish  claims  more  firmly.     When  Sir   Humphrey  Gil- 


102 


PERIOD    OF    COLONIZATION. 


QUEEN    ELIZABETH. 


bert,  a  good   and  wise  knight,  obtained  from  Queen  Eliza- 
beth   of    England,   a  patent  to  establish  English  colonies  in 

America  (1579),  the  grant  was, 
indeed,  a  timely  one. 

Gilbert's  first  attempt  was 
made  with  two  vessels.  One  was 
lost,  the  other  returned  after 
having  sailed  but  a  short  dis- 
tance. Four  years  later  (1583), 
Gilbert,  with  the  assistance  of 
Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  fitted  up 
a  much  larger  expedition.  This 
consisted  of  five  vessels,  one  of  which  deserted,  another  was 
abandoned  and  a  third  was  wrecked.  The  remaining  two, 
the  Hind  and  the  Squirrel,  after  coasting  along  the  island 
of  Newfoundland  for  some  distance,  proceeded  to  return  to 
England.  One  night  a  storm  arose,  filling  the  crews  with 
great  apprehension.  Unmindful  of  self,  the  gallant  Gilbert 
sought  in  every  way  to  inspire  his  men  with  courage.  As 
the  two  vessels  came  near  together  at  one  time  in  the  night, 
he  was  heard  to  call  out  from  the  deck  of  the  smaller  one, 
"Cheer  up!  cheer  up !  We  are  as  near  to  heaven  by  sea 
as  by  land."  About  twelve  o'clock,  his  vessel  went  down, 
and  he  was  never  heard  of  more. 

Philip  Amidas  and  Arthur  Barlowe  were  now  sent  by 
Raleigh  to  select  a  suitable  location  for  a  colony  (1584). 
They  arrived  off  the  coast  of  Carolina,  near  Ocracock  Inlet, 
and  found  the  land  "as  goodly  as  e'er  sun  shone  upon." 
The  Indians  were  hospitable.  Upon  one  of  their  expeditions 
to  the  interior,  the  white  visitors  were  entertained  with  a  grand 
feast  by  the  wife  of  Granganimo,  father  of  Wingina,  chief 
of  the  Indians  of  that  region.  Upon  their  return  to  England 
they  were  accompanied  by  two  of  the  natives,  Wanchese  and 


ATTEMPTED  SETTLEMENTS. 


I03 


Manteo.  Glowing  accounts  of  the  region  were  given,  and 
the  name  of  Virginia  was  bestowed  upon  it,  in  honor  of 
Elizabeth,  Queen  of  England,  she  being  known  as  the  Vir- 
gin QueenQ 

Raleigh  found  no  difficulty  in  obtaining  emigrants.  A 
colony  of  one  hundred  and  eight,  under  the  governorship  of 
Ralph  Lane,  was  sent  to  Virginia  in  a  fleet  commanded  by 
Sir  Richard  Greenville.  The  colonists  landed  upon  Roan- 
oke Island,  Little  wisdom  was  manifested  in  their  dealings 
with  the  Indians,  A  whole  vil- 
lage, with  its  surrounding  corn- 
fields, was  burned,  in  retaliation 
for  the  stealing  of  a  silver  cup: 
When  the  Indians  withheld  sup- 
plies of  food,  the  whites  sought 
to  intimidate  them  by  treacher- 
ously putting  Wingina  and  several 
of  his  tribe  to  death,  after  they 
had  accepted  in  good  faith  a  de- 
ceitful invitation. 

These  acts  provoked  retalia- 
tion, and  the  English  soon  be- 
came aware  of  an  Indian  conspiracy.  The  first  oppor- 
tunity of  returning  to  England  was  seized.  Sir  Francis 
Drake,  happening  to  land  in  those  parts  in  the  course  of  one 
of  his  voyages,  the  colonists  embarked  with  him  and  sailed 
away. 

Greenville  arrived  a  few  days  after  Drake's  departure,  and 
finding  none  of  the  settlers,  left  fifteen  men  to  hold  Roanoke 
while  he  returned  to  England.  A  new  colony  was  collected 
(1587),  consisting,  in  this  instance,  of  men  with  wives  and 
families,  who  were  willing  to  settle  permanently.  On  reach- 
ing Roanoke  Island,  they  found  nothing  but  the  skeletons  of 


SIR    WALTER    RALEIGH. 


104 


PERIOD    OF    COLONIZATION. 


In  vain,  in  vain,  their  heart-sick  search. 

No  tidings  reached  them  more, 
No  record  save  that  silent  word 

Upon  that  silent  shore. 

— Margaret  J,  Preston. 


ATTEMPTED  SETTLEMENTS.  105 

the  men  left  by  Greenville.  They  soon  established  them- 
selves, and  shortly  after  their  arrival  Virginia  Dare,  grand- 
daughter of  John  White,  the  governor  of  the  colony,  was 
born,  the  first  white  child  born  of  English  parents  in 
America. 

Before  many  weeks  it  was  decided  that  White  should 
go  to  England  for  supplies.  If,  in  the  meanwrhile,  the  col- 
onists determined  to  move  to  another  location  the  name  of 
the  new  place  was  to  be  carved  upon  a  post,  with  a  cross- 
piece  above  it,  that  he  might  know  where  to  find  them  when 
he  returned.  White  proved  recreant  to  his  trust,  and, 
became  for  a  time  interested  in  other  matters  after  his  arrival 
in  England.  When  at  last,  after  two  years,  he  again  reached 
Roanoke  no  colonists  were  to  be  found.  Carved  on  the  bark 
of  a  tree  was  the  word 


Croat  an. 


This  was  the  name  of  a  neighboring  island,  but  upon 
search  no  trace  of  the  settlers  was  found.  Several  expedi- 
tions were  sent  out  from  England  to  find  the  missing  ones. 
Their  fate  has  ever  remained  a  mystery.  They  will  ever 
be  known  as  the  Lost  Colony  of  America.  With  the  fail- 
ure of  this  colony  Raleigh,  who  had  by  this  time  expended 
more  than  £40,000  in  his  American  ventures,  was  now  com- 
pelled to  give  up  all  further  attempts  at  colonization. 

QUESTIONS. 

When  did  England  take  steps  to  occupy  her  American  territory?  How 
had  the  Spanish  power  in  America  manifested  itself?  What  knight  obtained 
a  patent  from  Queen  Elizabeth?  When?  Tell  what  you  know  of  Gilbert's 
first  venture.  WTho  was  associated  with  him  four  years  after?  Tell  what 
you  know  of  Gilbert's  second  venture?  How  many  vessels  had  he? 
What  was  the  fate  of  each?  What  island  was  coasted?  What  was  the  fate 
of  Gilbert?  Who  were  now  sent  over  by  Raleigh  to  explore?  When?  What 
coast  did  they  reach?  Where?  How  was  the  land  described?  How  were 
Jhey   treated   by  the   Indians?     Who  was  Wingina?     Granganimo?     What 


I06  PERIOD    OF    COLONIZATION. 

two  Indians  accompanied  the  English  upon  their  return?  Tell  what  you 
know  of  Lane's  colony.  Who  was  Sir  Richard  Greenville?  Where  did  the 
colonists  land?  How  did  they  act  toward  the  Indians?  What  treachery  did 
they  practice?'  What  was  awakened?  What  was  feared?  What  did  the 
colonists  decide  to  do?  What  opportunity  presented  itself  to  carry  this 
decision  into  execution?  Who  arrived  after  the  colonists  had  departed? 
Who  were  left  to  hold  possession?  What  became  of  them?  Tell  what  you 
know  of  White's  colony.  When  did  it  reach  Roanoke?  Who  was  Virginia 
Dare?  WThere  did  White  go?  Why?  How  long  did  he  stay?  What  did 
he  find  upon  his  return?  What  do  you  know  of  the  Lost  Colony  of 
America?  What  did  his  efforts  to  colonize  America  cost  Sir  Walter 
Raleigh? 

CHAPTER  III. 
English   Attempts   in   North   Virginia. 

The  next  attempt  by  England  to  colonize  America  was 
made  by  Captain  Bartholomew  Gosnold,  who  sailed 
(1602)  with  thirty-two  men  in  the  ship  Concord,  and  after  a 
passage  of  forty-nine  days  reached  the  coast  of  what  is  now 
Massachusetts .  He  was  the  first  Englishman  to  set  foot  in 
that  region.  Sailing  south,  he  found  himself  in  a  land-locked 
bay,  and  exploring  further  discovered  that  it  terminated  in  a 
cape.  He  soon  doubled  this  and  named  it  Cape  Cod,  from 
the  abundance  of  codfish  caught  by  his  men  in  the  sur- 
rounding waters. 

Continuing  along  the  coast  he  explored  a  number  of 
islands,  one  of  which  he  named  Martha's  Vineyard.  He 
determined  to  form  a  settlement  upon  one  of  a  chain  of 
islands  near  the  mainland,  and  in  honor  of  the  queen  he 
called  it  Elizabeth — a  name  now  applied  to  the  whole  chain. 
A  fort  and  storehouse  were  built,  and  friendly  relations 
established  with  the  neighboring  Indians,  with  whom  a  trade 
in  furs,  skins  and  sassafras  soon  arose.  The  region  seemed 
admirable  in  climate  and  fertility,  notwithstanding  which, 
vhen  the  time  came  for  the  vessels  to  return  to  England, 
most  of  those  who  had  come  over  for  the  purpose  of  colo- 
nizing, refused,  for  one  reason  or  another,  to  stay,  and  the 
colony  was  therefore  abandoned. 


ATTEMPTED    SETTLEMENTS, 


I07 


Pring  and  Weymouth. 
A  favorable  description  of  the  re- 
gions visited  was  brought  back.  Tbe 
trade  that  had  been  carried  on  with  the 
Indians  turned  out  very  profitably.  A 
voyage  was  made  by  Martin  Pking 
(1603),  who  returned  after  six  months 
without  having  encountered  mishap 
or  danger,  and  fully  corroborated 
the  favorable  report  of  Gosnold. 
Pring  was  followed  by  George  Wey- 
mouth (1605),  who  made  a  number  of 
landings  upon  the  New  England  coast, 
taking  formal  possession  by  erecting 
crosses.  Weymouth  reached  the  mouth 
of  the  Kennebec  River,  which  was 
then  known  as  the  Sagadahoc,  and, 
treacherously  kidnapping  rive  Indians, 
returned  to  England. 


The  whole  coast  of  what  is 
now  the  United  States  from 
Florida  to  Nova.  Scotia  was 
known  in  those  days  as  Vir- 
ginia, and  eager  plans  were 
now  made  for  its  colonization. 
The  territory  was  divided  and 
assigned  by  grant  to  two  com- 
panies, known  as  the  London 
CoxMpany  and  the  Plymouth 
Company,  each  named  from 
the  city  in  which  a  majority  of 
its  members  resided.  To  the  London  Company  was  granted 
the  exclusive  right  to  colonize  the  territory  between  the 
thirty-fourth  and  thirty-eighth  parallels  of  latitude ;  to  the 
Plymouth,  that  between  the  forty-first  and  forty-fifth. 

The  Plymouth  Company  made  the  first  venture,  and  the 
colony  sent  out  was  called  the  Popham  Colony,  after 
Sir  John  Popiiam,  one  of  the  leading  members  of  the 
company.  George  Popham  and  Raleigh  Gilbert  were 
the  leaders  of  these  colonists,  and  the  ships  "Mary  and 
John"  and  "Gift  of  God"  brought  them  over  to  the  coast 
of  what  is  now  Maine.  Skitwarres,  one  of  Weymouth's 
kidnapped  Indians,  accompanied  them. 

They  landed  on  Satquin,  an  island  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Sagadahoc,  and  before  winter  set  in,  erected  a  fort,  store- 
house, chapel  and  fifty  cabins.  Although  winter  proved 
severer  than  it  was  anticipated,  they  were  provided  with 
abundant  supplies,  and  encountered  but  few  hardships. 
Notwithstanding  this  favorable  beginning,  much  discontent- 
ment and  homesickness  were  experienced,  and  in  the  spring 
the  settlement  was  abandoned. 


Iq8       *  PERIOD    OF    COLONIZATION. 

These  early  attempts  show  what  discouragements,  hard- 
ships, and  dangers  were  encountered  by  first  settlers  in  the 
New  World.  They  who  were  to  establish  the  first  perma- 
nent English  settlement  in  America  must  needs  be  possessed 
of  fortitude  and  endurance.  No  encouragement  could  be 
drawn  from  the  past,  for  that  past  was  one  of  failure.  Suc- 
cessful colonization  was  t6  depend  upon  what  manner  of 
men  they  were. 

QUESTIONS. 

Tell  what  you  know  of  Gosnold.  What  was  the  name  of  his  vessel? 
What  coast  did  he  reach?  What  cape  did  he  name?  Why?  What  islands 
did  he  explore?  Upon  what  island  did  he  land?  What  were  built?  What 
established?  Why  was  the  settlement  abandoned?  What  voyage  did  Pring 
make?  Tell  what  you  know  of  Weymouth's  exploration.  When  did  he  sail? 
How  did  he  take  possession  along  the  coast?  Where  did  he  land?  Whom 
did  he  kidnap?  What  reports  did  he  carryback  with  him?  What  was 
known  as  Virginia  in  those  days?  After  whom  had  it  been  called?  To 
what  two  companies  was  it  granted  ?  What  parallels  defined  the  limits  of 
each  grant?  Which  of  the  companies  made  the  first  move  towards  estab- 
lishing colonies?  What  do  you  know  of  the  Popham  colony  ?  What  ves- 
sels brought  Popham's  colony  over?  Who  returned  with  them?  Where 
was  a  landing  made?  What  were  erected?  I  low  was  the  winter  passed? 
Why  was  the  colony  abandoned?  What  did  these  early  attempts  at  settle- 
ment show?  What  qualities  were  necessary  to  men  who  were  to  establish  a 
permanent  settlement? 

SEARCH  QUESTIONS. 

Who  was  Madame  de  Guercheville  ?  What  State  has  a  county  named  after  Virginia 
Dare  ?  Did  Raleigh  ever  visit  America  ?  What  did  Ribaut  call  the  St,  John 's  River  ? 
What  was  the  Massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew's  Day  ?  Where  is  Cuttyhunk  ?  Who  intro-* 
duced  tobacco  into  England?      What  was  the  fate  of  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  ? 


ATTEMPTED    SETTLEMENTS. 

TOPICAL    OUTLINE. 


109 


Memory  Am, 


(Place  on 


For  Lesson  on  Early  Attempts  at  Settlement. 

the  Blackboard  and  have   pupils    fill    blank  spaces,  then    elaborate  in  written 
composition.) 


CO 


/ 

Cartier  and  Roberval. 

Review  <\ 

Fort  St.  Louis.    (See  page  155). 

(Year 

» 

Jo  Brazil \ 

e> 

[  Under 

who  builds  Fort 

1' 

The  Coligny 

To  South        \Year 

Carolina.\Under 

near  what  is  now 

Returns  to  France. 
Fate  of  Colony  after 

Colonies.  * 

.     his  departure 

who  builds  Fort... 
near  mouth  of 

To  Florida  ..J 

[Under 

Fate  of  the  1        "             

Colonists  \  Snipwrecked  men  .. 

Massacre  avenged  by 

'  1579  

(assisted  by. 

Gilbert's  Attempts  « 

J  sails  with.... 

1583 1  fate 

[last  words.. 

vessels. 

1   Preliminary 

(     Amidas       ~|           (Coast  of. 

and           }visit^.  Year  

[      Barlowe       j           [Report 

f  Year Place 

The  Raleigh 

Colonies. 

-c: 

"V 

[  Result  of  Drake's  visit 

~^ 

Grecnvilles  Colony, 

(  Year Place 

White's  Colony. 

1  Gov.  W.  goes  to 

1                                  (after   years- 
White  returns J 

I  Virginia  Dare          \  Croatan. 

{               (Cape 

|  Names  < 

1  l60...Gosnold.    )               [ Island. 

J  inn     n  .            1  Fails  to  plant 
)  l60...Prmg.                          r 

'  Preliminary  Visits. ... 

{                   a  Colony. 

[  160.  ..Weymouth. 

K  North  Virgin/a 

(Sent  by         Company, 

The  Popham  Colony 

Year Place 

\  Under J 

[^Abandonment. 

HO  PERIOD    OF    COLONIZATION. 

PREPARATORY  NOTES. 

Geography. — Note  upon  a  map  the  cast  coast  of  Virginia.  Where  is  Ches- 
apeake Bay?  James  River?  Cape  Charles?  Cape  Henry?  Chickahorainy 
River?  Where  are  the  Bermuda  Islands?  In  what  direction  from  Vir- 
ginia? 

Definition  of  Words. — Know  the  meaning'  of  the  following':  Auspices, 
delegated  dissensions,,  motives,  adopted,  succumb,  fortitude,  crisis,  ran- 
som, charter,  sustained,  assumed,  bestowed,  administrative,  allotted,  inden- 
ture, exterminated,  inspired,  permanence,  political,  tumult,  ordinances, 
arbitrary,  reverting,  confirming,  enactments. 

Pronunciation  of  Names. — Opecancanough,  Bermuda,  Henricus,  Kic- 
cowtan. 

PARALLEL    READINGS. 

Reference. — Bancroft's  "Colonial  History,"  Cooke's  "Virginia,"  Lodge's  "History  of 
the  English  Colonies  in  America,"  Sparks'  "Smith." 

General. — Simms'  "Smith  and  Pocahontas,"  Hopkins'  "Youth  of  the  Old  Dominion," 
Cooke's  "Stories  of  the  Old  Dominion,"  "Virginia  in  the  Colonial  Period  "  (Harper's  Maga- 
zine, Novemher,  1SS2),  "The  Beginning  of  a  Nation"  (Century  Magazine,  November,  1SS2). 

Topical.  —  "Virginia,"  "Jamestown,  Founding  of,"  "Settlement,  First  Permanent 
English,"  "Smith,  Captain  John,"  "Slavery,  Introduction  of,"  "Tobacco,  First  Cultivation 
of,"  "Pocahontas,"  "Assemblv,  First  Colonial." 


Virginia. 

CHAPTER   IV. 
England's   First   Foothold. 

The  London  Company  was  not  far  behind  that  of  Plymouth 
in  sending  out  settlers  under  the  king's  charter,  for  three 
months  after  the  Popham  colony  departed  (December  19, 
1606),  one  hundred  and  five  colonists,  in  the  ships  Susan 
Constant,  Good  Speed  and  Discovery,  under  the  command 
of  Captain  Christopher  Newport,  sailed  down  the 
Thames  for  South  Virginia. 

The  preparation  for  the  establishment  of  this  colony  had 
been  elaborate.  The  plans  for  its  government  had  been 
carefully. considered.  As  an  enterprise  it  was  under  the 
auspices  of  the  London  Company.  As  a  colony,  it  was 
under  the  control  of  the  king,  which  control  he  delegated  to 
two  councils — one  composed  of  eleven  members,  to  reside  in 
England;  the  other  of  seven,  to  reside  in  the  colony. 


VIRGINIA; 


III 


It  was  some  time  before  the  colonists 
knew  who  among  themselves  were  to 
be  the  seven  colonial  councilors ;  for  the 
names  had  been  placed  in  a  box  which 
was  not  to  be  opened  until  their  desti- 
nation was  readied.  A  number  desired 
the  honor,  and  thought  themselves 
entitled  to  it,  each  aspirant  looking 
upon  the  expectations  of  the  others 
with  distrust;  so  during  the  voyage 
many  petty  dissensions  arose.  Captain 
John  Smith,  the  ablest  man  of  them  all 
— a  man  of  whom  we  shall  learn  more 
hereafter — incurred  the  envy  of  a  few 
of  the  worthless  ones.  Fearing  that 
his  ability  might  place  him  at  the  head 
of  affairs,  they  falsely  accused  him  of 
plotting  against  the  interests  of  the 
king,  and  caused  his  arrest. 


After  an  unusually  long  voy- 
age, the  vessels  entered  the 
mouth  of  the  Chesapeake  Bay. 
The  capes  on  either  side  were 
named  Charles  and  Henry,  in 
honor  of  the  king's  sons.  They 
soon  entered  a  broad  river, 
which,  after  the  king,  they 
named  the  James.  Forty  miles 
from  its  mouth,  where  a  penin- 
sula is  formed  by  one  of  its 
bends,  they  selected  a  site  for 
a  town. 


On  May  13.  1607,  tne  colo- 
nists landed  and  proceeded  to 
lay  out  a  town,  which  they 
called  Jamestown.  Neighbor- 
ing Indians  looked  on  with 
curiosity  and  offered  no  inter- 
ference. One  of  the  first  acts 
of  the  colonists  was  to  provide 
a  canvas-roofed  structure,  in 
which  the  Rev.  Robert 
Hunt,  a  "religious  and  coura- 
geous divine,"  held  service 
morning  and  evening.  This 
was  the  first  English  church 
erected  within  the  present  ter- 
ritorial limits  of  the  United 
States,  and  it  was  soon  replac- 
ed by  a  much  better  one. 

For  the   purpose  of  exploration,  a  party  under  Captain 
John  Smith,  went  upon  a  six  days'  trip  up  the  James  River, 


First  Colonial  Government. 

Upon  opening  the  box  it  was  found 
that  Bartholomew  Gosnold,  John 
Smith,  Edward  Wingfield,  Christopher 
Newport,  John  Ratcliff,  John  .Martin 
and  George  Kendall  had  been  ap- 
pointed councilors;  but  Smith,  being 
under  arrest,  was  prohibited  from  serv- 
ing. In  the  box,  besides  the  names, 
were  instructions  and  laws  for  the 
guidance  of  the  colony,  by  which  were 
stipulated  the  holding  of  everytbing  in 
common,  the  storing  of  all  food  and 
products  in  a  common  storehouse,  the 
trial  of  criminal  cases  by  jury  and  of 
civil  cases  by  the  council. 

Edward  Wingfield  was  chosen 
president,  and  a  worse  selection  could 
hardly  have  been  made ;  for,  from  all 
accounts,  he  was  indolent,  self-indulg- 
ent and  wanting  in  every  faculty  that  a 
successful  ruler  should  possess.  In- 
deed, the  remainder  of  the  council  were 
no  better,  with  the  exception  of  the 
deposed  Smith  and  Captain  Gosnold, 
the  same  brave  and  experienced  navi- 
gator that  had  landed  at  Elizabeth  five 
years  before.  The  selection  of  the 
council  was  most  unfortunate.  Wise 
direction  and  control  of  affairs,  so 
necessary  during  the  early  stages  of 
the  colony,  could  not  be  expected  from 
men  so  notoriously  incompetent  and 
inexperienced. 


112  PERIOD    OF    COLONIZATION. 

during  the  course  of  which  a  visit  was  made  to  FowhattaN, 
the  most  powerful  chief  in  that  section.  Upon  their  return 
they  found  that  the  settlement  had  been  attacked  by  Indians 
and  every  thing  thrown  into  confusion.  Smith  immediately 
demanded  a  trial  by  jury,  according  to  the  terms  of  the  king's 
charter,  and,  notwithstanding  the  opposition  of  Wingfield 
and  his  friends,  succeeded  in  obtaining  it.  At  this,  the 
first  trial  by  jury  in  America,  he  was  triumphantly 
acquitted,  and  his  prosecutors  were  sentenced  to  pay  a  fine 
of  £200  damages,  which  Smith  generously  donated  to  the 
public  treasury.  He  was  thus  restored  to  the  council. 
Through  the  mediation  of  Mr.  Hunt  peace  was  temporarily 
secured,  and  all  sat  down  and  partook  of  communion 
together. 

Thus  was  begun  the  first  permanent  English  set- 
tlement in  America.  Those  who  founded  this  settlement 
have  been  described  as  vagabond  adventurers,  turbulent, 
law-breaking  and  indolent,  but  we  know  that  some  of  them 
undoubtedly  were  possessed  of  noble  motives  in  coming  to 
America,  and  all  paid  sedulous  attention  to  the  worship  of 
God.  They  were  drawn  from  every  walk  in  life.  Forty- 
eight  called  themselves  gentlemen — a  term  that  has  been 
quoted  to  their  reproach.  That  they  were  not  adapted  to  the 
new,  hard  life  in  the  American  wilderness,  the  "gentlemen" 
having  never  before  toiled  with  their  hands,  is  a  fact  to  their 
credit.  It  betokened  that  inordinate  courage  must  have  been 
theirs,  to  enable  them  to  brave  the  toils  of  pioneer  life,  know- 
ing what  these  toils  were,  from  the  records  of  past  colonial 
failures.  We  know  that  they  were  possessed  of  great  spirit. 
Under  incompetent  rulers,  their  intense  human  activities  may 
have  taken,  at  times,  a  form  of  turbulence  and  disorder, 
which  disappeared  under  wise  direction.  Some  may  have 
been  deficient  in  many  of  the  qualities  that  go  to  make  up  a 


VIRGINIA. 


113 


perfect  man,  but  a  better  element  was  in  the  majority,  other- 
wise the  colony  would  in  all  certainty  have  succumbed  to 
the  trials  and  sufferings  they  were  called  upon  to  endure — 
trials  which  fell  to  the  lot  of  no  other  colony  before  or  since. 

QUESTIONS. 

When  was  the  first  colony  sent  by  the  London  Company?  How  many 
did  the  colonists  number?  Upon  what  vessels  did  they  embark?  What  was 
the  name  of  the  commander?  What  can  you  say  of  the  preparations  for  the 
establishment  of  this  colony?  How  was  its  government  to  be  ordered? 
How  were  the  seven  colonial  councilors  appointed?  What  resulted  from 
the  peculiar  manner  of  appointing?  How  was  Smith  regarded  by  a  few 
worthless  ones?  Of  what  was  he  falsely  accused?  What  bay  was  entered? 
What  names  were  bestowed  upon  the  capes  at  its  entrance?  What  can  you 
say  of  the  site  selected  for  settlement?  What  was  the  town  laid  out  called? 
Who  were  found  to  have  been  appointed  councilors  ?  Why  could  not 
Smith  serve?  What  did  the  box  contain  besides  the  names  of  the  seven 
councilors?  What  were  some  of  the  stipulations  for  the  government  of  the 
colony?  Who  was  chosen  president?  WThat  kind  of  a  man  was  he?  Who 
were  the  only  competent  ones  among  the  members  of  the  council?  WThen 
did  the  colonists  land?  What  did  they  proceed  to  do?  What  was  one  of 
the  first  acts  of  the  colonists?  Who  was  Rev.  Robert  Hunt?  Tell  what 
you  know  of  Smith's  first  exploring  trip  ?  Who  was  Powhattan?  What  did 
Smith  find  upon  his  return?  What  did  he  demand?  What  was  the  result 
of  his  trial?  Why  is  this  trial  remarkable?  How  have  the  first  settlers  of 
Virginia  been  described?  How  many  called  themselves  gentlemen?  Of 
what  were  some  undoubtedly  possessed?  To  what  did  they  give  sedulous 
attention?  Why  did  their  activities  take  at  times  the  form  of  turbulence ? 
What  kind  of  an  element  prevailed  among  them  ?     How  do  we  know? 

CHATTER  V. 

The   Father   of   Virginia. 

The  history  of  the  Jamestown  colony,  during  the  first 
months  of  its  existence,  is  a  record  of  suffering  and  misery. 
The  site  had  been  injudiciously  selected,  and  with  the  heat 
of  summer  came  malarial  fevers,  from  which  many,  includ- 
ing Gosnold,  died,  and  all  more  or  less  suffered. 

The  gloom  and  despondency  that  hung  over  the  colony 
were  increased  when  it  was  found  that  much  of  the  food 


ii4 


PERIOD    OF    COLONIZATION. 


brought  from  England  had  spoiled,  and  that  a  hostile  attack 
by  the  Indians  could  be  expected  at  any  time.  President 
Wingfield  was  detected  in  acts  of  appropriating  to  his  own 
selfish  uses  the  best  of  the  public  stores.  He  was  strongly 
suspected  of  an  intention  to 
.seize  the  pinnace  left  by  New- 
port and  desert  the  colony. 
Popular  feeiing  ran  so  against 
him  that  he  was  displaced,  and 
Ratcliff,  another  unfortunate 
choice,  superseded  him. 
The  good  qualities  of 
Smith  shone  forth  while 
the  colonists  were 
in  the  midst  of  their 


Captain  John  Smith. 
Captain  John  Smith  was  one  of  the 
most  remarkable  men  connected  with 
the  early  history  of  the  English  colo- 
nies.     Born   at  Willoughby,   Lincoln- 
shire, England,  he  entered  early  in  life 
upon  a  career  of  adventure.     He  spent 
four  years  in   the   military   service    of 
Holland,  and  afterwards  was  engaged 
in  the  wars  against  the  Turks.     His 
adventures    and      escapes     were 
many.     At  one  time  he  was  taken 
prisoner  in  battle  and  sold  as  a 
slave,  but  succeeded  in    escap- 
ing after  slaying  his  master. 
<//^r     Returning  to  England  at 
a  time  when  the  coloniza- 
SlSsi         t'011   °f   America    was 
occupying      attention, 
he  beheld  in  the   new 
world  opportunities 


CAPTAIN    JOHN    SMITH 


distress  and  suffer-  fa 

pa 

ings.     Nursing  the  i 

sick,    comforting 

the  dying,  encourag-  f^\ 

ing  the    despondent,  ^ 

assisting  every  one, 

setting  the  example  of  fortitude 

and    patience,    he    was    soon 

looked  up  to  writh  respect  and 

affection.       The    direction  of 

everything  fell  into  his  hands, 

and    when    autumn    brought 

health,    ripening    corn,   and 

game  and  fish  in  abundance,  the  first  crisis  of  the  colony  had 

passed,  and  Smith  had  been  its  savior. 

As  soon  as  corn  began  to  ripen,  Smith  started  down  the 
river  to  obtain  a  supply.  He  found  the  Indians  reluctant  to 
trade.      Seeming   to  take   great   delight   in  tantalizing   their 


nee.  Smith 
more  to  hold 
the  Jamestown  colony  to- 
gether than  any  other  man. 
His  adventures  and  explor- 
ations in  eastern  Virginia 
would  fill  a  volume.  His  interest  in 
America  continued  long  after  he  re- 
turned to  England,  and  he  issued  a 
number  of  publications  that  did  much 
to  promote  colonization  ;  among  these 
publications  were  :  "A  Map  of  Virginia, 
with  a  Description  of  the  Country," 
"A  True  Relation  of  Virginia,"  M  A 
General  History  of  Virginia,  New 
England  and  the  Summer  Isles,"  etc. 


VIRGINIA. 


115 


visitor  they  showed  him  the  abundance  they  had.  During 
the  negotiations  a  quarrel  took  place,  and  shortly  after  the 
colonists  were  attacked.  In  the  engagement  Smith  captured 
an  Indian  idol,  and  the  Indians  gladly  ransomed  it  with  a 
boatload  of  corn. 

Upon  his  return  to  Jamestown,  Smith  found  that  Wingfield, 

Kendall  and  some  others  had 
taken  advantage  of  the  weak- 
ness of  President  Ratcliff  and 
had  seized  the  pinnace.    They 
were  about  to  embark  for  Eng- 
land when  Smith  arrived;  but 
he  directed  the  cannon  of 
the  fort  upon   them,    and 
compelled   them  to   re- 
turn.     Better  times 
now    set    in,    and 
Smith,      leaving 
everything  in  order, 
set  out  to  explore 
the  Chickahominy 
River.      Upon  this 
expedition   he    was 


Pocahontas. 
Pocahontas,  daughter  of  Powhattan, 
proved   herself   a   true    friend    of    the 
struggling    colonists,    often    bringing 
them  corn  and  warning  them  of  Indian 
attacks.     According  to  the  account   of 
Captain  John  Smith,  she  was    directly 
instrumental  in  saving  his  life  when  he 
was  taken  prisoner.      Condemned  to 
death,  he  would  have  been  executed 
had  she  not  interceded  for  him.    She 
was    at   one   time    sold    to    Captain 
Argall    by    a   treacherous   chief.     A 
war  was  about  to  ensue  between  the 
Indians  and  colonists,  when  Thomas 
Rolfe,  afterwards  Secretary  and 
Recorder-general  of  Vir-       ^  ■         (■;'•''}'■• 
ginia,  requested  her  hand 
in  marriage,  and  received 
the  assent  of  old  Powhat- 
tan, who  was  thenceforth - 
to  lie  the  firm  friend  of  the 
whites.      Pocahontas  was 
baptized  under  the  name 
of  Rebecca,  and  with  her 
husband  went  to  England, 

where  she  received  every  pocahontas. 

mark  of  attention  and  favor.    She  died    i  t        e(J    by    the     Indians     and 

before  her  return,  leaving  a  son,  from  r  J 

whom   are  descended     many   eminent    |         taken  first  tO  OPECANCANOUGH, 
families  of  Virginia.  I  ,  , 

_ 1      then    to    Powhattan,    through 


the  intercession  of  whose  daughter,  Pocahontas,  he  was 
finally  liberated.  Returning  to  Jamestown,  he  found  the 
colony  in  a  worse  state  of  confusion  than  ever  before.  Food 
had  become  scarce  again,  and  another  conspiracy  to  abandon 
the  colony  had  been  formed.  About  this  time  Newport 
arrived  with  supplies  from  England. 


n6 


PERIOD    OF    COLONIZATION. 


Again  leaving  the  colony  in  a  prosperous  condition,  Smith, 
with  fourteen  companions,  set  out  in  an  open  boat,  to  explore 
the  shores  of  the  Chesapeake,  which  he  accomplished  suc- 
cessfully. He  returned  after  having  sailed  more  than  three 
thousand  miles,  explored  both  shores,  visited  many  Indian 
villages,  and  passed  through  many  dangers.  He  found  the 
affairs  of  the  colonists  in  the  state  that  always  arose  when  he 
was  absent.  They  would  submit  to  Ratcliff  no  longer,  and 
with  one  voice  called  upon  Smith  to  be  president,  the  first 

INSTANCE    IN    AMERICAN    HISTORY  WHERE  THE    PEOPLE  MADE 


Before  Newport  set  out  upon  the  re- 
turn voyage,  the  colony  became  excited 
over  the  discovery  of  a  yellow  deposit 
in  the  neighboring  sands;  it  was 
taken  for  gold ;  and,  notwithstanding 
the  protests  of  Smith,  valuahle  time 
was  wasted  in  digging  for  the  worth- 
less stuff  and  loading  Newport's 
vessel  with  it.  It  was  in  the  early 
part  of  the  year  (160S),  and  the  time 
taken  should  have  heen  devoted  to  the 
cultivation  of  crops.  A  consequence 
of  their  neglect  was  to  be  seen  the 
next  year,  when,  the  second  supply 
from  England  giving  out,  the  historic 
"starving  time"  set  in. 


CHOICE  OF  THEIR  OWN    RULER. 

Now  came  order  out  of 
chaos.  Smith  took  hold  of  the 
reins  of  srovernment  with  a  firm 
hand.  Newport  had  brought 
reinforcements,  and  during  the 
winter  of  1608  and  1609,  when 
the  Indians  refused  to  sell  their 
corn,  Smith  made  several  dar- 
ing expeditions  against  them, 
awing  them  by  his  boldness, 
and  compelling  them  to  trade.  His  skill  and  energy  were 
everywhere  felt.  The  willing  were  shown  what  to  do,  and 
the  idle  were  compelled  to  work.  Rules  were  established 
and  enforced.  Labor  was  exacted  from  each  man  six  hours 
a  day.  Additional  cabins  were  built,  and  all  caught  the  spirit 
and  determination  to  establish  the  colony  firmly. 

About  this  time  a  new  charter  for  Virginia  was  granted  by 
the  king,  under  which  Lord  Delaware,  a  nobleman  of 
much  ability,  wras  appointed  governor  for  life.  Nine  ships 
set  out  with  five  hundred  emigrants,  under  Captain  New- 
port, and  among  them  were  Sir  Thomas  Gates  and  Sir 
George  Somers,  who  were  to  govern  the  colony  until  LorcJ 


VIRGINIA.  117 

Delaware  arrived.  A  storm  dispersed  the  fleet,  and  the  vessel 
which  carried  Newport,  Gates  and  Somers  was  wrecked 
upon  one  of  the  Bermuda  Islands. 

The  rest  arrived  safe,  and  for  a  time  the  colony,  being  now 
under  a  new  charter,  was  without  a  governor.  Smith  deter- 
mined to  retain  control  until  his  successor  arrived,  in  which 
determination  he  was  sustained  by  a  majority;  but  about  the 
time  the  new  order  of  things  had  assumed  definite  shape, 
Smith  sustained  injuries  from  an  accidental  explosion  of 
gunpowder,  of  so  serious  a  nature  that  he  was  compelled  to 
return  to  England  for  medical  treatment.  His  authority  was 
delegated  to  George  Percy.  He  never  returned  to  the 
colony,  whose  interests  he  had  served  so  faithfully,  though 
several  years  after,  he  visited  the  North  Virginia  coast  and 
gave  to  that  region  the  name  that  it  now  bears — New 
England. 

QUESTIONS. 

Of  what  is  the  early  history  of  the  Jamestown  colony  a  record?  What 
sufferings  were  encountered  by  the  colonists  ?  What  increased  the  general 
gloom?  In  what  was  Wingfield  detected?  Of  what  was  he  suspected?  By 
whom  was  he  displaced?  What  can  you  say  of  the  choice  of  Ratcliff?  When 
did  the  good  qualities  of  Smith  shine  forth?  How?  What  did  he  do? 
What  came  with  autumn?  Where  did  Smith  go  when  corn  ripened?  What 
do  you  know  of  his  experience  with  the  natives  on  this  trip?  What  did 
he  capture?  How  was  it  ransomed?  What  did  Smith  find  upon  his  return 
to  Jamestown?  How  were  W7ingfield  and  Kendall  thwarted?  What  did 
Smith  do  when  better  times  set  in?  What  river  did  he  now  explore?  What 
happened  to  Smith  upon  this  expedition  ?  To  whom  was  he  brought  when 
captured?  Who  interceded  for  him?  What  did  he  again  find  upon  his 
return  to  Jamestown?  Who  arrived  about  this  time?  What  excitement 
arose?  How  did  the  colonists  lose  valuable  time?  In  what  did  this  waste 
of  time  result?  Upon  what  exploring  expedition  did  Smith  now  set  out? 
What  was  the  result  of  these  explorations?  What  call  was  made  upon  him 
when  he  returned?  Why  is  this  call  remarkable  ?  How  did  Smith  admin- 
ister affairs?  How  did  he  obtain  corn  ?  What  was  done  with  the  willing? 
Idle?     What  rule  of  labor  was  enforced?     What  resulted  from  Smith's  pres- 


Il8  TERIOD    OF    COLONIZATION. 

idency  ?  What  was  granted  by  the  king  of  England  about  this  time?  Who 
was  appointed  governor?  How  many  emigrants  now  set  out  from  England? 
What  was  the  fate  of  one  of  the  vessels  ?  Who  were  upon  this  vessel?  What 
did  Smith  determine  to  do  in  the  absence  of  a  regularly  appointed  governor? 
By  whom  was  he  sustained?  What  accident  befell  Smith?  What  was  he 
compelled  to  do?  To  what  part  of  America  did  he  subsequently  make  a 
voyage?     What  name  did  he  bestow  upon  North  Virginia? 

CHAPTER  VI. 
Permanency   Assured. 

By  Smith's  return  to  England  a  strong  hand  was  taken 
from  the  helm  of  government.  His  wisdom  and  admin- 
istrative ability  were  sadly  missed,  and  colonial  affairs,  shortly 
after  his  departure,  fell  once  more  into  disorder.  Bad  man- 
agement and  wastefulness  brought  on  a  period  of  destitution 
and  suffering  so  dire,  that  it  is  always  referred  to  in  history  as 
the  " starving"  time"  The  provisions  brought  from  England 
had  been  heedlessly  consumed,  and  a  sufficient  quantity  of 
food  had  never  been  raised  by  the  colonists.  The  Indians 
became  hostile,  attacked  the  outer  settlements,  cut  down 
defenseless  parties,  and  conspired  to  prevent  the  colonists 
from  obtaining  food  in  any  direction.  In  six  months  the 
colony  was  reduced  from  five  hundred  to  sixty. 

Gates,  Somers,  and  Newport  arrived  from  the  Bermudas, 
in  small  boats  constructed  from  the  wreck  of  their  vessel, 
and  beheld  a  sad  spectacle.  Immediate  wants  were 
relieved,  but  the  food  brought  would  last  only  fourteen 
days.  It  was  determined  to  abandon  the  scene  of  so  much 
suffering.  The  colony  was  at  last  to  be  given  up.  With  the 
few  supplies  now  on  hand  they  could  make  their  way  to  the 
fishing  settlements  in  Newfoundland,  thence  to  England.  It 
was  even  proposed  to  burn  the  town  and  leave  but  smoking 
ruins  behind,  but  to  this  Gates  objected.  The  colonists  all 
embarked  and  proceeded  down  the  river.    When  half  way  to 


VIRGINIA.  119 

the  sea,  they  were  met  by  a  small  boat  coming  up  stream,  con- 
veying the  joyful  intelligence  that  Lord  Delaware  had 
arrived  with  abundant  supplies.  They  turned  back,  and  it  is 
said  that  when  Lord  Delaware  entered  the  lately  deserted 
town,  he  fell  on  his  knees  and  thanked  God  that  he  had 
saved  Virginia. 

Delaware  was  a  very  able  governor.  Noble,  dignified, 
firm,  and  armed  with  ample  authority,  he  commanded 
respect,  and  exacted  obedience.  All  dissensions  were  now 
passed.  The  colony  was  well  ordered  in  every  way,  and 
system  was  introduced.  Every  morning  all  assembled  in  the 
neatly-kept,  flower-decked  church  for  prayer,  then  repaired 
to  the  public  storehouse  for  the  day's  allowance  of  food. 
Four  hours  of  labor  in  the  morning  and  two  in  the  afternoon 
was  the  day's  work  allotted  each.  The  colony  was  soon  upon 
the  road  to  prosperity.  Ill  health,  however,  compelled  the 
governor  to  return  to  England,  after  a  short  rule  (March, 
1611). 

In  May  (  161 1 )  Sir  Thomas  Dale  came  from  England  and 
assumed  the  office  of  High  Marshal  of  Virginia,  Sir  Thomas 

Gates,  the  lieutenant-governor 
under  Delaware,  being  absent. 
Gates  arrived  shortly  after  with 
many  new  emigrants,  and  a 
number  of  cattle,  which  proved 
a  valuable  addition.  In  1614 
Dale  became  governor,  and  he 
proved  himself  a  strict  and 
soldierly  one,  administering 
affairs  under  martial  law. 
Although  he  was  at  times  some- 


Tobacco. 

George  Ye ARDLEY succeeded  D"ale 

as  governor,  ami  shortly  after  a  demand 
lor  tobacco  sprang  up  in  England. 
The  demand  could  only  be  supplied  by 
America.  Much  profit  was  found 
in  its  cultivation,  so  lands  were  laid 
out  in  tobacco  plantations,  ami  it  was 
grown  even  in  tbe  streets  of  James- 
town itself.  Such  became  its  value 
that  when  cured  it  served  every  pur- 
pose of  barter  and  sale,  coin  and  other 
monev  being  scarce  in  those  days. 
Large  quantities  were  shipped  to 
England,  and  wealth  began  to  How  into 
the  colony. 


what  cruel,  yet  he  was  the  first  to  take  a  decided  step  toward 
insuring  the  permanency  of  the  colony,  for  he  caused  fifty 


120  PERIOD    OF    COLONIZATION. 

acres  of  land  to  be  apportioned  to  each  colonist  (1615), 
who  was  thenceforth  to  have  the  incentive  of  owning  his 
home,  and  of  enjoying  the  full  benefits  of  his  personal  labor. 


SETTLERS    CHOOSING    WIVES. 


Twelve  years  after  its  founding,  Jamestown  was  a  pros- 
perous community,  surrounded  by  outlying  well-tilled  plant- 
ations. The  colonists  owned  lands  and  houses,  and  were 
rapidly  acquiring  wealth.  But  they  were  all  men,  and  thor- 
ough contentment  was  not  to  be  theirs  until  woman's  pres- 
ence should  make  homes  of  their  houses,  and  the  smiles  and 
love  of  wife  cheer  them  in  the  toils  and  struggles  of  their 


VIRGINIA. 


121 


INTRODUCTION    OF    AFRICAN    SLAVERY. 


Slavery. 
As  reports  of  Virginia's  increased 
prosperity  reached  England,  manyfelt  a 
desire  to  emigrate,  some  of  whom  had 
not  sufficient  to  pay  the  expense  of  their 
passage.  The  custom  of  indenturing 
servants  existed  in  those  days,  whereby 
the  services  of  a  person  were  given  for  a 
certain  number  of  years  in  return  for  a 
sum  of  money.  Many  found  their  way 
across  the  ocean  by  indenturing  them- 
selves to  the  Virginia  planters.  In  1619 
a  Dutch  ship  captain  landed  twenty  ne- 
groes from  Africa,  and  offered  them  for 
sale.  Slavery  had  existed  in  many  parts 
of  the  world  for  thousands  of  years. 
Negro  slavery  had  been  introduced 
into  the  West  India  Islands  by  the 
Spaniards,  when  the  natives  were 
exterminated;  yet  this  was  the  first 
introduction  of  slavery  into  the  United 
States;  and  we  shall  see  with  what 
evil  consequences  the  event  was 
fraught.  Here  were  servants  inden- 
tured, not  for  a  few  years,  but  for  life. 
The  first  twenty  were  readily  sold. 
They  proved  so  docile  and  efficient, 
that  more  were  sought,  and  the  intro- 
duction became  general. 


lives.  Ninety  excellent  young 
women  were  sent  over  from 
England  to  become  wives  of 
the  colonists.  He  to  whose  lot 
fell  a  wife  was  required  to  pay 
her  traveling  expenses,  about 
one  hundred  and  fifty  pounds 
of  tobacco  being  the  required 
amount. 

It  was  a  great  day  in  James- 
town when  the  young  women 
arrived.  The  settlers  were 
promptly  on  hand  to  greet 
them,  and  make  selections; 
but  it  is  said  that  the  choice 
was  by  no  means  all  on  their 
side.  The  result  was  so  happy 
that  the  next  year  sixty  more 


122  PERIOD    OF    COLONIZATION. 

were  induced  to  come  over,  upon  representations  of  those 
who  first  came.  The  allotment  of  lands,  the  development 
of  the  profitable  tobacco  industry,  and  the  establishment  of 
homes,  assured  the  permanency  of  the  colony. 

QUESTIONS. 
How  was  Smith  missed  from  the  Virginia  colony?  What  resulted  from  bad 
management?  What  do  you  know  of  the  "  starving  time  "  ?  How  did  the 
Indians  manifest  hostility?  To  what  number  were  the  colonists  reduced? 
Who  arrived  from  the  Bermudas?  What  did  they  behold?  What  was 
determined  upon?  To  what  settlement  did  the  Virginia  colonists  hope  to 
make  their  way?  To  what  did  Gates  object?  What  caused  the  colonists  to 
return  ?  What  do  you  know  of  the  arrival  of  Lord  Delaware  ?  What  kind 
of  governor  was  he?  What  did  he  command  and  exact?  What  did  he 
introduce?  What  was  the  daily  custom?  What  constituted  a  day's  work? 
What  compelled  Delaware  to  return  to  England?  Who  became  High 
Marshal  of  Virginia?  When?  Who  arrived  with  emigrants  and  assumed 
the  governorship?  By  whom  was  Gates  succeeded?  What  kind  of  a  gov- 
ernor was  Dale?  Wrhat  step  did  he  take  toward  insuring  colonial  per- 
manency? What  was  assigned  to  each  colonist?  Why?  Who  succeeded 
Dale?  What  profitable  agricultural  product  now  came  into  general  culti- 
vation? How  did  it  bring  prosperity  to  the  colony?  Who  were  indentured 
servants?  What  do  you  know  of  the  introduction  of  African  slavery  ?  Where 
did  it  exist?  Who  had  introduced  it  into  the  western  continent?  Why  did 
the  Virginia  planters  purchase  these  slaves?  What  was  the  condition  of 
Jamestown  twelve  years  after  its  founding  ?  What  was  needed  by  the  settlers 
to  make  homes  of  their  houses?  Who  were  sent  from  England?  What 
assured  the  permanency  of  the  colony? 

CHAPTER  VII. 

The  First  Assembly  of  American  Lawmakers. 
George  Yeardley  had  served  but  a  short  time  as  governor 
when  he  was  superseded  by  the  rapacious  and  intriguing 
Captain  Samuel  Argall  ( 1617),  whose  rule  was  of  so  des- 
potic and  cruel  a  character,  that  bitter  complaints  went  to 
England  and  caused  his  recall.  His  mfld  and  honest  prede- 
cessor, now  become  Sir  George  Yeardley,  returned  as  Gov- 


VIRGINIA.  123 

ernor-General  of  Virginia  (April,  1619),  and  was  received 
with  rejoicings. 

About  this  time  England  was  entering  upon  a  great  politi- 
cal tumult,  the  outcome  of  which  was  to  be  the  establishment 
of  the  rights  of  the  people  above  the  will  of  the  king  in  the 
law  and  government  of  England.  To  the  London  Company, 
by  their  charter,  had  been  given  full  power  to  make  such 
laws  and  ordinances  for  the  good  of  the  Virginia  plantations 
as  was  thought  requisite  and  meet.  The  idea  of  popular 
rights  had  by  this  time  gained  such  headway  that  the  com- 
pany determined  to  delegate  some  of  this  lawmaking  power 
to  the  colonists,  thus  limiting  the  powers  of  Virginia  gov- 
ernors, and  preventing  a  recurrence  of  the  arbitrary  doings 
of  such  men  as  Argall. 

Sir  George  Yeardley  was  therefore  authorized  to  summon 
a  General  Assembly  to  make  laws  for  the  local  government 
of  the  colony.  It  consisted,  when  convened,  of  two  mem- 
bers or  burgesses,  elected  by  the  freemen  of  each  borough. 
The  first  meeting  of  the  Colonial  Assembly  was  held  July 
30,  1619.  The  towns,  plantations  and  "hundreds"  consti- 
tuting the  eleven  boroughs  represented  were:  James  City, 
Charles  City,  Henricus,  Kiccowtan,  Martin  -  Brandon, 
Smythe's  Hundred,  Martin's  Hundred,  Argall's  Gift, 
Lawne's  Plantation,  Ward's  Plantation,  and  Flowerdieu 
Hundred. 

Among  its  first  enactments  were  laws  regulating  agricul- 
tural and  religious  matters,  and  dealings  with  the  Indians. 
In  1621  Virginia  received  its  First  Constitution,  granting 
free  government,  confirming  the  institution  of  the  Colonial 
Assembly,  or  House  of  Burgesses,  and  providing  for  the 
selection  of  a  Council  to  assist  the  governor  in  his  adminis- 
tration of  affairs. 


124 


PERIOD    OF    COLONIZATION. 


Under  this  constitution  Sir  Francis  Wyatt  ruled  as 
governor  until  1624,  when  the  London  Company  was  dis- 
solved, and  the  colony,  reverting  to  the  crown,  became  a 
royal  province. 

BLACKBOARD    FORM. 


Early   Virginia   History. 


VIRGINIA  COLONY. 


1607 
1610 

1613 
1615 

1619 

1621 
1624 


Founding  of  Jamestown. 

"Starving  Time.  " 

Arrival  of  Lord  Delaware. 
Marriage  of  Pocahontas. 

Tobacco  Cultivated. 

Land  Tenure  established. 

Sir  George    Yeard/ey,  Governor. 
•j   First  Colonial  Assembly. 
(_  Introduction  of  Slaves. 

Sir  Francis  Wyatt,  Governor. 

First  Virginia  Constitution. 
Virginia  becomes  a  Royal  Province. 


QUESTIONS. 

Who  superseded  Yeardley?  When?  What  kind  of  a  man  was  Argall  ? 
How  did  he  rule?  What  caused  his  recall?  Who  succeeded  him?  When? 
How  was  he  received  by  the  Virginians?  Upon  what  was  England  entering 
about  this  time?  What  was  to  be  the  outcome?  What  had  been  given  to 
the  London  Company?  What  did  the  company  determine  to  do? 
What  was  Yeardley  authorized  to  do?  What  do  you  know  of  the  first  colo- 
nial assembly?  Of  what  was  it  composed?  When  was  its  first  meeting 
held?  How  many  boroughs  were  represented?  What  were  their  names? 
What  were  among  the  first  enactments  of  this  assembly  ?  When  did  Vir- 
ginia receive  its  first  constitution?  What  did  this  constitution  grant?  Con- 
firm ?  Provide?  Who  ruled  as  governor  under  the  constitution?  Until 
what  year?  What  became  of  the  Virginia  Company?  By  whom  was  it  dis- 
solved?    What  did  Virginia  become  in  1624? 


SEARCH  QUESTIONS. 
What  is  "  Fool's  Gold  "  ?    What  price  was  paid  for  Pocahontas  when  she  was  sold  to 
Argall  ?       What  was   the  fate  of  Lord  Delaware  ?        Was   Opecancanough   a    Virginia 
Indian  ?     What  is  the  meaning  of  the  Indian    word  Pocahontas  ?     What  early   Virginia 
poet  was  called  by  Dryden  the  best  versifier  of  his  age  ? 


VIRGINIA.  125 

PREPARATORY  NOTES. 

Geography. — Note  upon  a  map  of  the  United  States  the  /oration  of  Nexv 
York  City.  Upon  what  island  is  it  built?  Where  is  Albany?  Note  the  ter- 
ritory between  the  Delaware  and  Connecticut  Rivers.  To  what  States  does 
this  territory  now  belong?  Note  Delaware  Bav.  What  river  Hows  into  it? 
What  capes  at  its  entrance?  Where  is  Wilmington?  Note  the  territory 
lying  south  of  the  Schuylkill  River?  To  what  State  does  this  territory  now 
belong?  Note  the  relative  positions  of  Holland  and  England  upon  the  map 
of  Europe.  Where  is  the  Isle  of  Jersey?  Where  is  Southampton?  Ply- 
mouth? Note  the  coast  of  New  England.  Where  is  Cape  Cod?  Province- 
town?  Boston?  Plymouth.''  Cape  Ann?  Salem?  Where  is  Portsmouth? 
Dover?  Where  is  Saco?  Where  is  Providence?  Newport?  Where  is 
Hartford?     New  Haven?     Saybrook? 

Definition  of  Words. — Know  the  meaning-  of  the  following:  Remon- 
strance, privateers,  development,  engrossed,  confiscate,  alliance,  expand, 
jurisdiction,  conform,  modify,  dictates,  persecuted,  acquire,  posterity,  mem- 
orable, dilapidate,  exposure,  prowess,  intercession,  mediation,  subse- 
quently, hermit,  restricted,  corporate,  autocratic,  administered,  deviation, 
inspiration,  countenanced,  dissensions,  domicile,  rigid,  dominations,  sects, 
civil,  doctrines,  heresy,  exaltation,  banish,  conveyance,  exemplary,  termi- 
nate, rigorous,  advocacy,  incorporate,  constitution,  deliberation. 

Pronunciation  of  Names. — Praetiee  the  pronunciation  of  the  follotving: 
Minuit,  Stuyvesant,  Wouter  Van  Twiller,  Keift,  Oxenstern. 

PARALLEL   READINGS. 

Reference.— Lamb's  "History  of  the  City  of  New  York,"  Robert's  "History  of  New 
York,"  Young's  "Chronicles  of  Massachusetts,"  Winthrop's  "History  of  New  England," 
Palfrey's  "History  of  New  England,"  Greene's  "History  of  Rhode  Island,"  Hollister's 
"History  of  Connecticut,"  Lodge's  "History  of  the  English  Colonies." 

General.— Irving's  "Knickerbocker  History  of  New  York,"  Moore's  "Pilgrims  and  Puri- 
tans," Drake's  "Making  of  New  England,"  Holmes'  "Robinson  of  Leyden  "  (poem),  Collin's 
"Old  Times  in  the  Colonics,"  "New  England  in  the  Colonial  Period"  (Harper's  Magazine, 
December,  1SS2),  "The  Planting  of  New  England*1  (Century  Magazine,  January,  1SS3), 
Mrs.  Hemans'  "Landing  of  the  Pilgrim  Fathers"  (poem),  Longfellow's  "Courtship  of 
Miles  Standish." 

TOPICAL.— "Dutch  "West  India  Company,"  "New  Amsterdam,"  "New  Netherlands," 
"Stuyvesant,"  "New  Sweden,"  "Patroons,"  "Puritans,"  "Pilgrim  Fathers,"  "Massachu- 
setts, Settlement  of,"  "  Mayflower  Compact,"  "Miles  Standish,"  "Massasoit,"  "New  Hamp- 
shire, Settlement  of,"  "Roger  Williams*"  "Anne  Hutchinson,"  "John  Winthrop,"  "Con- 
necticut, Settlement  of,"  "Boston,  Founding  of,"  'Puritan  Migration." 


126 


PERIOD    OF    COLONIZATION. 


New   Netherlands. 


CHAPTER  VIII. 

The   India    Companies. 

The  explorations  of    Hudson  conferred  but  little  benefit 
upon  the  East  India  Company,  in  whose  service  he  was, 

but  some  Amsterdam  merchants 
soon  sent  a  vessel  for  the  purpose 
of  trading  with  the  Indians  (1610). 
In  time,  a  trading  post  was  established 
upon  Manhattan  Island  (1613),  and 
the  settlement  that  grew  up  around  it, 
received  the  name,  New  Amsterdam. 


The  es- 
tablish- 
ment of 
this  post 
was  fol- 
lowed by 
that  of 
others. 

Dutch  vessels  explored  the  coast  of  Long  Island,  Connec- 
ticut and  New  Jersey  (1614),  and  upon  these  explorations 
Holland  based  a  claim  to  the  territory  between  the  Connec- 
ticut and  Delaware  Rivers,  bestowing  upon  it  the  name,  New 
Netherlands. 


SCENES    IN    NEW    AMSTERDAM. 


NEW    NETHERLANDS. 


127 


Remonstrances  from  England,  against  the  establishment  of 
trading  posts  upon  what  she  considered  her  territory,  soon 
made  it  plain  to  the  Dutch  that  occupancy  alone  could  secure 
to  them  the  control  of  these  American  possessions.  About 
this  time  Holland  was  at  war  with  Spain,  and  a  private  com- 
pany had  organized  for  the  purpose  of  fitting  out  privateers  to 
depredate  upon  Spanish  commerce.  This  wds  the  Dutch 
West  India  Company.  In  applying  for  a  charter  much 
opposition  was  encountered.  The  grant  was,  however,  made, 
upon  condition  that  the  company  undertake  the  colonization 
of  New  Netherlands. 

Some  attempts  were  made  to  fulfill  the  terms  of  this  charter. 
A  few  additional  trading  posts  were  erected.  One,  called  Fort 
Orange,  was  located  near  the  present  city  of  Albany  (  1623. ) 
A  colony,  with  Peter  Minuet  as  governor,  was  shortly  after 
established  upon  Long  Island  (1624).  But  little  attention 
was  paid  at  first  to  the  development  of  the  country,  for  these 
settlers  soon  turned  their  attention  to  the  fur  trade,  and  the 
company  itself  was  too  much  engrossed  with  the  lucrative 
occupation  of  confiscating  Spanish  treasure  ships,  to  give 
much  thought  to  New  Netherlands. 

England's  claim  to  the  terri- 
torv  deterred  many  of  the 
Dutch  from  emigrating  to  this 
region  about  the  Hudson.  But 
an  alliance  between  England 
and  Holland  against  Spain  re- 
moved for  a  time  the  fear  of 
interference  on  the  part  of  the 
former  country,  and  a  tide  of 
Dutch  immigration  soon  set 
into  the  regions.  Thrifty  set- 
tlements began  to  appear,  and 


The  Patroons. 

Land  was  very  scarce  in  Holland,  hut 
very  plentiful  and  cheap  in  New  Neth- 
erlands A  great  impulse  was  given 
to  Dutch  immigration,  when  the  West 
India  Company  decided  to  confer  upon 
any  one  who  should  estahlish  a  colony 
of  not  less  than  fifty  adults,  the  title 
of  Patkoox,  which  carried  with  it  the 
privilege  of  purchasing  of  the  Indians 
a  tract  of  land  sixteen  miles  square. 
Each  Patroon  was  required  to  furnish 
all  necessary  farming  implements,  and 
to  support  a  minister  and  a  schoolmas- 
ter. The  lahor  of  his  colonists  so 
increased  the  value  of  his  land,  that  he 
soon  rose  to  wealth  and  power. 


128 


PERIOD    OF    COLONIZATION. 


quaint  villages,  with  their  straw-thatched  and  gable-roofed 
houses,  sprang  up  on  all  sides.  Among  the  early  arrivals 
were  many  Protestants  or  Walloons,  as  Dutch  Protestants 
were  in  those  days  called. 

Minuit  served  as  governor  until  1632,  when  he  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Wouter  Van  Twiller.  Van  Twiller  extended 
the  limits  of  the  colony  and   caused  a  fort  to  be  established 


PETER    STUYVESANT. 


upon  the  Connecticut  River,  near  what  is  now  Hartford 
(l63^)-  He  was  succeeded  by  William  Keift,  who  in 
turn  was  followed  by  Peter  Stuyvesant. 

After  fifty  years  of  existence  as  a  Dutch  colony,  New 
Netherlands  passed  into  the  hands  of  the  English  (1664), 
and  the  name  was  changed  to  New  York,  after  the  Duke  of 


NEW    NETHERLANDS. 


New  Sweden. 

Gustavus  Adolpiil'S,  king  of  Swe- 
den, intended  to  establish  Swedish 
colonies  in  America,  but,  dying,  it  fell 
to  OxENSTiEi<N,his  prime  minister,  to 
carry  out  his  intentions.  In  1638  a  com- 
pany of  Swedes  and  Finns,  under  the 
leadership  of  Peter  Alinuit,  who  had 
been  the  first  governor  of  New  Nether- 
lands, entered  Delaware  Hay.  A  tract 
of  land  was  purchased,  extcnding,from 
what  is  now  Cape  Henlopen  to  a  point 
up  the  Delaware  River,  near  Trenton. 
This  territory  was 
named  New  Sweden. 
A  fort  was  built,  and 
a  settlement  begun 
near  what  is  now 
Wilmington,  and  it 
received  the  name  of 
Christiana.  More  of 
these  people  came 
over  (1643),  and  Swe- 
dish settlements  soon 
extended  up  as  high 
as  the  Schuylkill 
River  within  the 
limits  of  what  is  now 
Pennsylvania.  As 
the  colonies  of  Hol- 
land expanded, there 
arose  a  dispute  over 
territory.  Fort  Casimir  was  built  by 
the  Dutch  (1651)  within  a  few  miles  of 
the  settlement  of  Christiana,  and  the 
Swedes,  viewing  it  as  a  menace,  drove 
their  unwelcome  visitors  away.  Their 
triumph  was,  however,  short-lived. 
Peter  Stuyvesant  was  governor  of  New 
Netherlands  at  the  time,  and  the  plucky 
old  soldier  went  down  to  New  Sweden 
with  an  army  of  six  hundred  men  (1655), 
and  compelled  the  inhabitants  to 
acknowledge  the  jurisdiction  of  New 
Netherlands. 


York,  brother  of  the  English 
king,  to  whom  it  was  granted. 
The  Duke  in  turn  assigned  a 
part  of  the  grant  to  Lord  Berk- 
lev  and  Sir  George  Carte- 
ret. In  honor  of  the  latter, 
who  had  been  governor  of  the 
Isle  of  Jersey,  the  granted  ter- 
ritory was  call- 
ed New  Jersey, 
its  boundaries 
corresponding 
to  those  of  the 
State  now 
known  by  that 
name.  The  first 
settlement  by 
the  English  was 
made  at  Eliza- 


bethtown  (1664). 

QUESTIONS. 

What  were  sent  over  by  Amsterdam 
merchants?  When?  Why?  What 
can  you  say  of  the  settlement  of  New 
Amsterdam  ?  What  followed  upon 
the  establishment  of  this  post?  Upon 
what  did  Holland  base  her  claims  to 
New     Netherlands  ?  What     other 

country  claimed  this  territory?  What 
company  had  been  instituted  in  Holland?  For  what  purpose  was  the  Dutch 
West  India  Company  formed  ?  What  condition  was  made  before  it  could 
obtain  a  charter?  What  was  built  in  fulfillment  of  its  terms?  When  and 
where  was  Fort  Orange  established?  What  do  you  know  of  Peter  Minuit? 
When  did  he  establish  his  colony?  Where?  To  what  did  the  settlers  turn 
their  attention?  Why  did  not  the  West  India  Company  take  systematic 
steps  to  develop  New  Netherlands?     What  prevented  many  Dutch  colonists 


I30  PERIOD    OF    COLONIZATION. 

from  coming  to  New  Netherlands  ?  I  low  was  the  objection  removed?  Who 
were  Walloons?  What  do  you  know  of  the  Patroons  ?  What  privilege  was 
conferred  upon  them?  Upon  what  condition?  Who  succeeded  Minuit? 
When?  What  fort  did  Van  Twiller  establish?  By  whom  was  he  succeeded? 
What  do  you  know  of  Peter  Stuyvesant?  What  Swedish  king  desired 
to  establish  colonies?  By  whom  were  his  intentions  carried  out? 
When  was  New  Sweden  settled?  What  were  its  territorial  limits? 
Who  led  the  colony?  Where  was  a  fort  built?  What  name  was  bestowed 
upon  it?  How  far  up  the  Delaware  did  Swedish  settlements  extend?  What 
fort  was  built  by  the  Dutch  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  Swedish  settlements? 
When?  How  did  the  Swedes  regard  this  fort?  What  did  they  do?  What 
do  you  know  of  Stuyvesant's  expedition  against  the  Swedes  ?  1  low  long  was 
New  Netherlands  a  Dutch  colony?  Into  whose  possession  did  it  then  come? 
When?  To  what  was  its  name  changed?  After  whom.-'  To  whom  did  the 
Duke  of  York  assign  part  of  the  grant?  How  did  New  Jersey  receive  its 
name?  Where  was  the  first  English  settlement  made  in  New  Jersey? 
When  ? 

BLACKBOARD    FORM. 

1609  Explored  by  Hudson. 

1613  Settlement  of  New  Amsterdam,  {N.  Y.) 

1623  Settlement  of  Fort  Orange,  {N.  Y.) 

1633  Fort  Good  Hope  built,  {Conn.) 

1651  Fort  Casimlr  built  {N.  J.) 

1655  Conquest  of  New  Sweden,  {Del.) 

\C64-  {Conquered  by  the  English. 

{Settlement  of  Elizabethtown,  {N.  J.) 


NEW 
NETHERLANDS. 


New  England. 

CHAPTER  IX. 

Pilgrims    and   Puritans. 

While  the  colonization  of  America  was  occupying  the  atten- 
tion of  England,  there  was  but  one  method  of  worshiping 
God  established  by  law  throughout  the  kingdom.  There 
were  those,  however,  who  did  not  approve  of  many  of  the 
religious  ceremonies  and  services,  and  believed  that  of  all 
such  the  church  should  be  purified.     In  derision,  the  name 


NEW    ENGLAND. 


J3* 


Separatists. 

As  long  as  they  remained  with  the 
body  of  the  church  and  tried  to  modify 
its  form  of  worship  by  arguments  and 
pleadings,  they  had  but  ridicule  to 
encounter.  But  when  they  began  to 
form  congregations  of  their  own,  in 
order  to  worship  God  according  to  the 
dictates  of  their  conscience,  the}'  were 
branded  as  Separatists,  and  were 
cruelly  persecuted;  the  king  (James  I) 
declaring  that  he  would  "harry  them 
out  of  England." 


Puritans  was  soon  applied  to  them,  and  because  they  did 
not  conform  to  the  tenets  of  the  established  church,  they 
were  also  styled  Non-Conformists 

A  number  of  these  Puritans 
took  up  their  abode  at  Leyden, 
Holland,  and,  meeting  with 
kind  treatment,  remained 
eleven  or  twelve  years.  But 
they  were  not  thoroughly  con- 
tented there.  Kindly  as  they 
had  been  received  they  did 
not  wish  to  remain  perma- 
nently, where  they  were  coming  in  continual  contact  with 
foreign  customs,  and  their  children  were  rapidly  acquiring 
foreign  ways.  After 
much  earnest  thought, 
it  was  decided  to  cross 
the  sea  and  establish  for 
themselves  and  their 
posterity  an  abode  in 
America. 

The  Dutch  advised 
them  to  settle  in  the  re- 
gion about  the  Hudson. 
Friends  of  theirs  in  En£- 
land  prevailed  upon  the 
king  to  take  no  notice  of 
their  departure,  and  not 
to  molest  them  should  they  establish  themselves  upon  English 
territory  in  America.  Only  the  ablest  and  strongest  were  to 
attempt  the  first  voyage,  the  aged  and  infirm  remaining  behind. 
Two  vessels,  the  Speedwell  and  the  Mayflower,  were  secured. 
The  former  set  sail  from  Holland  and  joined  the  latter  at 


THE     MAYFLOWER. 


I32  PERIOD    OF    COLONIZATION. 

Southampton,  England.  August  5,  1620,  they  started 
on  their  voyage  to  America,  but  had  not  sailed  far  before 
the  Speedwell  sprung  a  leak  and  was  declared  unseaworthy. 
This  necessitated  a  return  to  England,  and  the  selection  of 
a  smaller  number  of  colonists.  At  length  the  Mayflower  set 
out  alone  (September  6).  On  board  were  one  hundred  and 
one  settlers,  under  the  leadership  of  William  Bradford, 
William  Brewster,  John  Carver  and  Miles  Standisii. 
These  Puritans  had  moved  so  from  place  to  place  that  they 
had  come  to  call  themselves  Pilgrims. 

After  a  long  and  stormy  voyage,  Cape  Cod  was  sighted 
(November  9).  Rounding  the  cape,  they  entered  the  peace- 
ful harbor,  upon  which  is  now  built  the  city  of  Provincetown. 
Here,  in  the  cabin  of  the  May- 
flower, was  drawn  up  a  solemn 
written  agreement  for  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  colony,  and 
under  this  compact  John  Car- 


ver was  chosen  the  first  gover- 


Many  of  the  colonists  went  ashore, 
and  Captain  Miles  Standish,with  four- 
teen others,  set  out  to  explore  the  coun- 
try. They  were  gone  several  days,  dur- 
ing which  they  encountered  a  small 
party  of  Indians,  who  lied  on  their  ap- 
proach. Further  on  they  came  to  a 
ruined  hut,  an  old  ship  kettle,  a  dilap- 
idated palisaded  fort — remains  of  some 
unknown  settlement  of  the  past — and 
mounds  of  earth,  into  which  they  dug. 
One  of  these  contained  four  or  five 
hushels  of  corn.  They  took  of  this  corn 
enough  to  fill  their  pockets,  and,  with 
the  kettle,  returned  to  the  vessel.  Here 
an  attack  from  thirty  or  forty  Indians 
was  met  and  repulsed. 


nor. 

Deciding  to  proceed  further, 
the  colonists  embarked  and 
sailed  along  the  coast.  Mean- 
while a  fierce  storm  of  snow 
and  sleet  had  set  in,  and  their 
progress  was  delayed.  No  harbor  was  found  until  some 
fifty  miles  had  been  traversed.  This  brought  them  to  a  small 
island,  under  the  lee  of  which  they  anchored  in  safety  (De- 
cember 8).  Here  some  went  ashore  (December  11),  found 
cornfields  and  running  brooks,  and  brought  back  such  good 
reports  that  it  was  decided  to  land.  The  region  was  down 
on  the  maps  as  Plymouth,  and  the  name  was  not  changed. 
Upon  the  beach  the  rock  first  trod  by  Pilgrim  foot  in.  landr 


NEW    ENGLAND. 


133 


ing,  has  since  become  historic  as  Plymouth  Rock;  and  the 
event  is  known  as  the  Landing  of  the  Pilgrim  Fathers. 
Nineteen  plats  were  laid  out,  corresponding  to  the  number 
of  households  into  which  the  colonists  had  divided  them- 
selves, and  in  the  midst  of  the  winter's  cold  they  set  about 
building  habitations.      Their   discouragements  were  many, 

and  before  long  exposure, 
hardship  and  bad  food  brought 
on  disease  and  death.  Half  of 
their  number  were  carried  off 
before  the  winter  was  over. 
History  gives  us  few  pictures 
more  touching  than  that  of  this 
little  band  upon  that  bleak 
shore,  surrounded  by  unknown 
dangers,  unswerving  in  their 
determination  to  remain,  and 
enduring  the  gloom  and  despair 
of  that  first  winter  with  a  hero- 
ism unparalleled.  Spring 
came,  and  better  times  dawned 
on  the  colony.  Occasionally, 
Indians  hovered  about  the  set- 
tlement, but  lied  upon  being 
approached.  One  day  the 
settlers  were  surprised  to  see 
a  single  Indian  enter  the  town  uttering  the  words:  "  Welcome 
Englishmen:'  He  proved  to  be  SAMOSET,  and  the  little 
English  he  knew  had  been  acquired  from  fishermen  who  had 
visited  the  Maine  coast. 

Samoset  shortly  afterwards  appeared  with  another  Indian, 
named  Squanto,  who  had  lived  some  time  in  England,  hav- 
ing been  stolen  by  one  of  the  early  expeditions.     Through 


Miles  Standish. 
Their  first  experience  with  the  natives 
had  led  them  to  expect  nothing  but 
hostility.  Fearful  of  their  surrounding 
foes,  their  weakness  and  distress  were 
kept  hidden.  Brave  Miles  Standish, 
the  "Puritan  Captain  of  Plymouth," 
organized  a  little  company  for  pur- 
poses of  defence,  and  his  superior 
courage  did  much  to  sustain  the  droop- 
ing spirits  of  his  companions.  Many  a 
feat  of  daring  is  recorded  of  him.  Small 
in  stature,  he  nevertheless  taught  such 
of  the  neighboring  Indian  chiefs  as 
were  inclined  to  be  hostile,  to  fear  his 
powers  and  respect  his  skill.  He  was 
the  Captain  John  Smith  of  the  Plym- 
outh colony. 


J34 


PERIOD    OF    COLONIZATION, 


the  mediations  of  these  two  Indians  peace  was  made  with 

Massasoit,  chief  of  the  neighboring  Wamponaogs,  who  soon 

arrived  and  entered 

into  a  treaty.  Squan- 

toproved  of  greatser- 

vice      subsequently, 

for  he  took   up   his 


LANDING    OF    PILGRIMS. 


abode  with  the  whites,  acting  as  interpreter  for  them,  and 
teaching  them  how  to  plant  and  cultivate  corn,  catch  and 
cure  fish,  and  many  other  useful  things. 


QUESTIONS. 

What  was  recognized  and  established  by  law  in  England  at  the  time  the 
English  colonization  of  America  began?  Who  were  the  Puritans?  How  did 
they  receive  their  name?  By  what  other  name  were  they  known?  What 
persecutions  did  they  encounter  ?  What  did  the  king  declare?  Where  did  a 
number  of  the  Puritans  take  up  their  abode?  How  were  they  here  received? 
How  long  did  they  remain?  Why  did  they  not  desire  to  remain  longer  ? 
What  did  they  determine  upon?  Where  did  the  Dutch  advise  them  to  set- 
tle? What  influence  was  brought  to  bear  upon  the  English  king  in  their 
behalf?  Who  were  selected  for  the  first  voyage?  What  two  vessels  were 
secured?  When  did  they  leave  Southampton?  Why  did  they  return?  Which 
of  the  two  vessels  finally  departed  for  America?  What  do  you  know  of  the 
voyage  of  the  Mayflower?  Who  were  the  leaders?  Why  were  these  Puritans 
called  Pilgrims?     What  was  the  nature  of  the  voyage?     What  cape  did  they 


reach?     What  harb< 


What  historic  compact  was  here  drawn  up  ?    Who 


was    chosen    governor?     What  exploring  expedition  was  made  by  Captain 


NEW    ENGLAND.  135 

Miles  Standish  ?  What  did  lie  find  upon  this  expedition?  How  long  was 
he  gone?  What  was  brought  haek?  What  was  the  first  experience  of  the  col- 
onists with  the  natives?  How  many  miles  further  did  the  Pilgrims  go? 
\\  here  did  they  land?  Why  is  Plymouth  Rock  historic ?  Into  how  many 
households  were  the  colonists  divided?  What  did  they  do  upon  landing? 
I*  rom  what  did  they  suffer  during  the  first  winter?  Who  was  the  John  Smith 
of  the  Plymouth  colony?  What  measures  did  he  take  for  protection?  What 
do  you  know  of  Samoset  ?  What  other  Indian  came  shortly  after  with 
Samoset?  Who  was  chief  of  Wamponaogs?  Of  what  use  was  Squanto  to 
the  colonists? 

CHAPTER  X. 

The  Tyranny  of  Intolerance. 
The  growth  of  Plymouth  colony  was  slow.  From  time  to 
time,  however,  a  few  scattered  settlements  sprung  up  along 
the  Massachusetts  coast.  At  length,  the  country  about  Cape 
Ann  having  been  brought  to  the  favorable  attention  of  Rev. 
John  White,  a  Puritan  minister  of  Dorchester,  England,  a 
company  styled  the  Massachusetts  Bay  Company  was 
formed  for  its  systematic  colonization. 

A  colony  under  the  govern- 
orship of  John  Endicott  was 
planted      at     Salem      (1628). 
Some     few     settlements     had 
already  been  made  in   that  re- 
gion.   William  Blackstone, 
a    man    of    much    talent,    had 
established    his    abode    where 
Boston  is  now  built,  and  was 
there   leading   a  hermit's  life. 
Much  as  the  people  of    England  had  been   restricted  in 
religious  affairs,  they  had  long  enjoyed  a  certain  amount  of 
civil  liberty.     Their  laws  were  made  by  a  Parliament  con- 
sisting in  part  of  representatives  chosen  from  among  them  • 


The  Massachusetts  Charter. 
The  charter  of  the  Massachusetts 
Bay  Company  was  quite  liberal  in  its 
provisions.  The  territory  granted  lay 
between  the  Charles  and  Merrimac 
Rivers,  and  extended  from  oce;m  to 
ocean.  The  members  of  the  company 
had  the  privilege  of  choosing  annu- 
ally a  governor,  deputy  governor  and 
eighteen  assistants,  and  the  power  of 
making  all  laws  for  the  government  of 
their  colonies,  provided  such  laws  did 
not  conflict  with  those  of  England. 
This  law-making  power  afterwards  be- 
came an  important  matter. 


136 


PERIOD    OF    COLONIZATION. 


selves.  During  the  reign  of  Charles  I,  who  succeeded  his 
father,  James  I,  a  contest  arose  between  the  king  and  Par- 
liament that  resulted  in  a  civil  war,  called  the  English  Rev- 
olution. The  years  leading  up  to  this  event,  were  years  of 
disquietude  and  dissension.  Many  made  their  way  across 
the  ocean  to  avoid  the  conflict  they  beheld  approaching.  A 
Puritan  Migration  rapidly  peopled  the  east  coast  of 
Massachusetts. 

In  1630,  the  first  party  of  immigrants,  consisting  of  about 
one  thousand  persons,  arrived.  The  site  selected  for  settle- 
ment was  unsuitable.  The 
scarcity  and  brackishness  of 
the  water  caused  much  suffer- 
ing. By  the  advice  of  William 
Blackstone,  the  settlers  re- 
moved to  Shawmut,  as  the 
peninsula  of  Boston  was  then 
called.  Here  they  found  many 
springs  of  fresh  water  and  fared  much  better.  The  settlement 
was  called  Boston.  In  ten  years  there  were  more  than 
twenty  thousand  inhabitants  in  the  colonies  about  Massachu- 
setts Bay. 

As  president  of  the  Massachusetts  Bay  Company,  John 
Winthrop,  upon  his  removal  to  America,  became  governor 
of  Massachusetts  Bay  Colony.  Only  mem- 
bers of  the  company,  which  was  a  corporate 
body,  had  a  voice  in  the  management  of 
colonial  affairs.  The  privilege  of  voting 
and  passing  upon  measures  was  afterwards 
extended  to  all  freemen  that  were  church 
members.  As  the  settlements  increased  in 
extent,  representatives  from  each  assembled  at  Boston,  in  a 
General  Court. 


Transfer  of  Charter. 

The  Massachusetts  Bay  Company 
was  composed  mostly  of  Puritans.  A 
majority  of  its  memhers,  with  its  pres- 
ident, John  Winthrop,  joining  in  the 
Puritan  migration,  carried  with  them 
their  charter,  by  which  the  right  of 
governing  and  making  laws  for  colo- 
nies across  the  ocean, became  the  right 
of  governing  themselves,  when  they 
themselves  became  colonists. 


JOHN    WINTHROP. 


NEW    ENGLAND.  137 

From  the  first  the  rulers  of  the  colony  manifested  an  auto- 
cratic spirit  in  matters  pertaining  to  religion.  Church  and 
colonial  governments  were  mingled  and  administered  as  one. 
It  would  seem  that  the  long  period  of  persecution  in  England 
should  have  taught  the  elders  and  rulers  the  benefits  of 
peace  and  tolerance;  but  it  proved  otherwise.  No  deviation 
from  established  religious  opinion  was  tolerated.  It  seemed 
to  be  the  policy  of  the  leaders  to  crush  the  inspiration,  con- 
trol the  thought,  scrutinize  the  teachings,  and  direct  the 
social  and  moral  destinies  of  all  under  their  authority. 
The  granting  of  liberty  of  conscience  was  as  far  from  their 
inclinations  as  it  was  from  the  minds  of  those  whose 
forceful  processes  had  caused  many  Puritans  to  leave 
Enoland.  Under  this  condition  discontent  often  manifested 
itself,  and  religious  dissensions  became  frequent. 

Among  the  first  to  rebel 
against  the  tyrannical  religious 
domination  of  the  Boston  lead- 
ers, was  an  eloquent  young 
Puritan  minister  of  Salem, 
named  Roger  Willl\ms.  He 
boldly  proclaimed  that  all  re- 
ligious sects  were  entitled  to 
protection  under  the  law,  and 
that   civil   magistrates  had   no 


These  religious  dissensions  sent 
many  into  the  wildernesses  of  Maine, 
New  Hampshire,  Rhode  Island  and 
Connecticut,  for  that  peace  whose 
domicile  was  supposed  to  be  Massa- 
chusetts. William  Blackstone,  the 
man  who  had  invited  the  settlers  of 
Boston  to  take  up  their  abode  in  his 
neighborhood,  was  so  fretted  at  their 
rigid  and  intolerant  enforcements,  that 
he  sold  out  and  moved  into  the  interior, 
to  the  banks  of  the  river  now  bearing 
his  name.  He  liked  the  church  ways 
of  Boston  as  little  as  he  did  those  of 
England. 


right  to  restrain  the  conscience  or  interfere  with  modes  of 
worship. 

Such  doctrines  were  denounced  as  heresy.  The  preacher 
was  commanded  to  appear  in  Boston,  but  refused,  lie  was 
then  banished  from  the  colonies,  and  steps  were  taken  to 
send  him  back  to  England;  but  he  escaped  into  the  wilderness 
(1636),  bearing  with  him  the  sympathies  and  affection  of 
his  congregation. 


i38 


PERIOD    OF    COLONIZATION. 


QUESTIONS. 

What  sprung  up  from  time  to  time 
along  the  Massachusetts  coast?  What 
part  of  this  coast  attracted  the  favor- 
ahle  attention  of  Rev.  John  White? 
What  company  was  organized  ?  Who 
was  the  governor  of  the  first  colony 
sent  out?  Where  was  this  colony 
planted?  When?  Who  was  William 
Blackstone  ?  What  can  you  say  of 
the  charter  of  the  Massachusetts  Bay 
Company  ?  The  territory  granted  ? 
The  powers  and  privileges  granted  its 
members  ?  What  kind  of  liberty  had 
the  people  of  England  enjoyed  to  a 
certain  extent?  What  contest  arose 
between  the  king  and  the  parliament 
of  England  ?  What  effect  did  the  ap- 
proach of  civil  war  have  upon  the 
colonization  of  Massachusetts  ?  Of 
what  was  the  Massachusetts  Bay  Company  mostly  composed?  What  was 
done  with  its  charter  when  a  majority  of  its  members  crossed  to  America? 
What  powers  and  rights  were  transferred  to  America  with  this  charter  ? 
What  can  you  say  of  the  settlement  of  Boston  ?  How  many  inhabitants 
did  the  Massachusetts  colonies  number  in  ten  years?  Who  became  governor 
of  the  colony  after  the  transfer  of  the  charter?  WThat  was  conferred  upon 
freemen?  What  do  you  know  of  the  general  court  at  Boston?  What 
spirit  was  manifested  from  the  first  on  the  part  of  the  rulers?  Why  was  it 
reasonable  to  expect  a  different  spirit?  What  seemed  to  be  the  policy 
of  the  leaders?  What  soon  became  frequent?  Where  did  religious  dis- 
sensions send  many?  What  became  of  William  Blackstone?  What  do 
you  know  of  Roger  Williams  ?  What  ideas  were  boldly  proclaimed  by 
him?  How  did  he  suffer  for  his  boldness?  Who  was  Anne  Hutchinson? 
What  do  you  know  of  the  religious  meetings  instituted  by  her?  When  was 
she  banished? 

CHAPTER  XL 


Anne  Hutchinson. 
One  of  the  early  customs  was  the 
holding  of  meetings  to  repeat  and  dis- 
cuss the  teachings  and  sermons  of  the 
pastors.  To  these  meetings  no  females 
were  admitted.  A  woman  of  great 
intellect  and  piety,  named  Mrs.  Anne 
Hutchinson,  conceived  the  idea  of 
holding  similar  meetings  for  per- 
sons of  her  sex.  At  first  the  dis- 
cussions were  confined  to  the  same 
subjects  as  those  of  the  men.  In 
time  she  began  to  express  opinions  of 
her  own ;  and  frequently,  in  a  state  of  ex- 
altation and  mental  excitement,  would 
utter  spiritual  truths  that  greatly  im- 
pressed her  hearers.  The  cry  of  heresy 
was  raised  against  her;  and  though  the 
governor,  who  was  then  young,  Sir 
Henry  Vane,  was  won  to  her  side,  she, 
too,  was  banished  (1637),  ar»d,  with  a 
few  friends,  followed  the  footsteps  of 
Roger  Williams. 


New   England    Settlements. 

The  old  Plymouth  Company,  to  which  had  been  granted 
the  territory  of  North  Virginia,  made  no  further  attempts  to  col- 
onize after  the  failure  of  the  Popham  colony.  The  company, 
however,  made  a  number  of  sub-grants  of  its  territory.    One 


NEW    ENGLAND. 


139 


of  these  was  a  conveyance  to  Sir  Ferdinand  Gorges  ( 1622) 
of  lands  lying  about  the  Piscataqua  River,   called  Laconia. 

This  nobleman  associated  with 
himself  Captain  John  Mason 
(1623),  and  by  their  joint  ef- 
forts settlements  were  made  at 
Portsmouth  and  Dover,  and 
seven  years  after  at  Saco.  Ma- 
son obtained  from  the  Plym- 
outh Company  (  1629)  an  inde- 
pendent grant  to  that  part  of 
the  joint  territory  lying  south 
and  west  of  the  Piscataqua, 
and  its  name  was  then  changed 
to  New  Hampshire. 


Early  New  Hampshire  History. 

Many,  choosing  not  to  endure 
the  religious  tyrannies  of  Massachu- 
setts, made  their  way  to  these  parts. 
Flourishing  settlements  sprang  up, 
which,  alter  the  death  of  Gorges  and 
Mason,  had  full  control  over  them- 
selves, regulating  local  affairs  and  ad- 
ministering justice  in  a  most  exem- 
plary manner.  In  the  course  of  time 
Massachusetts  claimed  jurisdiction 
over  this  territory.  This  claim  was 
resisted  by  those  who  had  succeeded  to 
Mason's  grant.  Contentions  arose  that 
did  not  terminate  until  1679,  when  the 
authorities  in  England  decided  against 
Massachusetts.  Xew  Hampshire  was 
thenceforth  regarded  as  an  independent 
colony. 


The  claims  of  the  Dutch  to  the  territory  now  known  as  Con- 
necticut led  them  as  early  as  1633  to  establish  a  fort,  called 
Fort  Good  Hope, 
upon  the  Connecti- 
cut River,  near  what 
is  now  Hartford. 
In  that  year  a  vessel 
from  Plymouth  as- 
cended the  river, 
and,  undeterred  by 
the  threats  of  the 
Dutch,  passed  Fort 
Good  Hope,  pro- 
ceeded further  up 
river,  and  at  Wind- 
sor an  English  set- 
tlement was  made. 
News  of  the  great  fertility  of  the  Connecticut  Valley  reached 
the  inhabitants  about  Massachusetts  Bay,  and  many,  glad  to 


140 


PERIOD    OF    COLONIZATION. 


ROGER    WILLIAMS    AND    THE     NARRAGANSETTS. 


escape  the  persecutions  and    controversies  that  had  driven 

others  to  Maine    and  New   Hampshire,  prepared  to    move 

westward    to    this    region. 

Among    others    were    Rev. 

Thomas  Hooker  and  his  whole 

congregation  of  more  than  one 

hundred  persons,    who    made 

the   journey  overland,  driving 

their  cattle  before  them  through 

the  woods  (1636). 

By  1639  a  number  of  settle- 
ments had  been  made  up  and 
down  the  river.  In  that  year 
all  united  under  a  written  con- 
stitution, the  provisions  of 
which  were  very  liberal.  New 
Haven  remained  an  independent  colony,  with  laws  so  rigor- 
ous as  to  receive  the  appellation  of  Blue  Laws. 

When   Roger  Williams  was  compelled  to  flee  from  Massa- 
chusetts,  he  wandered    for  some   time  through  the  forests, 


Saybrook  and  New  Haven. 

A  party  of  Puritans  from  England, 
under  Rev.  John  Davenport  and 
Theophilus  Eaton,  arriving  in  Bos- 
ton (1637),  decided  not  to  remain,  but 
proceeded  by  water  to  the  Connecticut 
coast,  bought  land  of  the  Indians,  and 
upon  a  beautiful  bay  established  the 
colony  of  New  Haven  (163S).  Mean- 
while the  territory  around  the  Connec- 
ticut River  had  been  granted  to  other 
parties  by  the  Plymouth  Company  of 
England,  and  the  grant  being  trans- 
ferred to  Lord  Say-and-Seal  and 
Lord  Bkooke,  these  noblemen  sent 
out  a  colony  under  John  Winthrop,  son 
of  the  first  governor  of  Massachusetts 
Pay  Colony.  This  colony  founded  Say- 
brook  (1635),  named  so  in  honor  of  the 
proprietors. 


NEW   ENGLAND. 


I4I 


suffering  from  cold  and  hardship.  Taking  up  his  abode 
among  the  Indians  he  soon  won  their  friendship  and  esteem 
by  his  kindly  ways  and  unselfish  disposition.  Joined  by  four 
or  five  others,  the  little  party  established  a  settlement,  which 
they  named  Providence  (1636). 

The  site  selected  was  within  the  the  territory  of  the  Narra- 
gansett  Indians,  whose  chief,  Canonicus,  became  a  firm  friend 
of  Roger  Williams.     Here  the  exiled  minister  was  followed 

by  his  family  and  several  mem- 
bers of  his  congregation;  and, 
in  time,  Providence  became 
the  refuge  of  many  who  were 
persecuted  for  conscience 
sake.  Many  such  came  in 
1638;  and,  through  the  inter- 
cession of  Williams  with  the 
Indians,  obtained  permission 
to  settle  upon  the  island  now  called  Rhode  Island,  where 
William  Coddington  established  the  settlement  of  Newport. 


Rhode  Island  Charter. 
The  settlements  about  Narragansett 
Bay  were  incorporated  in  1643  under  a 
charter  obtained  by  Roger  Williams, 
who  visited  England  as  the  agent  of 
the  colonists.  This  charter  defined 
the  limits  of  Rhode  Island  almost  as 
they  now  exist.  The  constitution  that 
had  been  drawn  up  by  Williams  was  of 
a  most  liberal  nature.  The  principle  of 
religious  tolerance  formed  the  most 
important   feature  of  this  constitution. 


BLACKBOARD  FORM 


£ 


as 

CO 

5 


Uj 


Massachusetts. 


New  Hampshire.     J  \q23  Settlement  of 


{Stan  dish. 
Carver. 
Brewster. 
Bradford. 
1628  Salem,  John  Endicott. 
Boston  Founded. 
Transfer  of  Charter 
1622  Gorges'  Grant. 


1630 


Connecticut. 


Rhode  Island. 


1629  Mason's  Grant. 
,nqq       j  Dutch  build  Fort  Good  Hope. 
1  English  settle  Windsor. 

f  Say-and-Seal. 

1635  Settlement  of  Say •brook {  _ 

1636  Hooker's  Colony. 
1638  Founding  of  New  Haven. 


I  Brooke. 


/Davenport. 


I  Eaton. 

(  1636  Providence,  Roger  Williams. 
<  1638  Newport,  William  Coddington. 
I  (643  Rhode  Island  Charter  obtained. 


142 


PERIOD    OF    COLONIZATION. 


QUESTIONS. 

To  whom  had  the  territory  of  North  Virginia  been  granted?  What  did  the 
company  do  with  this  territory  after  the  failure  of  the  Popham  colony? 
What  lands  were  granted  to  Sir  Ferdinand  Gorges?  When?  By  what  name 
was  New  Hampshire  known  in  those  days?  Whom  did  Gorges  associate 
with  himself?  What  settlements  were  established?  What  independent 
grant  did  Mason  obtain?  When?  Of  whom?  Who  found  their  way  to  the 
settlements  in  Maine  and  New  Hampshire?  How  did  the  New  Hampshire 
colonists  administer  local  affairs?  What  claim  did  Massachusetts  set  up? 
How  was  it  decided?  What  fort  was  established  by  the  Dutch  upon  the  Con- 
necticut River?  When?  What  do  you  know  of  the  establishment  cf  the 
Windsor  colony?  Who  was  Rev.  Thomas  Hooker?  Rev.  John  Davenport? 
Theophilus  Eaton?  Where  did  Davenport  and  Eaton  settle?  To  whom  was 
the  country  about  the  Connecticut  River  granted?  By  whom?  What  do  you 
know  of  the  founding  of  Saybrook?  When  did  the  Connecticut  River  colo- 
nies unite  under  a  written  constitution  ?  What  experience  had  Roger  Wil- 
liams with  the  Indians?  What  settlement  did  he  establish?  Who  was  the 
chief  of  the  Narragansetts?  What  did  Williams'  settlement  become?  Who 
founded  Newport?  When?  When  were  the  Rhode  Island  settlements 
incorporated  under  a  charter?  By  whom  was  this  charter  obtained?  What 
did  it  define?  What  was  the  character  of  the  constitution  drawn  up  by  Wil- 
liams ?  What  agreement  was  signed  under  its  provisions  ?  What  was  its 
most  important  feature  ? 

• •-<>— • 

PREPARATORY  NOTES. 

Geography. — Note  upon  a  map:  Chesapeake  Bay,  Potomac  River,  Annap- 
olis, Baltimore,  Delaware  River,  Schuylkill  River,  Philadelphia,  Albemarle 
Sound,  Chowan  River,  Cape  Fear  River,  Ashley  River,  Charleston,  Savan- 
nah, Port  Royal,  Biloxi,  New  Orleans,  Natchez,  Natchitoches,  Mobile. 

Definition  of  Words. — Denominations,  restrict,  inherit,  accord,  further- 
ance, institute,  confirm,  revoke,  jurisdiction,  political,  elements,  delibera- 
tion, fundamental,  philosopher,  nobility,  tenants,  attain,  elaborate,  promul- 
gators, exacting,  controversy,  philanthropy,  menace,  investigate,  physical, 
asylum,  motives,  emblematic,  prohibit,  eminent. 

Pronunciation  of  Names. — Schuylkill,  Huguenots,  Yeamans,  Joli,  Ami- 
able, La  Belle,  Les  Vaches,  Launcelot,  Liotot,  Hiens,  Duhault,  Iberville, 
Sauvolle,  Bienville,  Manchac,  Maurepas,  Pontchartrain,  Natchitoches, 
Crozat. 

PARALLEL  READINGS. 

Reference. — Moore's  "History  of  North  Carolina,"  Proud's  "History  of  Pennsyl- 
vania," Ramsey's  "History  of  South  Carolina,"  Steven's  "History  of  Georgia,"  Martin's 
"History  of  Louisiana,"  Gayarrc's  "History  of  Louisiana,"  Thrall's  "History  of  Texas," 
Doyle's  "English  Colonies  in  America,"  Bancroft's  "Colonial  Historv." 

General. — Jenney's  "Life  of  William  Penn,"  "Early  Quakers  in  England  and  Pennsvl- 
vania"  (Harper's  Magazine,  November,  1S82),  "Old  Time  Life  in  Quakertown  "  (Harper's 
Magazine,  January,  1SS1),  "Maryland  and  the  Far  South  in  Colonial  period"  (Harper's 
Magazine,  February,  188^?),  "Oglethorpe  and  Georgia "  (Magazine  of  American  History, 
February,  1SS3),  Thrall's  "Historv  of  Texas." 

Topical.— "Baltimore,  Lord,"  "Baltimore,"  "Maryland,  Settlement  of,"  "William  Clay- 
borne,"  "William  Penn,"  "The  Quakers,"  "Philadelphia,"  "Lords  Proprietors,"  "Carolina, 
Settlement  of,"  "Charleston,"  "Oglethorpe,"  "Sir  John  Yeamans,"  "Savannah,"  "Biloxi," 
"New  Orleans,"  "Bienville,"  "Iberville,"  "La  Salle,  death  of." 


MARYLAND    AND    PENNSYLVANIA. 


X43 


Maryland  and  Pennsylvania. 


CHAPTER  XII. 


LORD    BALTIMORE. 


First   for   Liberty   of   Conscience. 

Sir  George  Calvert,  Lord  of  Baltimore,  a  Catholic 
nobleman  of  England,  inspired  with  a  desire  to  establish  a 
refuge  in  America  for  the  persecuted  of  his  sect,  visited  Vir- 
ginia in  1628.  Finding  here  the  colonists  firmly  attached  to 
the  established  church,  and  reluctant  to  admit  Catholics,  he 
sailed  up  the  Chesapeake  Bay  and  ex- 
plored its  shores  (1629).  The  region 
pleased  him  very  much,  and,  returning 
to  England,  he  obtained  from  the  king,  ^ 
Charles  I,  one  of  the  most  liberal  char- 
ters ever  granted  by  an  English  king. 
Baltimore  died  before  he  could  carry 
out  his  plans  of  colonization ;  but  his  sons, 
Cecil  and  Leonard,  put  them  into 
execution.     Two  hundred   colonists,  in  the  ships  Ark    and 

Dove,  sailed  to  the  Potomac, 
and  a  short  distance  above  its 
mouth  established  themselves 
(1634),  calling  the  settlement 
St.  Mary's,  and  the  territory, 
Maryland,  after  Henrietta 
Maria,  wife  of  the  king.  They 
were  received  kindly  by  the 
natives.  The  hospitality  of  the 
Indian  villages  was  extended 
to  the  new  comers  until  houses 
of  their  own  were  erected.  The 
Indian  women  taught  the  settlers  how  to  make  corn  bread, 
and  the  men,  how  to  hunt,  trap  and  fish. 


Clayborne's  Rebellion. 

At  the  time  the  first  colonists  of 
Maryland  arrived,  William  Clay  borne, 
a  Virginia  trader,  had  established  him- 
self upon  the  Isle  of  Kent,  near  the 
mouth  of  the  Potomac,  and,  though 
the  island  was  within  the  limits  of  Cal- 
vert's grant,  refused  to  give  up  posses- 
sion. A  controversy  arose,  some 
blood  was  shed,  and  Clayborne  was 
driven  away  (1635).  Failing  to  obtain 
redress  at  the  hands  of  the  authorities 
in  England,  he  returned  and  stirred  up 
a  rebellion  (1645).  The  rebels  were 
temporarily  successful,  and  Lord  Bal- 
timore was  driven  from  the  colony. 
T>ut  the  rightful  authority  was  Boon 
re-established. 


i44 


PERIOD    OF    COLONIZATION. 


The  Calverts  were  just  and  wise  men.  The  provisions 
made  by  them  for  the  government  of  the  colony  were  emi- 
nently liberal.  Full  toleration  was  proclaimed  to  all  de- 
nominations,     the  .!^;;:;i: 

colonists  enjoyed 
many  privileges  of 
self-government, 
and  were  restricted 
only  by  the  few  rights 
reserved  to  the 
proprietors. 


CATHOLICS 


Baltimore  was  founded  in 
1729,  and  it  is  now  one  of  the 
greatest  cities  of  the  United 
States.  As  the  population  of 
the    colonies     increased,    and 


The  Puritans  in  Maryland. 
In  1649  *ne  legislature  passed  an  act 
confirming  the  toleration  that  had  been 
proclaimed.  This  liberal  policy  at- 
tracted many  settlers,  and  among  those 
who  arrived  were  large  numbers  of 
Puritans.  These  Puritans  were  attract- 
ed by  the  natural  advantages  of  cli- 
mate, fertility  of  soil,  and  abundance  of 
fish  and  game.  In  time  they  sought 
to  wrest  the  colony  from  its  right- 
ful proprietor.  Contentions  and  civil 
war  between  Puritans  and  Catho- 
lics lasted  some  years.  These  ceased  by 
1660,  and  under  the  governorship  of 
Philip  Calvert,  prosperity  began. 
In  16S9  the  capital  was  removed  to  the 
Puritan  settlement  of  Providence,  the 
name  of  which  was  changed  to  Annap- 
olis. 


MARYLAND    AND    PENNSYLVANIA. 


*45 


colonial  limits  expanded,  trouble  arose  about  the  boundaries. 
These  troubles  were  adjusted  between  1763  and  1767.  The 
line  that  marks  the  northern  boundary  has  become  historic 
as  Mason  and  Dixon's,  so  named  from  the  surveyors 
who  established  it. 

BLACKBOARD   FORM. 


MARYLAND. 


( 1631. 
1634. 
1635. 
1645. 
1649. 
1689. 
1729. 
1763. 
1767. 


Kent's  Island  occupied  by  CI  ay  borne. 
Settlement  of  St.  Mary's. 

Clayborne's  Rebellions. 

Toleration  Act. 
Annapolis  made  capital. 
Baltimore  founded. 

Boundaries  established. 


QUESTIONS. 

What  do  you  know  of  Sir  George  Calvert  ?  Why  did  he  not  settle  in  Vir- 
ginia? What  territory  was  granted  him?  What  do  you  know  of  the  settle- 
ment of  St.  Mary's?  Who  was  William  Clayhorne?  What  controversy  arose 
between  him  and  the  Maryland  colonists?  What  do  you  know  of  Clay- 
borne's rebellions  ?  What  liberal  provisions  were  made  for  the  government 
of  the  Maryland  colony?  What  was  the  result  of  this  liberal  policy?  What 
act  was  passed  by  the  Maryland  legislature  in  1649?  What  do  you  know  of 
the  contentions  between  the  Catholic  and  Puritan  settlers?  When  was  Bal- 
timore founded?  When  were  boundaries  fixed?  Why  is  Mason  and  Dixon's 
line  so  called? 

CHAPTER  XIII. 

The  Proprietary  of  Penn's  Woods. 
William  Penn,  an  English  Quaker,  inheriting  a  claim 
against  the  English  crown  for  money  loaned,  accepted  in  lieu 
of  it  a  grant  of  40,000  square  miles  of  land  west  of  the  Dela- 
ware River,  from  Charles  II  (1681).  Although  his  princi- 
pal motive  was  to  establish  a  home  for  his  Quaker  brethren, 


146 


PERIOD    OF    COLONIZATION. 


WILLIAM    PENN. 


yet  he  published  an  invitation  to  all  willing  to  assist   him  in 
building  up  his  estates  in   the  New  World.      In  May,  1681, 

two  ship  loads  of  immigrants 
arrived  and  sailed  up  the 
Delaware,  establishing 
themselves  near  the  mouth 
of  the  Schuylkill.  The  next 
year  they  were  followed  by 
Penn  himself,  who  was  ac- 
companied by  more  than  a 
hundred  of  his  Quaker 
friends  and  neighbors. 

Dutch,  Swedes  and  Qua- 
kers all  accorded  him  a 
hearty  greeting  when,  Octo- 
ber 27,  1682,  he  landed  from  the  ship  Welcome.  His  repu- 
tation for  benevolence  and  piety  had  preceded  him.  The 
country  named  by  him,  Syl- 
vania  (woodlands),  became 
known  as  Pennsylvania.  In 
1683  a  town  was  laid  out,  with 
broad  streets,  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Schuylkill,  and  named 
Philadelphia. 

Penn  instituted  a  form  of  government  very  liberal  in  its 
nature,  consisting  of  a  governor,  a  council  of  three,  and  a 
house  of  delegates,  chosen  by  freemen.  Petty  contentions 
were  everywhere  discouraged,  and  differences  were  submit- 
ted to  official  "peacemakers."  The  Swedes  and  Dutch 
who  occupied  the  territory  previous  to  the  arrival  of  Penn, 
were  not  disturbed.  They  were  confirmed  in  their  claims, 
and  adopted  into  the  colony.  Conditions  were  in  every 
way  favorable,  and  the  growth  of  the  Quaker  colonies  was 
rapid,     In  three  years   the  population   numbered  ten  thou- 


Swedish  Settlements. 
Swedish  settlements  extended  north- 
ward within  the  present  limits  of  Penn- 
sylvania as  early  as  163S.  They  passed 
into  the  possession  of  the  Dutch  with 
the  conquest  of  New  Sweden  (1655), 
and  suhsequently  (1664)  into  that  of  the 
English  with  the  conquest  of  New 
Netherlands. 


MAkVLAND     \M>    IM<;V\.sVlA'A\*tA, 


m 


Sand,   and    Philadelphia  contained    more  than   six  hundred 

houses.  Amon<i  the  early 
comers  was  a  large  colony  of 
Germans,  who  established 
themselves  at  Germantown. 

Penn  returned  to  England 
in  1684,  and  having  great  influ- 
ence with  James  II,  who  had 
just  ascended  the  throne,  ex- 
erted it  in  behalf  of  imprisoned 
and  persecuted  Quakers,  many 
of  whom  soon  found  their 
way  to  peaceful  homes  in 
Pennsylvania. 

Delaware  was  included 
among  Penn's  American  pos- 
sessions, he  having,  before  his  departure  for  America, 
purchased  it  of  the  Duke  of  York,  into  whose  hands  it  had 
fallen  after  the  conquest  of  New  Netherlands.  A  separate 
legislature  was  granted  to  it  in  1703 ;  but  it  still  remained  under 
the  jurisdiction  of  the  governor  of  Pennsylvania.  In  time,  all 
charters  granted  by  English  monarchs  to  American  territory 
were  revoked,  with  the  exception  of  that  granted  to  Penn. 
His  proprietary  rights  remained  in  his  family  until  Pennsyl- 
vania became  a  State,  when  the  commonwealth  purchased 
their  claims. 

BLACKBOARD   FORM. 


Penn's  Treaty. 
Penn's  treatment  of  the  Indians  was 
eminently  just.  lie  felt  that  they  were 
the  rightful  owners  of  the  soil,  and  from 
them  he  purchased  the  territory  that 
was  his  already  by  grant  of  the  English 
king.  In  furtherance  of  his  wishes  to 
live  friendly  with  them,  a  grand  assem- 
bly of  Quakers  and  Indians  was  held 
near  Philadelphia  under  the  spreading 
branches  of  a  gigantic  elm,  since 
famous  as  Penn's  Elm.  In  an  eloquent 
address  Penn  told  the  red  men  that  the 
Quakers  had  come  to  live  in  peace 
with  them,  and  wanted  their  friendship. 
Many  expressions  of  good  will  fol- 
lowed on  both  sides,  and  a  treaty  that 

l  was  never  broken  entered  into.  As 
much    as    other  colonies  suffered  from 

1  Indian  depredations,  the  Pennsylvania 
settlement  escaped.  It  is  said  that  no 
Quaker  was  ever  killed  by  Indians. 


PENNSYLVANIA.    \ 


1638.  Swedish  settlements  established, 

1655.  Dutch  conquest. 

1664.  English  conquest. 

1681.  Granted  to  Wm.  Penn. 

1683.  Philadelphia  founded. 


t^S  PERIOD    OF   COLONIZATION . 

QUESTIONS. 

By  whom  was  New  Sweden  conquered?  When  did  it  pass  into  the  hands 
of  the  English?  What  do  you  know  of  William  Penn?  Why  did  he  accept 
a  grant  of  land?  What  do  you  know  of  his  first  colony?  When  did  he 
come  over?  How  was  he  received?  How  did  he  treat  the  Indians? 
When  was  Philadelphia  founded?  What  form  of  government  did  Penn 
institute?  What  do  you  know  of  the  rapid  growth  of  the  Pennsylvania  set- 
tlements? How  did  Delaware  come  into  the  possession  of  Penn?  What 
fact  is  remarkable  concerning  the  colony  of  Pennsylvania  ? 


Carolina. 

CHAPTER  XIV. 

The  Lords    Proprietors. 

The  territory  south  of  Virginia  was  regarded  by  the 
Spaniards  as  part  of  their  Florida  possessions,  particu- 
larly as  their  rights  had  been  established  by  force  of  arms  in 
destroying  the  early  French  settlements.  Nevertheless  it 
was  claimed  by  England,  and  under  this  claim  was  granted 
to  proprietors  by  the  English  king,  as  other  portions  of 
English  territory  had  been.  Lying  beyond  the  jurisdiction 
of  the  royal  governors  of  Virginia,  some  of  whom  exercised 
tyrannical  authority,  the  region  about  the  Chowan  River 
and  Albermarle  Sound,  in  what  is  now  North  Carolina,  soon 
received  a  number  of  colonists  who  were  glad  to  escape  from 
unpleasant  surroundings  in  the  older  colony  of  Virginia. 

As  early  as  1653  Rev.  Roger  Green  led  a  colony  to  the 
Chowan  country  and  settled  near  the  present  site  of  Eden- 
ton.  Many  more  followed,  and  soon  a  number  of  scattered 
settlements  arose.  Ten  years  after  (1663),  the  reigning 
English  king,  Charles  II,  granted  the  territory  of  Carolina 
to  some  noblemen,  who  organized  themselves  into  a  company 
under  the  name  of  Lords  Proprietors,  Province  of  Car- 
olina. 


CAROLINA.  I49 


The  Lords  Proprietors. 

The  members  of  this  company  were 
George,  Duke  of  Albermarle  ;  Edward, 
Karl  of  Clarendon;  William,  Karl  of 
Craven;  John,  Lord  Berkeley;  An- 
thony, Lord  Ashley;  Sir  George  Car- 
teret, Sir  John  Colleton  and  Sir  Wil- 
liam Berkeley.  Their  grant  at  first 
included  the  territory  between  thirty- 
one  and  thirty-six  degrees  north  lati- 
tute;  but  subsequently  the  strip  of 
country  lying  between  northern  limit 
of  this  grant  and  the  southern  limit  of 
Virginia  was  added  to  it. 


To  the  Lords  Proprietors 
was  given  full  political  control 
over  all  colonists ;  but  so  eager 
were  they  to  induce  emigration 
to  their  territory,  in  order  that 
sales  and  rents  might  increase 
their  revenues,  that  most  lib- 
eral promises  were  made  rel- 
ative to  government  and  toler- 
ance. This  rendered  Carolina 
for  a  time  a  desirable  region,  in  those  days  of  oppression. 
Germans  and  Swiss  from  Europe,  Dutch  from  New  Nether- 
lands, dissatisfied  with  the  rule  of  the  English,  who  had  just 
taken  possession  (1664),  and,  above  all,  large  numbers  of 
French  Huguenots,  with  their  high  culture  and  independent 
spirit,  came  over  and  laid  out  farms  and  vineyards,  intro- 
duced useful  occupations,  and  by  their  industry  and  thrift 
implanted  such  elements  of  strength  as  few  other  American 
colonies  enjoyed. 

The  settlements  that  had  been  made  around  the  Chowan 
were  organized,  when  the  proprietors  took  possession,  as  the 
Albermarle  Colony,  William  Drummond  being  appointed 
governor.  At  the  time  of  the  grant  ( 1663 )  a  Captain  Hilton 
was  exploring  the  region  around  the  Cape  Fear  River.  He 
had  been  sent  thither  by  an  English  planter  of  Barbadoes, 
named  John  Yeamans,  to  find  a  suitable  location  for  settle- 
ment. Yeamans  went  to  England,  where  he  became  Sir 
John  Yeamans,  and  obtaining  the  desired  grant  of  land  from 
the  Lords  Proprietors,  returned  and  planted,  near  the  mouth 
of  the  Cape  Fear  River,  a  colony  that  afterwards  became 
known  as  the  Clarendon  Colony  (1665).  Here  he  found 
the  ruins  of  an  abandoned  settlement  which  had  been  made 
five  years  before  (1660)  bv  some  men  from  New  England. 
Two  colonies  had  thus  been  planted  in  what  is  now  North 
Carolina.       In    1670  William  Sayle   arrived  with   a  large 


i56 


PERIOD    OF   COLONIZATION. 


number  of  emigrants,  and  landed  within  the  limits  of  what  is 
now  South  Carolina.  These  colonists  first  stopped  at  Port 
Royal,  but  not  being  satisfied  with  the  place,  proceeded  to 
the  Ashley  River,  and,  upon  the  west  bank,  laid  the  foun- 
dation of  a  city,  which  they  named  Charlestown.  Ten  years 
after,  the  colony  was  removed  to  a  more  suitable  site,  called 
Oyster  Point,  and  the  city  became  known,  first,  as  Oyster 
Point  Town,  then,  Newr  Charlestown,  and  finally  Charleston 
(1782),  the  name  it  now  bears.  This  colony  received  the 
name  of  the  Carteret  Colony. 

On  the  death  of  Governor  William  Sayle,  the  year  after 
the  colony  was  founded  (1671),  Joseph  West  filled 
the  position  until  Sir  John 
Yeamans,  appointed  by  the 
Lords  Proprietor,  arrived  from 
the  Clarendon  Colony  (1672). 
Yeamans  was  followed  by  so 
many  Cape  Fear  settlers  that 
the  Clarendon  Colony  was 
soon  afterwards  abandoned. 
Among  his  possessions  were  a 
number  of  negroes,  brought 
originally  from  the  Barbadoes. 
Thus  was  slavery  first  intro- 
duced into  South  Carolina. 

As  time  passed  on,  the  Pro- 
prietors became  more  exacting, 
and  rents,  taxes  and  violation 
of  rights  became  sources  of 
much  contention.  A  flourish- 
ing trade  with  the  West  Indies 
had  brought  prosperity  to  the  colonies,  vet  it  was  sought 
to  place  restrictions  on  this  trade.       Controversies  between 


The  Grand  Model. 
Prior  to  the  year  1670  the  form  oi 
government  was,  for  the  most  part, 
satisfactory  to  the  colonists.  But 
when  the  Lords  Proprietors  saw  their 
vast  domain  filling  up  with  settlers,  the 
scheme  of  establishing  a  grand  Ameri- 
can empire  presented  itself.  Sik  Ash- 
ley Cooper,  who  had  become  Earl  of 
Shaftesbury,  and  John  Locke,  one  of 
the  most  renowned  of  philosophers, 
with  much  thought  and  deliberation, 
drew  up  "fundamental  constitutions" 
consisting  of  one  hundred  and  twenty 
articles.  These  articles  provided  for  a 
monarchy,  with  two  orders  of  nobility, 
the  landgraves,  or  earls,  and  the 
caciques,  or  barons.  The  territory  was 
to  be  divided  into  counties,  each  con- 
taining 48,000  acres,  and  the  popu- 
lation into  freeholders  and  tenants,  the 
latter  of  whom  were  to  have  no  politi- 
cal rights,  and  were  never  to  attain 
higher  rank.  The  proposed  form  of 
government  was  deemed  a  guano 
model  by  its  promulgators.  But  it  did 
not  suit  the  liberty-loving  Carolina 
colonists,  and  after  twenty  years  of 
effort  to  establish  it,  the  plan  had  to 
be  abandoned. 


CAROLINA, 


151 


the  colonists  and  Proprietors  continued  until  1729,  when 
the  latter  gladly  ceded  their  claims  to  the  English  crown, 
and  Carolina  was  divided  into  North  and  South,  and  became 
two  royal  provinces. 


2 


BLACKBOARD   FORM 


Visited  by 


Seti/ements  Attempted, 


Colonics  Founded. 


Other  Principal  Events. 


1584.     Am  id  as  and  Bat 
1663.     Capt.  Hilton. 

By  Huguenots  at  Port  Royal. 

By  New  Englanders  at  Cape  Fear. 


1562. 
1660. 
1585. 
1587. 


By  Raleigh  at  Roanoke. 


1653.    By  Roger  Green  {Alberm arte  Colony). 
1665.   John  Yeamans  {Clarendon  Colony'). 
1670.    By  Wm.  Say  1 6  {Carteret  Colony). 

1663.    Granted  to  Lords  Proprietors. 
1672.    Slavery  introduced. 
1680.    Founding  of  Charleston. 

(    North 

Separation  into 


1729.1       '  I  South 

Becomes  Royal  Provinces 


QUESTIONS. 

What  two  nations  claimed  the  territory  south  of  Virginia  ?  What  region 
of  North  Carolina  was  peopled  by  emigrants  from  Virginia?  Who  led  a 
colony  to  the  Chowan  River?  When?  To  whom  was  Carolina  granted  ? 
Name  the  Lords  Proprietors.  What  was  the  extent  of  the  territory  granted? 
How  was  Carolina  made  a  desirable  region  for  immigrants?  Name  some 
of  the  classes  of  people  among  the  early  settlers.  What  do  you  know 
of  the  organization  of  the  Albermarle  colony  ?  What  do  you  know  of  Sir 
John  Yeamans  ?  What  colony  was  established  at  the  mouth  of  the  Cape 
Fear  River?  When?  Where  did  William  Sayle  establish  a  colony?  When? 
What  do  you  know  of  the  founding  of  Charleston?  What  was  the  Charles- 
ton colony  called?  Who  succeeded  Sayle?  What  became  of  the  Clarendon 
colony?  What  do  you  know  of  the  introduction  of  slavery  into  South  Caro- 
lina? What  do  you  know  of  the  Grand  Model?  What  caused  much  conten- 
tion as  time  passed  on  ?     When  did   the  Carolinas  become  royal  provinces? 


^2 


PERIOD    OF    COLONIZATION. 


Georgia. 


CHAPTER  XV. 


Philanthropy   and    Protection. 

With  the  settlement  of  the  Carolinas,  English  occupancy 
rapidly  extended  down  the  coast  toward  the  Spanish  posses- 
sions. These  latter  were  a  constant  menace  to  the  settlers 
of  South  Carolina.  Several  times  was  Charleston  threatened 
and  invasion  feared.  Evil 
influences  were  continually 
exerted  by  the  Spaniards  upon 
the  Indians  and  slaves,  incit- 
ing the  former  to  hostilitv,  and 
the  latter  to  desert  their 
owners  and  take  refuge 
in  Florida.  It  was  deter- 
mined to  occupy  the  ter- 
ritory between  the 
Savannah  and 
Altamaha  Rivers,  4 
and  here  establish 
colonies  of  a' 
somewhat  military 
nature,  to  serve  as 
a  barrier  of  protection  for  the 
older  settlements.  A  grant  of 
the  region  for  twenty-one  years 
was  made  (173 2)  to  James  Ogle- 
thorpe, a  brilliant  young  Eng- 
lish officer  and  member  of  par- 
liament, who  had  sought  to  ob- 
tain itfor  a  benevolent  purpose  which  he  had  long  entertained. 


JAMES    OGLETHORPE 


James  Oglethorpe. 
Oglethorpe  was  a  warm-hearted  phi- 
I  lanthropist,  and  felt  the  deepest  sym- 
I  pathy  for  the  oppressed  poor  of  all 
I  countries  Many  prisons  in  Eng- 
|  land  were  filled  with  persons  whose 
j  only  offence  was  that  they  were  in 
debt  and  could  not  pay,  it  being 
the  law  in  those  days  to  im- 
prison for  debt,  whether  the 
amounts  were  large  or  small. 
Oglethorpe  had  investigated  i 
the  condition  of  these  prison- 
ers and  found  it  attended  with 
so  much  physical  suffering  and 
misery  that  he  was 
■;.;-'.  moved  to  make  his  grant 

a  refuge  for  them.  Many 
philanthropic  individu- 
als, through  his  influ- 
ence, lent  their  assist- 
ance, and  Parliament 
appropriated  a  large 
sum  of  money  to  aid  him 
in  carrying  out  his  be- 
nevolent designs. 
Oppressed  Protestants  from  all  coun- 
tries were  to  find  welcome.  Gentle 
Moravians  that  had  been  driven  from 
Austria,  and  Salzburgers  who,  for 
their  Lutheran  beliefs,  had  been  ex- 
iled from  their  Alpine  valleys  in  the 
same  country,  were  to  avail  themselves 
of  this  welcome.  The  conversion  of 
the  Indians  to  Christianity  was  by  no 
means  the  least  of  Oglethorpe's  good 
motives. 


GEORGIA. 


iS3 


One  hundred  and  twenty  emigrants  arrived  at  Charleston 
in  January,  1733,  where  a  most  kindly  reception  was 
accorded  them.  Continuing  on  their  course,  they  landed  at 
Port  Royal,  but  Oglethorpe  and  a  few  others,  pushing  south- 
ward, found  an  admirable  site  for  a  city  upon  the  bank  of 
what  is  now  the  Savannah  River.  Here  they  were  joined  by 
the  others,  and  the  foundations  of  the  present  city  of  Savan- 
nah were  laid  (1733). 


OGLETHORPE    AND    TOMO    CHICHI. 


The  neighboring  Indians  were  conciliated,  and  ToMO 
Chichi,  sachem  of  the  Indian  confederacy  existing  in  those 
parts,  while  earnestly  expressing  a  desire  for  peace,  presented 
Oglethorpe  with  a  handsomely  ornamented  buffalo  robe, 
lined  with  eagle  feathers,  calling  attention  to  jts  softness  and 
warmth  as  emblematic  of  that  love  and  protection  which  the 
Indians  hoped  to  receive  from  their  white  friend*. 


i54 


PERIOD    OF    COLONIZATION 


A  subsequent  treaty  with  other  Indian  chiefs  gave  the 
English  control  of  the  territory  as  far  as  the  St.  John's  River, 
and  as  emigrants  arrived,  other  settlements  were  made. 
In  1734  a  colony  of  Salzburgers  established  themselves  thirty 
miles  in  the  interior,  at  a  pleasant  spot,  which  they  named 
Ebenezer.  In  1735  a  company  of  Scotch  Highlanders  set- 
tled at  Darien,  and  in  this  same  year  the  city  of  Augusta  was 
founded.  Another  company  of  immigrants  founded  the  city 
of  Frederica  in  1738.  In  eight  years  the  population  of  the 
Georgia  colonies  numbered   more  than  twenty-five  hundred. 

War  with  Spain  being  im- 
minent, Oglethorpe  repaired  to 
England  in  1737,  and,  equip- 
ping a  well-disciplined  com- 
pany of  six  hundred  men,  re- 
turned with  the  appointment  of 
Commander-in-chief  of  all 
militia  of  South  Carolina  and 
Georgia.  We  shall  learn  how 
he  distinguished  himself  in  the 
war  that  occurred  two  years  afterward.  Georgia  became  a 
royal  province  in  1752. 

BLACKBOARD   FORM. 


Continually  threatened  by  the  Span- 
iards, there  were  many  military  feat- 
ures attached  to  the  Georgia  colonies. 
Lots  of  twenty-five  acres  were  granted 
in  return  for  military  service.  Strict 
regulations  were  enforced.  Trade  with 
the  West  Indies  was  prohibited,  as  one 
of  the  most  important  articles  of  import 
was  rum.  Slavery  was  not  permitted. 
In  time,  these  restrictions  caused  much 
discontent  among  the  Georgians  who 
beheld  their  Carolina  neighbors  grow- 
ing rich  with  their  cultivated  fields  and 
unhampered  commerce;  the  regula- 
tions were  therefore  altered. 


GEORGIA, 


1733.  Savannah  founded. 

1734.  Salzburgers  settle  at   Ebenezer. 
\  Augusta  founded. 

[  Darien  founded. 
1738.      Frederica  founded. 
1740.      Troubles  with  Spaniards, 
1752.      Becomes  a  Royal  Province. 


QUESTIONS. 
What  menaced  the  settlements  of  South   Carolina?     How  did  the  Span- 
iards of  Florida  act  towards  the  English  north  of  them?     How  was   it  deter- 


LOUISIANA. 


*55 


mined  to  protect  the  Carolina  settlements?  What  do  you  know  of  James 
Oglethorpe?  What  grant  did  he  obtain?  When?  For  how  long?  For 
whom  did  Oglethorpe's  grant  serve  as  a  refuge?  What  do  you  know  of  the 
founding  of  Savannah?  When  was  it  founded?  How  did  Tomo  Chichi 
receive  Oglethorpe?  When  was  Ebenezer  founded?  By  whom?  When 
was  Darien  settled?  Augusta?  Frederica?  What  was  the  growth  of  the 
Georgia  colony?  What  was  prohibited  to  the  early  Georgia  colonists? 
Why  did  these  prohibitions  cause  dissatisfaction?  When  did  Oglethorpe 
repair  to  England?     Why?     When  did  Georgia  become  a  royal  province? 


Louisiana. 

CHAPTER  XVI. 


French    Barriers    to    Westward    Expansion. 


The  forts  established  by  La 
Salle  and  Tonti  in  the  upper 
portion  of  the  Louisiana  terri- 
tory subsequently  became  set- 
tlements. Nothing  was  done 
to  occupy  the  lower  portion 
until  1699,  when  Lemoine 
jVIberville,  a  brave  naval 
officer  who  had  distinguished 
himself  in  the  wars  of  France, 
and  had  seen  much  service 
in  Canada,  Hudson  Bay,  and 
Newfoundland,  set  out  to  redis- 
cover the  mouth  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi, and  there  establish  a 
colony.  He  was  accompanied 
by  his  brothers,  Bienville  and 
Sauvolle.  The  first  point 
reached  was  the  Florida  coast, 
near  what  is  now    Pensacola, 


La  Salle  in  Texas. 

After  reaching  the  mouth  of  the  Mis 
sissippi,  La  Salle  retraced  his  course, 
and  from  Canada  again  went  to 
Fiance.  Provided  with  the  ships 
Joli  and  Amiable,  the  brig  La  Belle 
and  the  ketch  St.  Francis,  he  set  out 
with  a  colony  of  two  hundred  and  fifty 
persons  to  occupy  the  territory  he  had 
explored  for  France.  This  colony  in- 
cluded twelve  young  gentlemen,  rive 
clergymen,  fifty  soldiers  and  twelve 
families  of  immigrants,  all  well  sup- 
plied with  provisions  and  implements. 

The  St.  Francis,  being  a  slow  sailer, 
was  captured  by  Spanish  privateers. 
The  remaining  vessels  safely  entered 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  steering  north 
west,  reached  the  coast  some  distance 
to  the  west  of  their  intended  destina- 
tion. The  selection  of  the  naval  com 
mander,  Beaujeu,  had  been  most 
unfortunate.  His  stubborness  and 
jealousy  did  much  to  defeat  the 
ends  of  the  expedition,  and  La  Salle 
was  left  for  the  most  part  to  his  own 
resources. 

An  exploring  party,  sent  on  land, 
journeyed  along  the  coast  and  found 
an  inlet,  the  channel  of  which  was 
staked  so  that  the  vessels  could  en- 
ter in  safety.  This,  the  Joli  and  La 
Helledid  ;  but  the  Amiable,  ignoring:!  I ; 


r^6 


PERIOD    OF    COLONIZATION. 


precaution,  struck  a  sandbar  and  soon 
went  to  pieces.  Tiie  bay  entered  was 
called  St.  Bernard,  and  is  now  known 
as  Matagorda.  As  soon  as  the  colo- 
nists landed,  Beaujeu  returned  to 
France,  leaving  the  La  l>elle,  hut  the 
wreck  of  this  vessel  occurring  shortly 
after,  the  colonists  were  rendered  de- 
pendent upon  their  own  resources  in 
an  unknown  region.  They  ascended 
a  river  which  they  named  Les  Vaches 
(Lavaca),  from  the  buffaloes  they  saw 
on  the  banks  and  mistook  for  cattle. 
They  landed  and  built  Fort  St.  Louis 
(16S6). 

Two  expeditions  to  the  northeast 
were  made  by  La  Salle,  with  the  object 
of  reaching  the  French  posts  or  forts  in 
Illinois.  Upon  the  second  expedition, 
accompanied  by  his  brother,  nephew, 
and  eighteen  others,  he  penetrated  to 
the  eastern  part  of  what  is  now  Texas. 
Here,  in  revenge  for  some  fancied 
injury,  Lancelot,  one  of  the  men, 
formed  a  plot  against  him,  and  was 
joined  by  three  others,  Liotot,  Hiens 
and  Duhault.  La  Salle,  enticed  from 
camp,  was  waylaid  and  killed  by  Du- 
hault. The  expedition  went  to  pieces 
after  La  Salle's  death.  The  malcon- 
tents took  up  their  abode  with  neigh- 
boring Indians.  La  Salle's  brother 
and  six  others  made  their  way  to  the 
land  of  the  Arkansas,  where  two 
Frenchmen  from  Canada  were  found. 
From  these  it  was  learned  that  Tonti 
had  journeyed  down  to  the  mouth  of 
the  river  to  join  La  Salle  and  had  re- 
turned, little  knowing  how  sad  was 
the  need  of  his  old  commander,  then 
wandering  in  the  wilds  of  Texas,  for 
faithful  servitors. 

As  soon  as  the  Spaniards  of  Mexico 
became  apprised  of  the  St.  Louis  set- 
tlement, its  location  being  upon  Span- 
ish territory,  they  determined  to  destroy 
it.  A  force  under  Alonzo  de  Leon 
was  dispatched  (April  17S9)  to  lay 
siege  to  it,  but  the  settlement  was 
found  deserted.  The  few  who  had 
escaped  death  from  privation  and 
disease  had  wandered  away  and  were 
captured  by  the  neighboring  Indians, 
from  whom  several  were  afterwards 
recovered. 


where  they  found  a  company 
of  Spaniards  in  possession. 
Sailing  further,  they  anchored 
in  what  is  now  Mobile  Bay, 
from  which  point  much  of  the 
coast  was  explored  in  smaller 
boats.  They  entered  the  Mis- 
sissippi through  one  of  the  nu- 
merous lagoons  that  led  from  it 
some  distance  above  its  mouth, 
and,  after  proceeding  up  as  far 
as  the  Red  River,  returned  to 
a  bayou,  called  Manchac. 
Here  the  brothers  separated, 
Bienville  continued  down  the 
river  and  Iberville  returned  by 
way  of  a  chain  of  lakes,  two 
of  which  he  named  Maurepas 
and  Pontchar train,  after 
French  noblemen  at  that  time 
prominent.  A  settlement  was 
established  at  a  point  on  the 
coast,  and  called  Biloxi  ( 1699), 
after  a  near  and  friendly  tribe 
of  Indians.  Sauvolle  was  ap- 
pointed governor,  and  as  soon 
as  the  building  of  a  fort  was  well 
under  way,  Iberville  sailed  to 
France,  from  which  he  shortly 
returned  and  founded  a  set- 
tlement near  what  is  now 
Mobile. 

The  growth  of  these  French 
settlements    was   slow.       In    a 


LOUISIANA. 


*57 


few  years  Iberville  died  (1706),  and  the  management  ol 
affairs  fell  to  Bienville.  Much  of  the  neighboring  territory 
by  this  time  had  been  explored,  and  English  traders  from  the 


DEATH    OF    LA    SALLE 


Carolinas  were   already   making    their    way   towards    these 
regions.     To  keep  back  the  English,  Fort  Rosalie  was  built 


158 


PERIOD    OF    COLONIZATION. 


near  the  present  town  of  Natchez  (1716),  and  not  long  after, 
Natchitoches,  on  the  Red  River,  to  oppose  the  claims  of 
the  Spaniards  of  Mexico,  who  were  beginning  to  encroach 
from  the  southwest.  The  territory  was  granted  to  Anthony 
Crozat  (1712),  and  in  consequence  of  his  inordinate  pro- 
prietorial privileges  and  monopolies,  but  little  progress  waa 
made  toward  actual  settlement. 

In  1 7 17  control  passed  to  John  Law,  a  Scotchman  living 
in  France.  He  organized  the  celebrated  Mississippi  Com- 
pany, which,  though   established  upon  an  unstable  basis  of 

IT 


FOUNDING    OF    NEW    ORLEANS. 


wild  speculation,  and  destined  to  a  financial  collapse,  gave 
the  first  great  impulse  to  Louisiana  colonization.  The  expe- 
rienced Bienville  was  appointed  governor.  Eight  hundred 
emigrants  were  sent  over,  part  of  whom  settled  at  Biloxi, 
while  the  rest  went  on  to  the  Mississippi  River.  Selecting  a 
spot  but  a  few  feet  above  the  surrounding  swamps,  Bienville 
laid  the  foundations  of  the  city  of  New  Orleans  (1718). 
Lands  were  sold  and  granted  along  the  river,  and  planta- 
tions laid  out.  Slaves  were  brought  from  St.  Domingo  and 
other  West  India  Islands.    Posts  were  established  on  the  river 


LOUISIANA.  I59 

above  and  below.  Intercourse  was  opened  with  the  settle- 
ments in  Illinois  and  Canada.  Thus  was  the  French  power 
firmly  established  in  the  heart  of  the  continent,  from  the  gulf 
of  St.  Lawrence  on  the  northeast  to  the  gulf  of  Mexico  on 
the  southwest ;  but  slowly  sweeping  back  from  the  Atlantic 
seaboard,  a  wave  of  English  emigration  was  approaching, 
whose  contact  the  French  were  soon  destined  to  feel. 

QUESTIONS. 

What  do  you  know  of  La  Salle's  attempt  to  colonize  Louisiana?  Of 
whom  did  his  colony  consist?  Where  did  he  land?  When?  What  do  you 
know  of  the  Texas  settlement  of  St.  Louis  ?  What  was  the  fate  of  La  Salle  ? 
What  happened  after  his  death?  What  do  you  know  of  Alonzo  de  Leon? 
What  did  the  forts  in  the  upper  Mississippi  become?  By  whom  was  Biloxi 
founded?  What  do  you  know  of  Bienville?  What  explorations  were  made 
by  Bienville  and  Iberville?  Why  was  Fort  Rosalie  built?  When?  Natch- 
itoches? What  progress  was  made  by  Louisiana  under  Crozat?  What  do 
you  know  of  John  Law?  What  do  you  know  of  the  founding  of  New 
Orleans?  How  was  the  French  power  established  in  the  heart  of  the  conti- 
nent? Between  what  two  gulfs  did  the  American  dominions  of  France 
extend?  What  was  to  sweep  back  from  the  Atlantic  coast  and  come  in  con- 
tact with  them? 

BLACKBOARD   FORM. 


LOUISIANA. 


1642     Visited  by  De  Soto. 
1681      Explored  by  La  Salle. 

f  f  Iberville. 

\  Explored  by  i 
1699  <  I  Bienville. 

[Settlement  of  Biloxi,  (Miss.) 
1712      Granted  to  Crozat. 

1716  Fort  Rosalie  established. {Miss.) 

1717  Granted  to  Mississippi  Company. 

1718  New  Orleans  founded. 


SEARCH  QUESTIONS. 
Who  was  John  Locke.,  and  what  was  his  greatest  work  ?  Who  was  William  Drummond 
and  what  was  his  fate  ?  What  was  the  "Mississippi  Bubble"?  How  came  Penn  by 
his  claim  against  the  king  ?  What  did  Penn  's  land  cost  him  ?  What  high  appoint- 
ment in  America  did  Oglethorpe  decline  ?  Who  were  the  "Casket  Girls"?  Who  was 
Seth  Sothel  ?  Where  is  the  Dismal  Swamp  and  what  is  the  name  of  the  lake  in  it  ? 
What  English  ship  captain  entering  the  Mississippi  was  turned  back  by  Bienville  ?  What 
is  the  "east  shore  of  Virginia  "?     After  whom  was  Fort  Rosalie  named? 


i6o 


PERIOf)    OF    COLONISATION. 


REVIEW  OUTLINE 


SETTLEMENTS    BY   NATIONS, 


SETTLEMENTS. 


French 


1562  SOUTH  CAROLINA  (Attempted). 

1564  FLORIDA   (Attempted). 

1605  NOVA  SCOTIA. 

1608  CANADA. 

1685  TEXAS  (Attempted). 

1699  MISSISSIPPI. 

1718  LOUISIANA. 


Spanish.  |  1565  FL0R,DA 

r  I  1582  NEW  MEXICO. 

Dutch  ond\  ni13  N£w  York. 

Swedish,   |  1G38  D£LAWAHE- 


English.     < 


'1585 

NORTH  CAROLINA  (Attempted) 

1602 

MASSACHUSETTS  (Attempted). 

1606 

MAINE  (Attempted). 

1607 

VIRGINIA. 

1620 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

1623 

NEW     HAMPSHIRE. 

1630 

MAINE. 

1633 

CONNECTICUT. 

1634 

MARYLAND. 

1636 

RHODE  ISLAND. 

1653 

NORTH  CAROLINA. 

1664 

NEW  JERSEY. 

1670 

SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

1681 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

.1733 

GEORGIA. 

REVIKW    OF    SECOND    PKRIOI). 


i6i 


REVIEW    OUTLINE. 


RELATIVE    TIME    OF    SETTLEMENT. 


FIRST 
SETTLEMENTS. 


1562  SOUTH  CAROLINA     PORT  ROYAL  (Attempted). 

1564  FLORIDA  FT.  CAROLINA  (Attempted) 

1565  FLORIDA  ST.   AUGUSTINE 
1582  NEW  MEXICO  SANTA  FE. 

1585  NORTH  CAROLINA     ROANOKE  (Attempted). 

1602  MASSACHUSETTS     ELIZABETH  ISLAND  (Att'd). 

1605  NOVA  SCOTIA PORT  ROYAL. 

1606  MAINE KENNEBEC  R.   (Attempted). 

1607  VIRGIN/A JAMESTOWN. 

1608  CANADA  QUEBEC. 

1613  NEW  YORK  NEW  AMSTERDAM 

1620  MASSACHUSETTS     PLYMOUTH. 

1623  NEW  HAMPSHIRE.  PORTSMOUTH. 

1630  MAINE  SACO. 

1633  CONNECTICUT HARTFORD. 

1634  MARYLAND  ST.  MARY'S. 
1636  RHODE  ISLAND  PROVIDENCE. 

1638  DELAWARE  CHRISTIANA 

1653  NORTH  CAROLINA    EDENTON. 

1664  NEW  JERSEY  ELIZABETHTOWN. 

1670  SOUTH  CAROLINA     CHARLESTON. 

1681  PENNSYLVANIA         SCHUYLKILL  RIVER. 

1685  TEXAS  FT.  ST.  LOUIS  (Attempted). 

1699  MISSISSIPPI  BILOXI. 

1718  LOUISIANA NEW  ORLEANS. 

1733  GEORGIA  SAVANNAH 


i6i 


PERIOD   0*'  COLONISATION, 


REVIEW   QUESTIONS. 

Name  three  settlements  attempted  by  the  French  and  locate  each.  Three 
1)  v  the  English.  What  was  the  first  permanent  French  settlement  in  Amer- 
ica? English?  What  is  the  oldest  town  in  the  United  States?  Second 
oldest?  Name  five  sects  that  sought  relief  from  religious  persecution  in 
America.  What  do  you  know  of  the  "  Lost  Colony  of  America?  "  The  first 
English  church?  The  first  trial  by  jury?  What  part  did  John  Smith  take  in  the 
settlement  of  Virginia?  Name  eight  governors  of  colonial  Virginia.  What 
do  you  know  of  the  introduction  of  slavery?  The  first  Colonial  Assembly? 
Who  were  the  Huguenots?  Patroons?  Pilgrims?  Waloons?  Puritans? 
Quakers?  Salzburgers?  Non-Conformists?  What  do  you  know  of  the 
London  Company?  Plymouth  Company?  East  India  Company?  West 
India  Company?  Mississippi  Company?  Name  four  Dutch  governors 
of  New  York.  Name  four  settlements  established  by  the  Dutch.  What  do 
you  know  of  the  Mayflower?  The  Hind  and  the  Squirrel?  The  Concord? 
The  Mary  and  John?  The  Susan  Constant?  The  Speedwell?  The  Ark  and 
Dove?  The  Welcome?  What  do  you  know  of  the  settlement  of  Plymouth? 
Who  named  New  England?  What  do  you  know  of  the  Massachusetts 
Charter?  Who  was  Anne  Hutchinson?  Name  and  locate  five  Connecticut 
settlements.  When  and  by  whom  was  each  made?  When  was  Philadelphia 
founded?  Charleston?  New  Orleans?  Boston?  New  York?  Baltimore? 
Savannah?  What  was  Mason  and  Dixon's  line?  Who  were  the  Lords 
Proprietors?  What  were  the  principal  features  of  the  Grand  Model? 
What  do  you  know  of  the  Carteret  Colony?  After  whom  was  New  York 
named?  Carolina?  Maryland?  Delaware?  New  Jersey?  Pennsylvania? 
Louisiana?  New  Hampshire?  Georgia?  Baltimore?  Jamestown?  Say- 
brook?  What  do  you  know  of  La  Salle  in  Texas?  Name  five  settlements 
in  Georgia.  When  and  by  whom  were  each  established?  Who  killed 
La  Salle? 


REVIEW   EXERCISES. 

V*~  (BIOGRAPHICAL.) 

Exercise  I — Tell  who  each  of  the  following  was.  Exercise  II — What  did 
he  do?  Exercise  III — Associate  the  name  of  a  place  with  each.  Exercise 
IV — Associate  a  date  with  each  name  in  italics. 

Green.  Clay  borne.  Iberville. 

Tomo-Chichi.  Drummond.         Codding-ton. 

Law.  Sayle.  Hooker. 

Penn.  Duhault.  Mason. 

Gorges.  Davenport.  Tonti. 

Squanto.  Blackstone  Calvert. 


Bienville. 

Hilton. 

Oglethorpe. 

Crozat. 

Canonicus. 

Teaman  $ 

Winthrop. 

Vane. 

Carver. 

Samoset, 

Wvatt. 

Keift 

REVIEW    OF    SECOND    PERIOD. 


163 


Nexvport. 

Pocahontas 

Weymouth . 

White. 

Hunt. 

Gilbert. 

De  Gourjgue, 


Ycardly. 

Gates. 
Pring. 

Greenville. 
Smith. 
Lane. 
Ribaut. 


Stuyvesant, 

Argall. 

Skitwarres. 

Dare. 
Kendall. 
Wingina. 
Laudoniere. 


Stand  ish. 
Van  Twiller 

„  I  in  a  (/(is. 

Dale. 

Gosnold. 

Raleigh. 

Goligni. 

(GEOGRAPHICAL.) 


J  J  'illiams. 

White. 

Mi  11  k  it ' . 

Powhattan. 

Ratclitt. 

\Y  ingfield. 

Melcndez. 


A 


Exercise  V  —  Locate  each  of  the  following.  Exercise  VI  —  State  some 
historical  fact  connected  with  each.  Exercise  VII — Associate  a  name  and 
date  with  place  printed  in  italics. 


Ply  in  011  th. 

Saco. 

Baltimore, 

Fredrica. 

Christiana . 
Augusta  (Ga.) 
Nciu  Orleans. 


Salem . 

Fort  Good  Hope. 

Hartford. 

Provincetown. 

Fort  Orange. 

Savannah. 

Quebec.     -     f 


Boston . 

Say  brook. 

Southampton. 

Newport. 

Edenton. 

Charleston, 

Biloxi. 


Ley  den. 

Providence. 
St.  Mary's. 
New  Amsterdam. 
Philadelphia. 
Roanoke  Island . 
Fort  St.  Louis. 


Fort  Carolina  (S.  C)  Martha's  Vineyard.  Ft.  Carolina  (Fla. )  Satquin .  «^N 

Jamestorvn.  St.  Augustine.  Chesapeake.  New  England. 

To  the  Teacher — Write  the  foregoing  names  upon  slips  of  paper — one  to  each.  Fold  and  mix 
thoroughly.  Test  the  class  by  having  each  pupil  draw  at  random  a  name  to  serve  as  his 
topic  of  recitation.  Have  the  remainder  of  the  class  supply  whatever  information  lie  may  fail 
to  give.     A  fascinating  "history  match"  can  be  conducted  upon  the  same  plan, 


PREPARATORY  NOTES. 


TO    CHAPTERS    I,    II    AND    III. 


Geography. — Note  the  position  of  Richmond,  Va.  In  what  part  of  Con- 
necticut is  the  Mystic  River?  Where  is  Fairfield?  Weathertield?  Hartford? 
Windsor?  In  what  part  of  Massachusetts  is  Swan/.ey?  Deerfield?  Hadley? 
In  what  part  of  North  Carolina  is  New  Berne?  In  what  part  of  Mississippi 
is  Natchez? 

Definition  of  Words. — Surplus,  supremacy,  domain,  adapt,  extermination, 
depredations,  dissuade,  succor,  calamitous. 

Pronunciation  of  Names. — Opecancanough,  Graffenreid,  Neuse,  Tuscaro- 
ras,  Pocotaligo,  Coosawhatchie,  De  Chopart,  Perier. 

PARALLEL   READINGS. 

Reference. — Howison's  "History  of  Virginia,"  Ilollister's  "  History  of  Connecticut,'' 
Du  Pratz'  "  History  of  Louisiana,"  Moore's  "  History  of  North  Carolina." 

Genekae. — Cooke's  "  Virginia,"  Campbell's  "History  of  Virginia."  Church's  "History 
of  the  Great  Indian  War  of  167c,"  Drake's  "  Making  of  New  England,"  Gayarri's  "  History 

ot    Louisiana,"  Doyle's  "  English  Colonies   in   America"  (vol.1),    Johnston's  "History  of 
Connecticut." 

Toeic'a  1..—  "  Virginia  Massacre,"  "  Opecancanough,"  "  Pequod  War,"  "  Sassacns," 
"  King  Phillip's  War,"  "  Baron  Graffenreid,"  "Tuscarora  War,"  "  Yamassee  War,"  "Nat- 
chez War." 


THIRD    PERIOD. 


COLONIAL    DEVELOPMENT, 


The  Growing  Colonies 


CHAPTER  I. 


The  Beginning  of  Indian    Extinction. 

THE  establishment  of  colonies  is  often  conducive  to  the 
welfare  of  a  nation.  They  serve  as  outlets  for  its  surplus 
population,  create  new  markets 
and  demands  for  its  products 
and  manufactures,  and  add  to 
its  glories  that  of  increased 
dominion.  Hence  it  was  that 
the  three  great  nations  of 
Europe  —  England,  France, 
and  Spain  —  encouraged  emi- 
gration to  the  New  World. 

Man,  in  his  savage  state,  re- 
quires a  larger  area  of  territory, 
for  his  subsistence,  than  when 
civilized.  Depending  for  food 


Conflicting  Claims. 
The  Spanish  power  was  established, 
as  we  have  seen,  in  the  southern  part 
of  North  America,  the  territorial  claims 
of  Spain  extending  northward  indefi- 
nitely. The  claims  of  France  embraced 
Canada  and  the  Mississippi  Valley 
from  the  Alleghanies  westward.  Eng- 
land claimed  all  that  region  of  the  con- 
tinent bordering  upon  the  Atlantic, 
and  lying  between  the  French  posses- 
sions on  the  north  and  those  of  the 
Spanish  on  the  south,  and  extending 
from  ocean  to  ocean.  Boundaries  thus 
far  were  undetermined  and  claims  con- 
flicted. A  struggle  for  supremacy  was 
inevitable.  The  title  of  the  Indian,  by 
original  possession,  to  the  territory 
claimed,  was  taken  into  no  con- 
sideration. 


TliE    GROWING    COLONIES. 


i6S 


upon  the  products  of  the  chase,  he  finds  it  necessary  to 
change  his  place  of  abode  from  time  to  time.  The  narrowing 
of  his  hunting  grounds  is  followed  by  a  scarcity  of  game. 
Hence  the  Indians  beheld  with  alarm  great  numbers  of 
whites  coming  to  their  shores,  intruding  upon  their  domain, 
and  appropriating   their  territory.      It   was    not  long  before 

they  manifested  their  hostility. 
The  marriage  of  Pocahon- 
tas, daughter  of  Powhattan,  to 
the  English  John  RoJfe,  estab- 
lished a  certain  degree  of 
friendliness  between  the  whites 
and  Indians  of  Virginia.  But 
Opitcii  vpan,  the  successor 
of  the  old  chief,  possessed 
little  strength  of  character,  and 
the  control  of  affairs  soon  fell 
to  Opecancanough,  an  in- 
veterate foe  to  the  English. 
This  chief  lost  no  time  in  in- 
citing his  warriors  to  hostility, 
and  secretly  set  about  the  de- 
struction of  the  settlers. 

A  friendly  intercourse  was 
maintained  up  to  the  last  mo- 
ment, and,  all  unsuspected, 
the  blow  fell  (1622).  Planta- 
tions were  surprised  and  three  hundred  and  forty-nine  set- 
tlers were  put  to  death.  Jamestown,  however,  escaped, 
timely  warning  having  been  given  to  it  by  an  Indian  convert. 
A  terrible  war  followed  this  massacre.  The  number  of 
the  colonists  w?3  reduced  from  four  thousand  to  twenty-five 
hundred,  and  the  settlements  and  plantations,  from  eighty  to 


Indian  Hostility. 
The  English  colonics  suffered  most 
severely  from  Indian  hostility.  Their 
early  history  is  filled  with  revengeful 
deeds,  conflicts  and  bloody  massacres. 
There  was  a  marked  contrast  between 
the  treatment  of  the  Indian  by  the 
French  and  by  the  English.  The  for- 
mer adapted  themselves  to  his  manncis 
and  customs,  and  so  entered  into  the 
spirit  of  his  everyday  life  that  they  wen 
their  way  to  his  heart,  and  secured  his 
friendship.  Their  objects  were  trade 
and  dominion,  and  their  occupancy  in- 
terfered but  little  with  his  natural  rights. 
The  English,  on  the  other  hand,  cov- 
eted his  land,  and  wished  to  be 
rid  of  his  presence.  The  few  that 
came  first  inspired  no  alarm.  Pow- 
hattan in  Virginia,  sought  to  restrain 
his  subjects  by  saying,  "Ect  them 
alone;  they  harm  you  not;  they  but 
take  a  little  land."  Massasoit,  in  Mas- 
sachusetts, offered  no  objection  against 
the  landing  of  the  Pilgrims,  and  even 
entered  into  an  alliance  with  them. 
Little  did  either  chieftain  know  that 
these  few  were  to  be  followed  by  num- 
bers, and  that  against  the  white  tide, 
soon  to  sweep  upon  them,  all  savage 
valor,  treachery,  and  treaty  were  to 
avail  little;  and  that  in  its  onsweepwas 
to  be  their  race's  doom. 


l66  PERIOD    OE    COLONIAL    DEVELOPMENT. 

six.  The  Indians,  however,  were  driven  back  into  the  wil- 
derness ;  their  power  was  broken ;  and  a  larger  area  of  ter- 
ritory was  opened  to  English  occupancy.  Twenty-two  years 
of  peace  followed,  during  which  all  traces  of  the  war  disap- 
peared, and  prosperity  again  smiled. 

But  Opecancanough  brooded  long  over  plans  for 
revenge.  At  length,  drawing  to  his  side  several  tribes, 
he  again  fell  upon  the  outer  settlements  (1644)  and  massa- 
cred five  hundred  colonists  on  the  first  day.  A  force  from 
Jamestown  soon  reached  the  scene,  and  a  wrar  of  extermina- 
tion began.  The  Indians  were  hunted  down  and  many  were 
slain.  Opecancanough  himself,  now  one  hundred  years  old, 
was  captured  and  brought  to  Jamestown,  where  he  was  shot. 
After  his  death  another  season  of  peace  was  enjoyed  . 

QUESTIONS. 

How  do  colonies  sometimes  promote  the  welfare  of  a  nation  ?  What  three 
European  nations  established  colonies  in  America?  What  were  the  territo- 
rial claims  of  each?  What  title  had  the  Indians  to  the  territory  claimed  by 
these  European  nations?  What  does  man  in  his  savage  state  require  for  sub- 
sistence ?  Why  ?  How  did  the  French  differ  from  the  English  in  their  treatment 
of  the  Indians?  How  did  Povvhattan  receive  the  first  settlers?  Massasoit?' 
What  followed  the  death  of  Powhattan?  What  do  you  know  of  the  Indiau 
war  of  1622?     1644? 

CHAPTER  II. 

Indian   Conflicts  —  Northern    Colonies. 

When  Roger  Williams  established  his  colony  in  Rhode 
Island  he  was  kindly  received  by  Canonicus,  the  Narragan- 
sett  chief.  Far  different  was  the  reception  of  the  Connect- 
icut settlers  by  Sassacus,  chief  of  the  Pequods,  for  hardly 
had  they  established  themselves  in  their  new  homes  when. 
Indian  depredations  began  (1634). 

Determined  to  break  the  power  of  the  hostile  tribe,  the 
towns  of    ilaitford,   Weathersrield,   and  Windsor  at  length 


THE    GROWING    COLONIES.  167 

organized  a  force  of  ninety  men,  under  Captain  John 
Mason.  Accompanied  by  seventy  Indian  allies,  under 
UNCAS,the  friendly  chief  of  the  Mohegans,  Mason  proceeded 

against  the  Pequod  strongholds 
on  the  Mystic  river,  and  arrived 
two  hours  before  dawn. 
Through  the  stillness  and 
dark,  just  as  the  attack  began, 
came  the  alarm  of  a  Pequod 
sentinel,  "  Oivanux!  Owa- 
nuxf"  "Englishmen!  Ene- 
lishmen !  "  The  interior  of  the 
palisaded  fort  was  soon  gained, 
and  for  some  time  a  one-sided  contest  was  waged.  At  length 
the  village  was  fired  and  its  fleeing  occupants  put  to  death. 
Five  hundred  men,  women,  and  children  perished. 

The  Pequod  war  was  fol- 
lowed by  forty  years  of  com- 
parative peace,   during  which 


The  Pequods. 
The  Pequod  being  the  most  powerful 
of  the  Connecticut  tribes,  Sassacus 
succeeded  in  organizing-  a  league 
against  the  whites.  The  Narnigan- 
setts  were  dissuaded  from  joining  by 
Roger  Williams.  Several  murders 
were  committed.  The  hostiles  lurked 
about  the  Connecticut  forts,  way- 
laid settlers  and  destroyed  every- 
thing they  could  reach.  For  three 
years  the  colonists  lived  in  a  state  of 
uncertainty  and  terror,  and  finally  the 
situation  could  be  borne  no  longer. 


Fate  of  Sassacus. 
From  a  neighboring  fort,  Sassacus 
hurried  to  the  rescue  with  three  hundred 
of  his  best  warriors,  but  arrived  too 
late  to  stay  the  destruction.  His 
attacks  upon  the  returning  colo- 
nists were  ineffectual.  Disheartened 
by  disaster,  he  made  his  way  towards 
the  Hudson,  with  about  eighty  of  his 
warriors.  He  was  followed  and  over- 
taken in  a  swamp,  near  what  is  now 
Fairfield,  Conn.,  from  which  he  es- 
caped after  a  severe  action.  The  war 
was  prosecuted  with  such  persistence 
that  the  Pequod  tribe  was  destroyed. 
Some  of  the  captives  were  sent  as 
slaves  to  the  West  Indies.  A  few 
survivors  joined  the  Mohegans  and 
Narragansetts. 


the  New  England  colonists  in- 


creased in  number  to  more 
than  sixty  thousand.  While 
Massasoit  lived,  the  Wampa- 
noags  remained  peaceful;  but 
his  sons,  Philip  and  Alex- 
ander, did  not  inherit  the 
friendly  spirit  of  the  old  chief; 
and  when  Philip  became 
sachem,  he  organized  a  con- 
federacy of  Indian  tribes,  for  the  purpose  of  destroying  the 
rapidly  increasing  power  of  the  whites. 

King  Philip's   War  began  with  an  attack  upon  Swan- 
eey,  Mass.  ( 1675  ),  in  which  several  persons  were  killed.  The 


1 68  PERIOD    OF    COLONIAL    DEVELOPMENT. 

whole  country  taking  alarm,  troops  were  sent  from  Boston 
and  Plymouth  against  the  savages.  Philip  was  besieged  at 
Pocasset  for  thirteen  days,  but  managed  to  escape.  Other 
tribes  were  drawn  into  the  conflict.  The  town  of  Deerfield 
was  attacked  and  burned  (September  n);  but  in  their  at- 
tempts against  Hadley  and  Hatfield,  the  savages  were  repulsed. 

The  Indian  uprising  soon  extended  to  the  tribes  of  Maine 
and  New  Hampshire.  The  Narragansetts  did  not  openly  join 
in  the  hostilities,  but  it  was  believed  that  they  were  encouraging 
and  succoring  Philip.  A  force  sent  against  them  destroyed 
one  of  their  towns  in  which  many  of  them  had  taken  refuge. 
More  than  a  thousand  of  them  being  killed,  the  remnant 
joined  Philip.  Towns  were  now  subjected  to  the  fury  of 
Indian  attack,  but  the  aroused  colonists  maintained  the  conflict 
with  energy. 

The  war  in  Massachusetts, 
which  ended  with  King  Philip's 
death,  was  the  most  calamitous 
with  which  the  early  colonies 
were  afflicted.  More  than  six 
hundred  settlers  fell  during  the 
course  of  the  conflict,  and  as 
many  dwellings  were  destroy- 
ed.    It  resulted  in  the  almost 


Death  of  King  Philip. 
One  of  the  most  celehrated  of  the 
Indian  fighters  at  this  time  was  Cap- 
tain Church.  When  it  was  learned 
that  Philip  had  returned  to  his  resi- 
dence at  Mount  Hope,  or  Pokanoket, 
after  having  failed  to  induce  the  Mo- 
hawks to  join  him.  Church  hastened 
with  a  company  to  surprise  him.  His 
place  of  refuge  in  the  swamp  was  sur- 
rounded, and  in  endeavoring  to  make 
his  escape,  Philip  was  shot  (Aug.  12, 
1676)  by  Alderman,  an  Indian  deser- 
ter, who  had  guided  the  English  to  the 
place. 


total  extinction  of  the  Indians  participating,  and,  like  many 
other  Indian  wars,  threw  open  a  large  area  of  territory  to 
settlement. 

QUESTIONS. 

How  did  the  Pequods  receive  the  Connecticut  settlers?  When  did  Indian 
depredations  begin?  How  did  the  Pequod  war  begin?  End?  Who  suc- 
ceeded Massasoit?  How  did  King  Philip's  war  begin?  End?  What  do 
you  know  of  the  expedition  against  the  Narragansetts?  What  do  you  know 
of  King  P.hJUp's  death?     What  were  the  results  of  King  Philip's  war? 


THE    GROWING    COLONIES.  169 

r 

CHAPTER  III.  -r 

Indian  Conflicts  —  Southern  Colonies. 
The  territory  adjacent  to  the  Carolina  settlements  was 
occupied  by  the  crafty  and  cruel  Tuscarora  Indians — a  tribe 
allied  to  the  Iroquois  of  New  York.  For  some  time  these 
Indians  beheld  the  encroachment  of  the  whites  with  increas- 
ing jealousy,  and,  when  the  Albermarle  colonists  were 
occupied  among  themselves  with  discord  and  strife  over 
the  governorship,  they  seized  the  opportunity  of  instituting 
a  general  Indian  uprising. 

The  Tuscaroras  were  joined  by  the  Corees,  Meherrins  and 
Mattamuskeets,  and  the  attack  began  (September  n,  1711). 
For  three  days  the  savages  butchered  the  whites.  One  of 
the  first  settlements  to  suffer  was  New  Berne.      Assistance 

however,  soon  came.  Gover- 
nor Spottswood,  of  Virginia, 
closed  up  the  war-trail  leading 
through  his  dominion,  between 
the  Iroquois  and  Tuscarora 
countries,  and  kept  the  former 
neutral  in  the  contest.  Cap- 
tain John  Barnwell  came 
up  from  South  Carolina  with  a  force  of  militia  and  Yamassee 
Indians,  and  defeated  the  Tuscaroras  with  great  slaughter 
near  New  Berne  ( 1712). 

The  next  year  (  1713)  the  Tuscarora  chief,  Handcock,  was 
attacked  in  his  palisaded  fort  of  Nahucke,  near  what  is  now 
the  village  of  Snow  Hill,  by  Colonel  James  Moore,  with 
such  success  that  the  fort,  with  eight  hundred  prisoners,  was 
taken.  This  ended  the  war,  for  it  so  disheartened  the  Tus- 
caroras that  they  abandoned  Carolina  and  made  their  way  to; 
New  York,  where  they  joined  the  Iroquois  Confederacy.  A 
treaty  was  then  made  with  the  Coree  and  other  Indians. 


Graffenreid's  Colony. 
The  fertile  lands  of  Carolina  attract- 
ed a  very  desirable  class  of  immigrants. 
Among  the  hard  -  working-  people 
who  made  their  way  to  this  region 
from  different  European  countries 
was  a  colony  of  six  hundred  Ger- 
mans and  Swiss  under  Baron  de 
Graffenreid.  These  established 
themselves  on  the  Neuse  River  (1710), 
calling  their  settlement  New  Berne. 


170 


PERIOD    OF    COLONIAL    DEVELOPMENT. 


The  peace  that  followed  the  Tuscarora  War  was  of  short 
duration.  The  Yamassees,  who  had  so  bravely  assisted  the 
whites  against  the  Tuscaroras,  were  the  first  to  break  it. 
These  Indians  were  in- J  cited  by  the  Spaniards  of  Florida, 
whose  enmity  had  been  m  awakened    by  the  rapid  expansion 

of  the  Carolina  colonies 
towards  their  domain. 
The  Yamassees 
were  joined  by 
warriors  from 
theMuscogees, 
Apalachees, 
Congarees  and 
other  tribes, 
and  more  than 
ten  thousand 
engaged  in  the 
bloody  work. 
The  massacre 
began  at  Poco- 
taligo  (April 
!5>  }$$)*  and 

in  a  few  hours 

the    victims    in 

that       locality 

alone    numbered   more 

than  one  hundred.     While 

marching  to  the  scene  with  a  corn- 
et 

pany  of  cavalry,  Governor  Craven  of  South  Carolina  was 
fiercely  attacked  by  more  than  five  hundred  Yamassee  war- 
riors, but  repulsed  them.      Shortly  after,  Colonel  Mackey, 


->: 


INDIAN    WARRIOR; 


THE    GROWING    COLONIES. 


171 


\Vith  a  force  from  Charles- 
town,  destroyed  the  Yamassee 

tOWn       Of        COOSAWHATCIIIE, 

driving  the  Indians  toward  the 
south.  The  war  ended  after 
long  and  persistent  lighting,  in 
which  more  than  four  hundred 
of  the  whites  lost  their  lives. 
The  Indians  were  driven  be- 
yond the  Savannah  River, 
many  of  them  taking  refuge  in 
Florida.  For  a  long  period 
afterwards  the  Carolina  settle- 
ments extended  themselves 
westward  uninterruptedly. 

QUESTIONS. 
What  do  you  know  of  the  Tuscarora 
Indians?  How  did  the  Tuscarora  war 
begin  ?  What  part  did  Governor 
Spottswood  of  Virginia  take  ?  Cap- 
tain John  Barnwell  ?  Colonel  James 
Moore  ?  The  Yamassees  ?  What  do 
you  know  of  the  settlement  of  New 
Berne?  What  became  of  the  Tuscaroras  ?  How  did  the  Yamassee  war 
begin?  How  many  Indians  were  concerned  in  this  war  ?  What  part  did 
Governor  Craven  of  South  Carolina  take  ?  Colonel  Mackey  ?  How 
did   the   war  end?     What    do   you    know  of    the  Natchez  war  i 


The  Natchez  War. 
When  the  French  established  Fort 
Rosalie,  in  the  lower  Louisiana  terri- 
tory, they  were  brought  in  contact 
with  the  Natchez,  At  first  these 
Indians  were  disposed  to  he 
friendly.  As  time  passed  on  the  im- 
prudent De  Ciiopakt  was  placed  in 
command.  This  commandant  deter- 
mining to  estahlish  an  additional  settle- 
ment, selected  a  site  upon  which  the 
Natchez  village  of  the  White  Apple 
was  located,  and  haughtily  demanded 
its  abandonment  hy  the  Indians.  Their 
hostility  was  aroused.  They  pleaded 
for  time  to  gather  their  crops,  and  in 
the  meanwhile  planned  a  conspiracy, 
which  was  successfully  executed  (1739). 
Fort  Rosalie  was  captured  by  strata- 
gem. Not  a  single  building  was  left 
standing.  Of  the  seven  hundred  that 
garrisoned  it,  few  escaped  to  tell  the 
tale.  The  success  of  the  Natchez 
was  of  short  duration.  A  force  of 
French  and  Choctaws,  under  Com- 
mandant -  General  Pkribr,  arriving 
from  the  lower  settlements,  compelled 
them  to  take  refuge  in  the  swamps 
beyond  the  Mississippi,  whither  they 
were  pursued.  Many  of  them  were 
captured,  and  the  remainder  took 
refuge  with  the  Chickasaws. 


BLACKBOARD    FORM. 


COLONIAL  WARS— INDIAN. 


INDIAN 
WARS. 


1622,  First  Indian  War,  (Virginia). 

1636,  Pequod  War,  (Connecticut). 

1644,  Second  Indian.  War,  (Virginia). 

1675.  King  Philip's  War,  (Massachusetts). 

17 II,  Tuscarora  War,  (North  Carolina). 

1715,  Yamassee  War,  (South  Carolina). 

1729,  Natchez  War,  (Louisiana). 

1757,  Cherokee  War,  (South  Carolina').     (Seepage  196 • 

1763,  PoniidC's   War,       {Seepage  198) 


172 


PERIOD    OF    COLONIAL    DEVELOPMENT, 


PREPARATORY  NOTES. 

TO    CHAPTERS    IV    AND    V. 

Definition  of  Words. —  Depose,  extortionate,  reinstate,  loyalty,  affable, 
despot,  franchise,  prorogue,  lucrative,  desist,  concession,  grievance,  sway, 
prejudice,  intolerance,  fanaticism,  delusion,  exemplary,  perpetrated. 

PARALLEL   READINGS. 

Reference. —  Campbell's  "History  of  Virginia,  "  Bancroft's  "History  of  tbe  United 
States." 

GENERAL. — Cooke's  "Virginia,"  Longfellow's  "  Giles  Cory,"  Coffin's  "Old  Times  in 
tbe  Colonies.  " 

Topical. —  "  Bacon's  Rebellion,"  "  Berklev,  Sir  William,"  "Salem  Witchcraft," 
"Cotton  Mather. " 


CHAPTER  IV. 


An   Early   American   Rebellion. 

The  governors  of  the  Virginia  colony  who  followed  Sir 
Francis' Wyatt,  ruled  uninterruptedly,  with  the  exception  of 
Sir  John  Harvey  and  Sir  William  Berkley.  The  for- 
mer was  deposed  by  the  Assembly  (1635)  ^or  n^s  extortion- 
ate and  unjust  measures,  but  was  reinstated  by  the  king. 
The  latter  was  the  first  representative  of  English  monarchy 
in  America  to  encounter  armed  resistance  when  his  authority 
was  exercised  to  oppress  the  people. 

Berkley  served  as  governor 
for  almost  thirty  years.  A 
courtly  gentleman,  with  a  smile 
for  every  one,  he  delighted  the 
Virginians  during  the  first 
years  of  his  rule.  Time,  howr- 
ever,  changed  the  affable  gov- 
ernor into  the  merciless  despot. 
England  made  poor  returns 
for  colonial   loyalty,   and  was 


Growth  of  Liberty. 
Virginia  bad  been,  from  the  first,  tbe 
most  intensely  loyal  of  all  tbe  colonies. 
The  established  church  of  England 
was  its  church.  The  monarch  of  Eng- 
land was  its  respected  sovereign.  But 
a  love  of  liberty  was  growing  up  side 
by  side  with  this  spirit  of  loyalty,  and 
the  jealousy  with  which  the  colonists 
guarded  their  rights,  was  as  strong  as 
the  pride  they  took  in  being  English- 
men. Years  of  oppression  were  to 
make  clear  to  their  minds  the  political 
truth  that  loyalty  to  unjust  and  tyran- 
nical government  ceases  to  be  a  virtue, 
and  becomes  almost  a  crime. 


pursuing  an  extortionate  and 
oppressive  policy  towards  Virginia.  This,  with  Berkley's 
tyrannies,  kindled  fires  of  discontent  and  rage  that  smoul- 
dered for  years, 


THE    GROWING    COLONIES.  1 73 

Unjust  measures  were  enforced  by  which  England  monop- 
olized the  trade  of  the  colony.  Heavy  taxes  were  laid  on 
imports  and  exports,  so  that  the  planters  were  brought  to  the 
verge  of  bankruptcy.  The  right  of  franchise,  at  one  time 
exercised  by  every  freeman  in  the  colony,  was  restricted  to 
freeholders  or  "housekeepers."  The  Assembly  that  was  to 
come  from  the  people  to  make  laws  in  accordance  with  their 
wishes,  was  rendered  powerless  by  being  prorogued  from 
time  to  time. 

Amidst  the  general  discontent  an  Indian  attack  was  made 
upon  the  frontier  (1675),  and  Berkley  took  no  step  to  pro- 
tect the  outlying  settlements,  although  a  large  force  volun- 
teered to  be  led  against  the  depredators.  It  was  suspected 
that  his  disinclination  for  the  war  was  caused  by  his  unwill- 
ingness to  injure  a  lucrative  trade  with  the  Indians  that  he 
monopolized. 

Nathaniel  Bacon,  Jr.,  an  eloquent  and  popular  young 
lawyer,  applied  for  a  commission  to  pursue  the  Indians,  but 
was  refused.  When  again  they  ravaged  the  frontier  (1676), 
killing  Bacon's  plantation  overseer  and  one  of  his  servants, 
he  placed  himself  at  the  head  of  a  party  of  colonists,  set  out 
to  chastise  the  savages,  and  though  he  was  proclaimed  a 
rebel  and  ordered  to  desist,  marched  on  and  administered 
a  crushing    defeat  to  the  Indians  at  Bloody  Run,  near  the 

present  city  of  Richmond. 

The  people  were  now  ripe 
for  righting  wrongs.  The 
public  revenues  and  exorbitant 
taxes  were  to  be  accounted 
for,  grievances  redressed,  the 
Indians  punished.  The  ex- 
ploits of  the  young  lawyer  were  recounted  all  over  Virginia, 
and  the  cry  went  up  for  Bacon  !  Bacon  !     With  a  large  force 


Bacon  was  generally  sustained,  and 
when  Berkley  sought  his  arrest  a  civil 
war  became  imminent.  The  governor 
now  found  himself  compelled  to  make 
certain  concessions  to  the  people,  one 
of  which  was  the  dissolving  of  the  re- 
peatedly prorogued  Assembly  and  the 
issuance  of  writs  of  election  for  a  new 
one.  Of  this  new  Assembly,  Bacon  was 
triumphantly  elected  a  member. 


i74 


PERIOD    OF    COLONIAL    DEVELOPMENT, 


he  marched  to  Jamestown  and  compelled  the  governor  to 
issue  a  commission  to  him  as  "General  of  Indian  Wars"* 
then  repairing  to  the  head- 
waters of  the  Pamun-  -*^  MT<  \f 
key  River,  he  drove 
the  Indians  from 
the  country. 
He  was  again 
proclaimed 
a  rebel, 


but  he  was  now  master  of  the  situation.  Civil  war  ensued, 
and  Berkley  having  been  driven  from  Jamestown,  that  town 
was  burned  to  the  ground,  to  prevent  its  ever  again  falling 
into  his  hands.     The  ruins  of  its  church  may  yet  be  seen, 

The  death  of  Bacon  in  the  midst  of  his  success  brought 
the  rebellion  to  a  speedy  end;  and  Berkley,  with  assist- 
ance derived  from  England,  resumed  his  sway.  To  satisfy 
his  cruel  and  revengeful  spirit,  twenty-three  of  the  rebels 
were  executed.     This  tyrannical  conduct  disgusted  the  king. 


THE    GROWING    COLONIES.  1 75 

and   Berkley  was  recalled.      He  died  shortly  after  reaching 
England,  and  within  one  year  of  Bacon's  death. 

QUESTIONS. 

Name  two  governors  of  Virginia  that  followed  Wyatt.  What  do  yon 
know  of  Sir  John  Harvey?  Sir  William  Berkley?  What  can  you  say  of  the 
loyalty  of  the  Virginia  colonists?  How  long  was  Berkley  governor?  How 
did  he  change?  What  policy  did  England  pursue  toward  Virginia  ?  Name 
some  causes  that  the  colonists  had  for  discontent?  Of  what  was  Berkley 
suspected?  What  do  you  know  of  Nathaniel  Bacon  ?  Where  did  he  defeat 
the  Indians?  What  was  he  proclaimed?  By  whom  was  he  sustained?  What 
concessions  was  the  governor  compelled  to  make?  Why  did  the  people  rise 
in  rebellion  ?  Who  led  them?  What  happened  to  Jamestown?  How  did 
Bacon's  rebellion  end?     When  did  Berkley's  death  occur? 

CHAPTER  V. 

A   Vestige   of   Superstition. 

No  greater  foe  to  human  progress  exists  than  ignorance. 
It  has  crushed  genius,  opposed  advancement,  kindled  perse- 
cution, caused  bloodshed,  and  in  every  way  added  to  the 
sum  of  human  misery.  It  is  the  parent  of  prejudice,  intoler- 
ance, and  fanaticism.      Its  lowest  form  is  superstition. 

In  the  early  history  of  Massachusetts  we  find  an  instance 
in  which  a  peculiar  superstition  held  terrible  sway,  destroy- 
ing for  a  time  the  peace  of  a  whole  community,  and  threat- 
ening the  existence  of  the  community  itself.  This  instance 
is  known  as  the  Witchcraft  Delusion.     The  scene  of  its 

terrors  was  Salem. 

Public  attention    in   Massa- 
chusetts  was  first  directed  to 
the     prosecution    of     witches 
for  in  the  statutes  »f  even  enlightened  I      when     the     thirteen  -  year  -  old 

England.     Prosecutions    of    so-called  J 

witches  had  been,  however,  rare  up  to    |         child  of  John  Goodwill  of  BoS- 

the  time  of  the  Massachusetts  troubles. 

1      ton,  to  avenge  a  rebuke  justly 

administered  to  her,  pretended  to  be  bewitched,  and  accused 


Witchcraft. 
A  belief  in  witches  existed  through- 
out the  ignorant  ages  of  the  world.  The 
practice  of  witchcraft  was  recognized 
as  a  crime  in  the  laws  of  many  coun- 
tries, and  its  punishment  was  provided 


176  PERIOD    OF    COLONIAL    DEVELOPMENT. 

a  friendless  and  aged  immigrant  of  being  the  offender. 
Cotton  Mather,  a  minister,  took  part  in  the  prosecution, 
and  so  imfiamed  the  public  mind  that  the  unfortunate  immi- 
grant was  brought  to  trial,  found  guilty,  and  executed  ( 1688). 

Although  the  people  had  been  greatly  excited  over  the 
subject,  and  accusations  had  begun  to  multiply,  the  next 
prosecution  did  not  take  place  until  four  years  after,  when 
Samuel  Parris,  a  fanatic  and  narrow-minded  minister  of 
Salem,  accused  his  Indian  servant,  Tituba,  of  bewitching  his 
daughter  and  niece.  Tituba  was  whipped  until  a  false  con- 
fession was  wrung  from  her.  Then  Mr.  Parris  turned  his 
attention  to  others,  and  there  being  no  public  prosecutor  in 
those  days,  he  took  upon  himself  the  duties  of  the  office.  In 
the  exercise  of  its  functions  he  was  moved  by  personal  mal- 
ice, and  the  opportunity  was  seized  of  venting  his  hatred 
upon  many  inoffensive  persons  who  had  from  time  to  time 
incurred  his  displeasure. 

Sarah  Good,  Martha  Cory,  Rebecca  Morse,  Sarah  Cloyce 
and  others,  all  exemplary  women,  were  accused  and  com- 
mitted to  prison.  At  the  trials 
Parris  questioned  the  witnesses 
in  such  a  way  as  to  elicit  the 
answers  he  desired.  All  evi- 
dence in  favor  of  the  accused 
was  suppressed.  Those  found 
guilty  were  hanged. 

Prosecution  was  next  direct- 
ed to  those  who  doubted  the 
existence  of  witches.  Edward 
Bishop,  a  farmer,  and  George 
Burroughs,  a  graduate  of  Har- 
vard College  and  a  rival  of  Par- 


Wardwell,  Cory  and  Willard. 
None  so  far  committed  confessed 
themselves  guilty ;  hut  one,  Deliverance 
Ilobbs,  when  arrested,  acknowledged 
everything-  asked  her,  and  was  released. 
Thus  was  escape  from  prosecution, 
shown  to  lie  in  owning  to  witchcraft, 
when  accused.  As  arrests  were  made, 
confessions  became  numerous.  One, 
Samuel  Wakdwell,  confessed  and 
was  safe,  but,  ashamed  of  himself  for 
doing  so,  he  retracted  his  confession 
and  spoke  out  boldly  against  the  sup- 
erstition. He  was  hanged.  Stubborn 
old  Giles  Coky  refused  to  speak  at  all 
when  accused,  and  he  was  horribly 
pressed  to  death.  John  Willard,  an 
officer,  for  refusing  to  become  an  in- 
strument of  error,  when  directed  to 
arrest  accused  persons,  was  himself 
convicted  and  executed. 


ris  in  the  ministry,  were  both  committed  for  being  skeptical. 


THE    GROWING    COLONIES.  1 77 

The  delusion  soon  became  a  frenzy,  and  raged  in  Salem 
for  six  months.  At  the  end  of  this  period  twenty  persons  had 
been  hanged,  fifty-live  tortured  into  confession,  one  hundred 
and  fifty  thrown  into  jail,  and  more  than  two  hundred  and 
fifty  accused  were  awaiting  trial.  At  last  the  Colonial  Assem- 
bly of  Massachusetts  met  and  deprived  of  their  power,  the 
magistrates  before  whom  the  witchcraft  cases  had  been  tried. 
The  delusion  then  subsided  as  suddenly  as  it  had  arisen.  The 
people  awoke  to  a  realization  of  the  horrors  perpetrated. 
Parris  was  driven  from  Salem,  and  remorse  tortured  many 
who  had  taken  an  active  part  in  the  prosecutions. 

QUESTIONS. 

How  has  ignorance  proved  itself  one  of  the  greatest  foes  to  human  pro- 
gress ?  Wh;tt  is  the  lowest  form  in  which  it  manifests  itself?  In  what  col- 
ony was  this  form  manifested  at  one  time?  Where  and  when  had  a  belief 
in  witchcraft  existed?  What  first  drew  the  attention  of  the  people  of  Mas- 
sachusetts to  witch  prosecution?  What  minister  influenced  public  senti- 
ment in  the  matter?  When  was  the  first  victim  executed?  What  do  you 
know  of  Parris  ?  Giles  Cory?  Samuel  Ward  well?  John  Willard?  Deliv- 
erance Ilobbs?  How  long  did  the  delusion  continue?  How  many  fell  vic- 
tims to  it?     How  did  it  come  to  an  end? 


PREPARATORY  NOTES. 

TO    CHAPTERS    VI    AND  VII. 

Geography. — Note  the  position  of  Dover,  N.  II.,  Salmon  Falls,  Me., 
Schenectady,  N.  Y.,  Haverhill,  Mass.  Note  the  relative  position  of  Charles- 
ton, S.  C,  St.  Augustine,  Pla.,  Savannah,  Ga.,  Frederica,  Ga.,  St.  Simon's 
Island. 

Definition  of  Words. — Unrelenting,  mandates,  prefer,  incursions,  maraud- 
ers, treaty,  redound,  harboring,  semblance. 

Pronunciation  of  Names. — Leisler,  Ryswick,  De  Rouville,  Utrecht,  Aix  la 
Chapelle,  Le  Feboure,  Montiano. 

PARALLEL    READINGS. 

Reference.— Steven's  "  History  of  Georgia,"  Graneau's  "  Vlltetoiredu  Canada"  (Bell's 
translation),  Coffin's  "Old  Times  in  the  Colonies."  Palfrey's  "  History  of  New  England." 
General.— Ramsay's  "  History  of  South  Carolina,"  Fairhank's  "  History  of  Florida." 
Topical.— "  Oglethorpe,"    ''Georgia,   Spanish    Invasion    of,"    "King   William's    War," 
"Queen  Anne's  War,"   "King   George's  War,"    "  Louishurg,  Capture  of,"    "Schenectady, 
Massacre  of." 


I78  PERIOD    OF    COLONIAL    DEVELOPMENT. 

#  CHAPTER  VI. 

Colonial  Quarrels  —  English  and  French. 

The  Duke  of  York,  to  whom  New  Netherlands  had  been 
granted,  succeeded  to  the  throne  of  England  under  the  title 
of  James  II.  In  him  the  rights  and  liberties  of  the  English 
people  had  a  most  unrelenting  foe.  The  colonies  came  in 
for  a  large  share  of  his  attention.  Most  of  them  were  com- 
pelled to  surrender  their  char- 
ters, and  tyrannical  governors 
were  sent  to  rule  them  and  to 
execute  the  oppressive  man- 
dates of  the  king. 

But  the  people  of  England 
soon  rose  in  their  might.  In 
the  famous  Revolution  of 
1688  James  was  deposed,  and 
his  daughter,  Mary,  and  her 
husband,  William,  Prince  of 
Orange,  were  placed  upon  the 
throne. 

The  cause  of  James  was  es- 
poused by  the  Trench  King, 
Louis  XIV,  and  war  between 
France  and  England  ensued. 
The  American  colonies  of  these 
nations  had  long  been  dis- 
trustful of  each  other,  and 
occasion  was  now  seized  to  engage  in  open  hostilities. 
The  war  in  America  is  known  as  King  William's  War, 
and    lasted   eight    years   (1689-97). 

A    number   of    incursions  were  made  by  the    French    of 
Canada  and  their  Indian  allies   during  the  the  progress  of 


The  Charter  Oak. 
In  Connecticut  the  people  declined 
to  surrender  their  charter.  A  meeting 
was  held,  attended  by  the  king's  offi- 
cers, sent  to  demand  the  return  of  the 
Connecticut  charter,  and  as  the  writ- 
ten instrument  lay  upon  the  table, 
around  which  all  were  gathered,  the 
lights  in  the  .room  were  suddenly 
extinguished.  When  the  candles  were 
again  lighted,  the  charter  was  nowhere 
to  be  seen.  WlJLLIAM  Wadswoktii 
had  carried  it  off  and  hid  it  in  the  hol- 
low of  an  old  oak. 


THE    GROWING    COLONIES, 


I79 


Colonial    Revolts. 

With  the  deposition  of  James  in 
England  came  the  displacement  of  his 
representatives  in  America.  Sik  ED- 
MUND Andkos,  the  "tyrant  of  New 
England,"  was  seized  hy  the  people  of 
Boston  and  imprisoned  (16S9).  Nich- 
olson, the  acting  governor  of  New 
York,  was  compelled  to  leave,  and 
Jacob  Leislek  assumed  charge. 
Although  this  revolt  was  made  in  the 
direct  interest  of  William  and  Mary, 
yet  Leisler  did  not  promptly  surrender 
the  government  to  the  authorities 
sent  to  take  possession.  I  lis  delay  gave 
his  enemies  an  excuse  to  prefer  charges 
of  treason  against  him,  and  he  was 
found  guiltv  and  executed. 


this  war.    Dover,  N.  H.  ( 1689),  Salmon  Falls,  Me.  ( 1690 ), 
and  Schenectady,  N.  Y.  (1690),  were  subjected  to  all  the 

horrors  of  Indian  surprise  and 
massacre.  The  last  named 
towm  was  fired,  and  but  two 
houses  left  standing.  The 
marauders  were,  however, 
overtaken  by  a  band  of  Mo- 
hawks and  almost  destroved. 
The  English  colonies  were 
soon  aroused  to  action.  A 
Congress,  composed  of  rep- 
resentatives from  Massachu- 
setts Bay,  Plymouth,  Connec- 
ticut and  Newr  York,  met  in  Newr  York  to  devise  measures 
of  retaliation  (1690).  Two  invasions  of  Canada  were 
attempted — one  by  sea,  under  Sir  William  Phips,  the  other 
by  land,  under  General  Winthrop.  Neither  accomplished 
anything.  In  the  last  year  of  the  war  Haverhill,  Mass., 
suffered  from  Indian  attack  and  massacre.  Hostilities 
ceased  with  the  peace  treaty  of  Ryswick  (1697). 

Five  years  after  there  arose  in  Europe  the  War  of  the 
Spanish  Succession  (1702-1713),  and  in  it  France  and 
England  were  arrayed  upon  opposite  sides.  Again  their 
colonies  entered  upon  hostilities.  Anne,  daughter  of  James  II, 
had  succeeded  William  and  Mary  on  the  throne  of  England, 
so  in  America  this  wrar  is  known  as  Queen  Anne's  War. 
Deerfield,  a  frontier  settlement  of  Massachusetts,  was  the 
town  to  suffer  this  time.  A  force  under  De  Rouville 
descended  upon  it  from  Montreal  ( 1704),  massacred  fifty  of 
its  inhabitants,  took  more  than  one  hundred  captives,  pil- 
laged the  village  and  fired  the  houses.  A  successful  expe- 
dition against  Acadie  was  made  from  Boston  (1710).     Port 


I  (So  PERIOD    OF    COLONIAL    DEVELOPMENT. 

Royal  was  captured,  and  its  name  changed  to  Annapolis, 
after  the  queen.  Thenceforth  the  territory  was  to  be  a  part 
of  the  English  possessions  in  America. 

Sir  Hovenden  Walker  and  General  Hill  planned  the 
capture  of  Quebec  by  sea;  but  on  entering  the  mouth  of  the 
St.  Lawrence,  the  English  fleet  was  wrecked  by  a  storm.  A 
force  of  New  York,  Connecticut  and  New  Jersey  militia, 
under  General  Nicholson,  set  out  by  land  to  capture  Mon- 
treal, but  met  with  no  success  (1711).  Two  years  after- 
wards ( 1713)  the  peace  treaty  of  Utrecht  went  into  effect. 

A  third  inter-colonial  war,  known  as  King  George's 
War,  began  (1744).  Like  the  others,  it  had  its  origin  in  a 
European  war — the  War  of  the  Austrian  Succession — but 
its  direct  cause  was  the  jealousy  which  had  long  existed 
between  the  colonies  of  rival  nations.  It  lasted  but  four 
years,  and  is  marked  by  but  one  important  event — the  cap- 
ture of  Louisburg,  one  of  the  strongest  fortresses  in  Amer- 
ica (1745).  The  attacking  forces  were  led  by  Generals 
Pepperel  and  Warren,  and  consisted  for  the  most  part  of 
Massachusetts  colonists.  The  result  redounded  greatly  to 
their  glory.  At  the  close  of  the  war,  which  ended  with  the 
treaty  of  Aix  la  Chapelle  (1748),  Louisburg  was  given 
back  to  the  French. 

QUESTIONS. 

What  do  you  know  of  James  II  ?  What  was  the  result  of  the  Revolution  of 
168S?  Who  was  Sir  Edmund  Andros?  Nicholson?  Wrho  was  Jacob  Leis- 
ler?  What  was  his  fate?  When  did  King  William's  Warhegin?  End? 
What  were  its  principal  events  ?  What  congress  assemhled  in  New  York? 
What  invasions  of  Canada  were  planned?  By  what  name  was  Queen  AnneV. 
War  known  in  Europe?  When  did  it  begin?  End?  What  were  its  principal 
events?  What  two  expeditions  against  Canada  were  planned?  What  were 
the  results?  When  did  King  George's  War  begin?  End?  By  what  name 
was  it  known  in  Europe?  What  were  its  principal  events?  What  territory 
was  added  to  American  possessions  of  England  by  this  war?  What  peace 
treaty  ended  King  William's  War?     Queen  Anne's?     King  George's? 


THE  GROWING  COLONIES. 


181 


REVIEW    OUTLINE. 


CO 


o 
o 

CO 


1689-1697, 
King  William's. 

War  of  the  English 
Succession. 


1702-1713, 
Queen  Anne's. 


1744-1748. 
King   George's. 

War  of  the  Austrian 
Succession. 


1689,   Dover  (/V.  H.)  Massacre. 

Schenectady  (/V.  Y. )  Massacre. 

Salmon  Falls  {Me.)  Massacre. 
IRQO  {  Colonial  Congress  at  New  York, 
f  Phips. 


Canadian  expedition 


|  Winslow. 


1697, 


Haverhill  {Mass.)  Massacre. 


Peace  Treaty  of  RyswicK. 

1704,  Deerfield  (Mass.)  Massacre. 

1710,  Port  Royal  (N.  S.)  taken. 

1711,  i  Quebec  expedition,     |    '^ 
^Montreal  expedition,  {Nicholson). 

17/3,  Peace  Treaty  of  Utrecht. 

[     1745,  Capture  of  Lou  is  burg,  {  PePPerel- 

'  ^     1  Warren. 

1748,  Peace  Treaty  of  Aix-la-Chapelh 


SEARCH  QUESTIONS. 

Who  was  Hannah  Dustin  ?  What  is  the  difference  between  a  rebellion  and  a  revolu- 
tion ?  From  what  country  was  William,  Prince  of  Orange  ?  What  college  was  endowed 
in  America  by  English  monarchs  ?  What  great  architect  drew  the  plan  of  the  build- 
ing ?  What  colonial  governor  signed  a  death  warrant  while  intoxicated  ?  Whom  did  the 
Iroquois  call  Quider  ? 

CHAPTER  VII. 
Colonial    Quarrels  —  English   and   Spanish. 

The  Spaniards  of- Florida  proved  very  troublesome  neigh- 
bors to  the  early  settlers  of  South  Carolina,  and  subsequently 
to  those  of  Georgia.  In  the  War  of  the  Spanish  Succession 
Spain  and  France  were  arrayed  on  the  same  side,  and  while 
the  English  colonists  of  the  north  were  engaged  in  hostilities 
with  the  French  of  Canada,  those  of  the  south  directed  their 
attention  towards  the  Spaniards  of  Florida. 

In  the  first  year  of  the  war  (1702)  Governor  Moore  of 
Carolina,  with  twelve  hundred  colonists  and  Indian  allies, 
proceeded  against  the   Spanish  fort  of  St.  Augustine;    but 


l82  PERIOD    OF    COLONIAL    DEVELOPMENT. 

finding  it  too  strong,  he  was  compelled  to  abandon  the  enter- 
prise. A  subsequent  expedition  against  the  Appalachian 
Indians,  who  were  allies  of  the  Spaniards,  was  completely 
successful. 

The  war  between  the  parent  nations  continuing,  a  French 
and  Spanish  fleet,  under  Le  Feboure,  with  more  than  a  thou- 
sand men,  attempted  the  capture  of  Charleston  (1706).  Nine 
hundred  soldiers  under  Colonel  William  Riiett  were  mus- 
tered in  its  defence.  The  Spaniards  demanded  the  surren- 
der of  the  town,  but  Governor  Johnson  replied,  "I  hold  this 
country  for  the  Queen  of  England.  My  men  will  shed  the 
last  drop  of  their  blood  to  defend  it  from  the  invader."  The 
enemy  landed  troops  at  the  three  neighboring  points  of  James 
Island,  Wando  Neck  and  Seawee  Bay.  The  first  force  was 
driven  off  by  Captain  Drake;  the  second,  numbering  two 
hundred  men,  was  captured  by  Captain  Cantev;  and 
the  third  surrendered  to  Captain  Fp:nwick.  Meanwhile 
Colonel  Rhett,  with  a  little  fleet,  drove  off  the  ships  of  the 
enemies. 

After  the  close  of  the  war  the  ill  feeling  of  the  Spaniards 
manifested  itself  in  harboring  runaway  slaves  from  South 
Carolina  and  inciting  the  Indians  to  hostility*  At  length  the 
colony  of  Georgia  was  planted 
(1733),  and  it  soon  became 
evident  that  hostilities  would 
break  out  anew.  In  1739  war 
between  England  and  Spain 
was  declared. 

A    formidable  Spanish  arm- 
ament,   consisting    of  fifty-six 


Invasion  of  Florida. 
Oglethorpe  returned  from  Eng- 
land with  his  well-disciplined  com- 
pany of  600  men  (see  page  154),  and  as 
commander-in-chief  of  the  Carolina 
and  Georgia  forces,  was  ordered  to  in- 
vade Florida.  With  900  men,  most  of 
whom  were  friendly  Indians,  he  ap- 
peared before  St.  Augustine  (1740), 
hut  finding  the  fort  more  strongly  for- 
tified and  garrisoned  than  he  had  an- 
ticipated, was  compelled  to  return. 


vessels  and  about  seven  thousand  men,  under  Montiano, 
governor  of  St.  Augustine,  appeared  off  St.  Simon's  Bar 
(1742)   with    the   intention   of  attacking  Frederica. 

*See  Yamasee  War,  page  170 


THE    GROWING    COLONIES. 


183 


General  Oglethorpe,  gov- 
ernor of  Georgia,  had  few 
forces  under  his  command. 
His  fort  on  St.  Simon's  Island 
made  a  gallant  defense,  but 
the  enemy  forced  their  way 
-3pC  ^^J  llP  tne  Altamaha   River  and 

^ _\aJ  -'b&gyr     landed       rive       thousand      men, 
y^ossAfiAwi.^/ These   marched    back  to  attack  the 
fort,    but     Oglethorpe     abandoned    it 
before  they  arrived. 

The  Spaniards  then  advanced  upon 
Frederica.  A  part  of  their  force  was 
routed  and  driven  back  some  distance. 
Oglethorpe  then  hastened  to  Frederica 
for  reinforcements.  In  his  absence  the 
men  whom  he  had  left  upon  the  scene 
were  driven  back  by  the  enemy  under 
Don  Antonio  Barba;  but  a  platoon  and  company  of 
rangers,  under  Lieutenants  McKay  and  Sutherland, 
wheeled  aside  in  the  retreat,  and,  concealing  themselves  in 
a  grove  of  palmettoes,  ambushed  the  pursuing  Spaniards, 
whose  victory  was  now  turned  to  crushing  defeat.  This 
brilliant  episode  is  called  the  Battle  of  Bloody  Marsh. 

Oglethorpe  now  prepared  to  make  a  night  attack  upon 
the  main  body  of  the  enemy.  In  this  lie  was  thwarted  by 
the  desertion  of  one  of  his  men  to  the  Spaniards.  Know- 
ing that  the  weakness  of  his  little  army  would  be  revealed  to 
his  enemies,  Oglethorpe  devised  an  expedient  which  success- 
fully deceived  the  Spanish  commander.  A  Spanish  prisoner 
was  liberated  and  given  a  sum  of  money  to  carry  a  letter  to  the 
deserter.  This  letter  pretended  to  convey  instructions  to  him, 
thus  making  it  appear  that  his  desertion  was  feigned  for  the 


184  PERIOD    OF    COLONIAL    DEVELOPMENT. 

purpose  of  misleading  the  Spaniards.  He  was  instructed  to 
make  the  Spaniards  believe  that  the  English  were  weak,  to 
induce  them  to  make  an  attack  upon  what  was  represented 
to  be  the  impregnable  position  of  the  English.  Failing  in 
this  he  was  to  endeavor  to  detain  them  in  those  parts  for  three 
days  longer,  when  a  powerful  fleet  and  force  from  Charles- 
ton would  arrive. 

As  intended,  this  letter  fell  into  the  hands  of  Montiano, 
and  puzzled  that  commander  greatly.  The  deserter  was 
looked  upon  as  a  spy.  A  council  of  war  advised  immediate 
retreat,  and  three  vessels,  coming  in  sight  off  the  bar,  gave 
such  a  semblance  of  truth  to  the  statement  concerning  rein- 
forcements that  the  Spaniards  hastily  embarked,  and  in  the 
panic  to  escape,  abandoned  a  great  quantity  of  their  military 
stores. 

The  success  of  Oglethorpe  in  this  campaign  was  indeed 
remarkable.  With  his  handful  of  men,  numbering  but  little 
more  than  six  hundred,  he  had  defeated  and  baffled  a  well- 
equipped  army  of  live  thousand,  destroyed  some  of  their  best 
troops,  captured  provisions,  ammunition  and  military  stores, 
and  saved  Georgia  and  Carolina  from  formidable  invasion. 

QUESTIONS. 
What  troublesome  neighbors  had  the  southern  English  colonies?  What 
do  you  know  of  Moore's  invasion  of  Florida?  What  expedition  was  more 
successful?  Who  attempted  the  capture  of  Charleston?  Who  defended  the 
city?  What  reply  did  Governor  Johnson  make  to  the  demand  for  surrender? 
What  four  successes  had  the  English?  How  did  the  Spaniards  show  their 
ill  feeling  after  the  war?  When  did  the  next  war  between  English  and  Span- 
ish colonies  occur?  What  do  you  know  of  Oglethorpe's  invasion  of  Florida? 
What  do  you  know  of  the  Spanish  invasion  of  Georgia?  Who  won  the  vic- 
tory of  Bloody  Marsh?  What  can  you  say  of  Oglethorpe's  strategy  in 
deceiving  the  Spaniards  ?   What  were  the  results  of  Oglethorpe's  campaign? 


THE    GROWING    COLONIES, 


185 


PREPARATORY  NOTES. 

TO    CHAPTERS    VIII,  IX,  X,  XI  AND  XII. 

Geography. — In  what  part  of  Virginia  is 
Williamsburg?  Note  the  position  of  Fort 
Cumberland.  Fort  Pitt.  Trace  upon  a  map 
a  journey  from  Fort  Cumberland  to  Fort 
Le  Boeufj  on  French  Creek.  Note  the 
physical  features  of  this  region  such  as 
mountains,  rivers,  etc.  In  what  part  of  New 
York  is  the  Niagara  River?  Crown  Point? 
Ticonderoga?  Oswego?  Where  is  Louis- 
burg?  Quebec?  Montreal?  Kingston  (Fort 
Frontenac)  ? 

Definition  of   Words.  —  Subsequent,    des- 
tined,    ratification,     centralization,     rallied, 
neutrality,      usages, 


alignment,  concen- 
trate, impregnable, 
supersede,  facili- 
tate, reconoiter,  dis- 
claim, carnage,  syn- 
onym,    conspiracy. 

Pronunciation  of  Names. — Du  Quesne,  Jumon- 
ville,  Le  Boeuf,  Contrecceur,  Beujeu,  Boishebert, 
Dieskau,     Montcalm,        De     Vitre,  Prideaux, 

Ouconostota,  Attakullakulla. 

PARALLEL    READINGS. 

Rkfekexck. — Irvine's  "Life  of  Washington,"  Turkman's 
"  Wolfe  and  Montcalm,"  Parkman's  "Conspiracy  of  Pontiac," 
Mante's  "History  of  the  Late  War  in  North  America," 
Hannay's  "  History  of  Acadia,"  Trumbell's  "History  of  the 
United  States." 

General. — Longfellow's  "Evangeline"  (poem),  "Over- 
throw of  the  French  Power"  (Harper's  Magazine,  June, 
18S2),  "The  Acadian  Tragedy"  (Id.,  Nov.,  1SS2), 
"  Braddock's  Defeat"  (Magazine  of  American  History,  Nov. 
1SS6),  "Fall  of  Fort  Du  Quesne"  (Id., 
April,  1SS7)  Spark's  "  Life  of  Washing- 
ton," Frost's  "Life  of  Washington,"  E. 
E.    Hale's  "  Life  of  Washington." 

Topical. — "  George  Washington,  Life 
of,"  "  Fort  Du  Quesne,"  "  T>raddock," 
"  Louisrmrg,  capture  of,"  "  Quebec," 
"  Acadians,  The,"  "Wolfe,"  "  Mont- 
calm," "Amherst,"  "Treaty  of  Paris" 
(first),  "Cherokee  War,"  "  Pontiac's 
War." 


l86         PERIOD  OF  COLONIAL  DEVELOPMENT. 

The  Struggle  for  Supremacy. 

CHAPTER  VIII. 
A   Youth   and   His   Mission. 

The  inter-colonial  wars  were  but  forerunners  of  a  struggle 
that  was  inevitable.  When  the  claims  of  France,  Spain,  and 
England  to  territory  in  the  New  World  were  established,  a 
general  ignorance  prevailed  concerning  the  interior  and 
extent  of  the  American  continent.  Subsequent  explorations 
brought  a  more  extended  knowledge.  It  was  soon  evident 
that  these  claims  conflicted.  Colonial  jealousy  and  territo- 
rial disputes  were  thus  engendered. 

The  claims  of  France  to  the  valleys  of  the  Ohio  and  Mis- 
sissippi Rivers  conflicted  with  several  grants  made  by  Eng- 
land to  her  colonies,  of  territory  extending  from  ocean  to 
ocean.  As  the  eastern  portion  of  Virginia  became  popu- 
lated, the  settlement  of  her  territory  west  of  the  Alleghanies 
came  to  be  considered.  The  period  following  King  George's 
War  was  one  of  great  activity.  The  Ohio  Company,  consist- 
ing of  Virginia  and  Maryland  gentlemen,  was  organized 
(1748),  and  to  this  company  was  granted  a  large  tract  of  land 
in  the  region  known  as  the  Great  Woods,  lying  between  the 
Kanawha  and  Monongahela  Rivers.  The  company  immedi- 
ately proceeded  to  develop  it,  and  sent  out  surveyors  prepar- 
atory to  making  settlements.  The  French,  however,  had 
already  begun  to  occupy  the  region  with  troops.  They  mani- 
fested their  hostility  by  seizing  and  imprisoning,  in  their  fort 
at  Presque  Isle,  on  Lake  Erie,  three  English  traders. 

Governor  Dinwiddie,  of  Virginia,  determined  to  send  a 
formal  protest  against  French  intrusion  upon  Virginia  terri- 
tory, and  he  selected  for  the  mission  Major  George  Wash- 
ington, a  young  man,  destined  to  leave  an  indelible  impress 
on  his  country's  history.     Though  Washington  was  then  but 


THE    STRUGGLE    FOR    SUPREMACY. 


I87 


twenty-one  years  of  age,  he  had  already  become  distin- 
guished for  those  qualities  of  courage,  ability,  and  judgment 
that  were  afterwards  to  render  him  famous. 

Washington  set    out    from  Williamsburg,  and  joined  by 
,[  f  a   backwoodsman,    named    Gist, 

Ml*  [  proceeded  through  the  unbroken 

I  wilderness    to    the     French    fort, 
Le    BcEUF,    on 
"rench   Creek, 
iifteen  miles 
south    of   Lake 
Erie.      Here  he 
c  was  politely  re- 
ceived   by    the 
French    com- 
mandant.   Din- 
widdie's    mes- 
sage was  deliv- 
ered,   but   the 
French   firmly 


WASHINGTON    AND    THE    FRENCH    COMMANDANT 

declined  to  withdraw. 

The  report  that  Washington 
brought  back,  aroused  the  Vir- 
ginians to  activity.     The  As- 
sembly immediately  provided 
for  the  raising  of  an  army,  and 
Washington,   now  colonel,  set 
off  with  two  companies  (  April, 
1754).      Upon  his  journey  to 
the  French    he    had    noted  a 
desirable  location  for  a  fort  at  the  junction  of  the  Alleghany 
and  Monongahela  Rivers,  and  to  build  one  he  dispatched  a 
detachment  in    advance.     This  detachment  was  driven   oft 


Washington's  Return. 
Washington  returned  by  way  of 
VENANGO,  the  French  fort  at  the 
mouth  of  French  Creek.  His  journey 
was  made  in  the  dead  of  winter,  and 
was  marked  by  many  dangerous  inci- 
dents. While  crossing  a  river  on  a  rude 
raft,  he  was  precipitated  into  its  icy 
flood,  and  narrowly  escaped  drowning. 
He  was  shot  at  by  an  ambushed  sav- 
age, but  again  escaped.  His  horse  hav- 
ing given  out,  he  was  compelled  to  per- 
form much  of  the  return  journey  on 
foot.  He  arrived  at  Williamsburg  after 
having  been  gone  eleven  weeks. 


1 88 


PERIOD    OF    COLONIAL    DEVELOPMENT. 


Franklin's  Plan  of  Union. 
The  British  government  saw  the 
necessity  of  concerted  action  on  the 
part  of  the  English  colonies  in  the 
approaching  struggle,  and  recom- 
mended a  union  for  common  defence. 
Delegates  met  at  Albany,  X.  Y. 
(1754)>  entered  into  a  league  with  the 
Iroquois  Indians,  and  considered  a 
plan  of  union,  drawn  up  by  Benjamin 
Franklin,  one  of  America's  greatest 
thinkers.  The  plan  was  favored  by  all 
the  delegates  except  those  from  Con- 
necticut; but,  when  submitted  to  the 
king  and  to  the  various  colonial 
assemblies  for  ratification,  it  was  re- 
jected by  both  and,  curiously  enough, 
for  the  same  reason.  The  plan  pro- 
vided for  the  organization  of  a  general 
government  over  all  the  colonies, 
consisting  of  a  President-General, 
appointed  by  the  crown,  and  a  Grand 
Council,  chosen  by  the  Colonial 
Assemblies.  King  and  colonists  each 
thought  the  other  would  have  too 
much  power  should  the  centralization 
of  authority  as  proposed  go  into  effect. 
Thus  early  did  England  behold  a 
danger  in  the  united  action  of  her 
dependencies,  and  the  colonists  evince 
a  reluctance  to  delegate  governmental 
power  to  authorities  without  the  bor- 
ders of  each  respective  colonv. 


by  the  French,  who  completed  the  fort  and  called  it  Du 
Quesne. 

Washington,  informed  of 
the  proximity  of  the  French 
by  Half-King,  a  friendly  In- 
dian, threw  up  entrenchments, 
and  advancing,  surprised  a 
force  under  Jumonville, 
killed  their  leader,  and  took 
nearly  all  prisoners.  Learn- 
ing that  reinforcements  were 
approaching  from  Fort  Du 
Quesne,  he  fell  back  to  his 
entrenchments,  which  he 
strengthened  and  called  Fort 
Necessity. 

The  French  soon  appeared 
with  a  superior  force  before 
Fort  Necessity,  and,  his  am- 
munition having  given  out, 
Washington  decided  to  accept 
the  honorable  terms  of  sur- 
render offered  him.  The  Virginians  were  permitted  to 
withdraw  with  all  their  effects,  and,  unmolested,  they 
marched  back  to  Virginia. 

QUESTIONS. 
Of  what  were  the  intercolonial  wars  forerunners?  What  do  you  know  of 
the  conflicting  claims  of  the  French  and  English  ?  What  was  the  Ohio  Com- 
pany? What  grant  was  made  to  it?  Why  did  Dinwiddie  dispatch  a  mes- 
senger to  the  PVench?  Who  was  this  messenger?  Who  accompanied  him? 
How  was  he  received?  What  was  the  result  of  his  mission?  What  do  you 
know  of  his  return  journey?  What  effect  had  the  report  brought  back  by 
Washington  upon  the  Virginians?  Name  four  French  forts  in  the  disputed 
territory.  Who  was  sent  out  against  the  French?  Tell  what  you  know  of 
Washington's  campaign?  What  do  you  know  of  Franklin's  plan  of  union? 
To  whom  was  it  unsatisfactory?     Why? 


THE  STRUGGLE  FOR  SUPREMACY. 

CHAPTER  IX. 

The   Old   French   War. 


iSg 


Thus  far,  the  contest  had 
invaders  of  the  Ohio  territory 
war  was  about  to  ensue.  T 
support  of  their  respective 


Expulsion  of  Acadians. 
When  Acadie  was  added  to  the  Eng- 
lish possessions  in  America,  the  Aca- 
dians were  permitted  to  remain.  They 
were  a  quiet,  frugal,  industrious  peo- 
ple, and  their  settlements  had  greatly 
increased.  They  had  persistently 
declined  to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance 
to  England,  and  in  the  war  now  pend-, 
ing  claimed  neutrality.  Their  sym- 
pathies, however,  were  with  their 
countrymen,  and  when  this  sym- 
pathy took  the  form  of  occasional 
aid  and  encouragement  it  became  a 
matter  of  office  to  the  English. 
Colonel  Moncktox  with  three  thou- 
sand troops  from  Boston  took  pos- 
session of  the  Acadian  forts  about 
t!.e  Hay  of  Fundy,  and  upon  pretense 
that  the  neutrality  of  the  Acadians 
was  false,  that  some  of  them  had  acted 
treacherously,  and  that  to  drive  them 
into  Canada  would  only  strengthen  the 
enemy,  it  was  determined  to  remove 
them  from  the  territory  and  distribute 
them  among  the  English  colonies. 
The  removal  of  a  part  of  them  was 
accomplished  in  a  manner  unduly 
harsh,  families  being  separated,  and 
villages  and  farm  buildings  burned. 
More  than  three  thousand  were  torn 
from  their  homes,  forced  on  board 
British  vessels,  and  carried  away. 
Many  escaped  to  the  wilderness  and 
were  sheltered  by  the  Indians.  At 
one  point,  under  Boishehekt,  a  gal- 
lant and  effective  resistance  was 
made.  Of  those  carried  off  many 
reached  the  French  settlements  on 
the  lower  Mississippi  and  remained 
permanentlv.  Some  few  in  time  made 
their  way  back  to  their  old  homes. 


been  between  Virginia  and  the 
but  it  was  soon  seen  that  general 
he  mother  countries  rallied  to  the 
colonies.  Sir  Edward  Brad- 
dock,  with  two  regiments,  was 
sent  to  Virginia  (January, 
1755)  to  take  charge  of  mili- 
tary operations  as  comman- 
der-in-chief, and  the  war, 
known  as  die  French  and 
Indian  War,  formally  opened. 
The  governors  of  live  colonies 
met  in  council,  and  three  dis- 
tinct campaigns  were  planned. 
One  of  these  was  against  Fort 
Niagara ,  another  against 
Crown  Point  and  the  third 
against  Fort  Du  Quesne. 

The  expedition  against  Fort 
Du  Quesne  ended  in  disas- 
trous failure.  The  one  against 
the  French  fort  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Niagara  River  was 
abandoned  as  soon  as  Gene- 
ral Shirley,  the  leader  of  the 
expedition,  heard  of  the  Du 
Quesne  failure.  The  expedi- 
tion against  Crown  Point  met 
with  better  success. 

When  the  French  learned 
of   the  contemplated  advance 


icp 


PERIOD  OF  COLONIAL  DEVELOPMENT, 


upon  this  point,  Baron  Dies- 
kau,  a  brave  German  officer 
in  the  service  of  France,  has- 
tened to  its  defense.  The 
English  forces  consisted  of  ill- 
equipped  and  inexperienced 
men  from  New  York  and  New 
England.  They  were  led  by 
Sir  William  Johnson,  a  man 
whose  great  influence  with 
Indians  caused  a  number  of 
Mohawks,  under  their  chief, 
IIendrick,  to 
join  the  expe- 
dition. 

The  oppos- 
ing forces 
met  at  the 
head  of  Lake 
George.  An 
advance  party 
of  the  English, 
under  Col- 
onel Will- 
iams, was  defeated,  and,  fol- 
lowing up  his  advantage,  the 
victorious  Dieskau  attacked 
the  main  body.  Early  in  the 
engagement  that  ensued  John- 
son was  wounded  and  the  com- 
mand fell  to  General  Lyman. 
The  French  were  defeated,  and 
Dieskau,    severely    wounded, 


BRADDOCK  AND  CAPTAIN  JACK 


Braddock's  Defeat. 
The  expedition  against  Fort  Du 
Quesne  was  undertaken  by  the  com- 
mander-in-chief in  person.  The  se- 
lection of  Braddock  was  a  most  unfor- 
tunate one,  possessed  as  he  was  of 
inordinate  vanity,  stubbornness  and 
over-confidence  in  his  own  prowess 
and  that  of  his  British  troops.  His  cam- 
paign preparations  were  very  elabo- 
rate, and  were  based  upon  the  most 
approved  of  European  military  usages. 
No  arguments  could  convince  him  of 
the  futility  of  regular  military  tactics 
against  a  foe  that  lurked  in  ambush 
and  fought  scattered  behind  trees  and 
rocks.  The  advance  into  the  enemy's 
country  was  made  from  Fort  Cumber- 
Land,  Maryland,  with  drums  beating, 
flags  flying,  perfect 
alignments  and 
beautiful  display. 
Progress  was  slow, 
for  the  roads  had  to 
be  built  so  that  the 
imposing  array 
could  pass  on  un- 
broken. 

Washington,  with 
about  one  thousand 
colonial  troops 
from  Virginia, 
Maryland  and  New 
York,  had  joined 
the  expedition. 
He  was  serving  as 
aide-  de  -camp  to 
the  general.  Little 
heeded  were  the 
cautions  that  past 
experience  caused  him  to  tender.  A 
celebrated  woodsman,  named  Captain 
Jack,  offering  to  lead  the  advance  with 
his  rangers,  so  as  to  guard  againstsur- 
prise,  met  with  a  haughty  refusal 
from  the  English  general.  Precau- 
tions were  for  inexperienced  colonial 
troops,  but  British  regulars  were  in- 
vincible. 

The  result  was  as  might  have  been 
anticipated.  The  movements  of  the 
English  were  watched  all  along 
by  Indian  scouts,  and  their  progress 
reported    to   De    Contrecceir,    the 


The  struggle   iok  SUPREMACY 


191 


commandant     at    Fort    Du    Quesne. 

Upon  their  approach,  a  young-  mul 
gallant  French  officer,  named  Ds 
BBUJBU,  sallied  out  with  a  force,  ar- 
ranged his  men  advantageously  in 
ambush,  and  when  the  English  came 
up  poured  into  them  a  deadly  tire  that 
threw  them  into  confusion.  Little 
then  did  scientific  tactics  avail.  Brad- 
dock  was  mortally  wounded,  his  army 
routed  and  the  total  destruction  of  the 
whole  expedition  was  prevented  only  by 
Washington, who, with  his  Virginians, 
covered  the  rear  of  the  retreating  and 
demoralized  army,  and  fought  the; 
enemy  according  to  his  own  method. 
Thus  ended  in  failure  the  Fort  Du 
Quesne  campaign. 


fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Eng- 
lish. After  building  Fort 
William  Henry,  near  the 
scene  of  battle,  the  victorious 
army  returned. 

QUESTIONS. 

Who  was  appointed  commander- 
in-chief  of  the  English  forces  in 
America?  When  did  he  arrive  ? 
What  three  campaigns  were  planned? 
What  do  you  know  of  Braddock's 
expedition  against  Fort  Du  Quesne  ? 
What  part  did  Washington  take  in 
Braddock's  expedition?  What  do  von  know  of  the  expedition  against  Fort 
Niagara?  What  do  you  know  of  the  expedition  against  Crown  Point?  What 
were  the  results  of  the  hattles  of  Lake  George?  Why  were  the  Aeadians 
removed?  What  do  you  know  of  the  expulsion  of  the  Aeadians?  Who 
was  De  Contrecoeur?  De  Beujeu?  Dieskau?  Shirley?  Sir  William 
Johnson?     Colonel   Monckton?     Boishebert? 

CHAPTER   X. 

England   Victorious. 

After  the  capture  of  Dieskau  the  command  of  the  French 
fell  to  Marquis  de  Montcalm,  one  of  the  ablest  and 
bravest  officers  that  ever  served  in  the  armies 
of  France.     The  fort  built  near  Oswego  by 

Shirley,     upon  i 


Fort  William  Henry  Massacre. 
Permission  to  retire  in  safety  had 
been  granted  the  English  garrison  as 
one  of  the  terms  of  surrender.  Scarcely 
had  they  left  the  fort,  in  order  io  make 
their  tray  to  Fort  Edwards,  further 
south,  when  they  were  fallen  upon  in 
their  defenseless  condition  by  the  In- 
dians of  Montcalm's  army.  A  horrible 
massacre  ensued.  Montcalm  and  his 
officers  did  all  in  their  power  to  stop 
the  slaughter,  but  their  efforts  could 
not  prevail  against  savage  fury. 


his  return  from 
the    Niagara 

expedition, 

was     captured 

and     destroyed 

(1756),     and    Fort      William 

Henry,  with  a  garrison  of  two 

thousand  men,  under  Colonll 


MONTC/U.M 


Moore,  was  forced  to  surrender  ( 1757)- 


192 


PERIOD  OF  COLONIAL  DEVELOPMENT. 


About  this  time  a  change  in  the  English  ministry  brought 
to  the  head  of  British  affairs  a  man  of  unusual  ability  in  the 
person  of  William  Pitt.  Thenceforth  the  war  was  vigor- 
ously prosecuted.  Arms  and  ammunition  were  dispatched 
to  America,  and  skilled  officers  sent  to  train  the  colonial 
armies  to  expertness  in  the  arts  of  war. 

Lord  Loudon  had  succeeded  Braddock,  and  after  an 
ineffectual  attempt  against  Louisburg  (1757),  was  super- 
seded by  General  Abercrombie.  Expeditions  were  now 
planned  against  Louisburg,  Ticonderoga,  and  Fort  Du 
Quesne,  and  troops  concentrated  for  these  expeditions  at 
Halifax,  Albany,  and  Philadelphia  respectively. 

The  expedition  against  Ticonderoga  was  led  by  Aber- 
crombie. The  fort  had  been  rendered  almost  impregnable 
b}r  Montcalm.  An  ill-timed  assault  was  made  upon  it,  in 
which  the  English  suffered  a 
terrible  defeat,  losing  almost 
two  thousand  men.  This  was, 
however,  the  last  important 
French  victory  of  the  war. 

The  operations  against 
Louisburg  were  eminently  suc- 
cessful. Invested  for  two 
months  by  a  land  and  naval 
force  under  Sir  Jeffrey  Amherst,  the  fortress  finally 
surrendered,  and  six  thousand  prisoners  were 
taken  (July,  1758).  Amherst  next  took  com- 
mand in  New  York,  and  Ticonderoga  and 
Crown  Point,  after  having  been  abandoned 
by  the  French,  fell  into  his  hands  (1759). 

The  success  of  Amherst  was  followed  by 
that  of  General  Prideaux  at  Fort  Niagara 
s.r  Jeffrey  amherst.    (1759),  the  commander,  however,  losing  his 


Capture  of  Fort  Frontenac. 
An  expedition  subordinate  to  Aher- 
crombie's  main  enterprise  was  more 
successful.  Colonel  Bradstreet 
marcbed  to  Oswego  and  embarked  for 
Fort  Frontenac,  which  he  succeeded 
in  capturing  after  a  two  days'  siege. 
Large  quantities  of  stores  and  ammu- 
nition, designed  for  Fort  Du  Quesne; 
fell  into  the  hands  of  the  English. 
The  subsequent  capture  of  this  fort 
was  thus  facilitated. 


THE  STRUGGLE  FOR  SUPREMACY 


193 


life  in  the  siege.     The  French  were  now  greatly  weakened. 
Little  assistanee  was  being  received  from  the  mother  country. 

Driven  at  all  points  from  the 
disputed  territory,  they  took 
refuge  in  Canada.  The  Eng- 
lish now  determined  to  con- 
quer this  province. 

The  fate  of  Canada  depend- 
ed on  Quebec,  the  strongest 
fortress  in  America.  Ei<rht 
thousand  men  concentrated  at 
Louisburg,  and  under  Gen- 
eral Wolfe,  a  gallant  young 
officer,  who  had  distinguished 
himself  under  Amherst  at  the 
siege  of  Louisburg,  embarked 
for  the  St.  Lawrence,  bent 
upon  its  capture.  Fortifica- 
tions were  erected  upon  the 
island  of  Orleans,  just  below 
the  city,  and  the  English  bat- 
teries soon  opened  fire. 

Far  up  the  rugged  heights 
that  rose  almost  perpendicularly  from  the  water's  edge  stood 
the  principal  fort,  little  affected  by  the  bom- 
bardment. The  skillful  Montcalm  was  in 
charge  of  the  French  defenses,  and  the  siege 
bid  fair  to  be  interminable.  An  English  as- 
sault was  repulsed.  At  last  the  young  com- 
mander found  it  necessary  to  resort  to  des- 
perate measures.  In  one  of  his  reconnoiter- 
ings  he  had  noticed  a  rough,  partly  hidden 


Capture  oi  Fort  Du  Quesne. 
Meanwhile     GENERAL     FORBES,     :i 

gallant  Scotch  officer,  had  captured 
Fort  Du  Quesne.     The    French  had 

gathered  a  large  number  of  Oltawas, 
Jibe  was,  WyandotS  and  other  Indians, 
and  awaited  his  coming  with  boasts 
that  they  would  serve  him  as  they  had 
served  Braddock.  Forbes  was  joined 
at  different  points  by  bodies  of  colonial 
troops,  among  whom  were  Colonel 
Washington  and  other  Virginians. 
The  progress  of  the  English  army  was 
slow,  but  even  this  slowness  proved 
advantageous,  tor  many  of  the  Indian 
allies  of  the  French,  weary  ot  waiting, 
scattered  to  their  homes  and  left  the 
French  greatly  reduced  in  numbers. 
A  reconnoitering  party,  sent  forward 
under  Major  Grant,  rashly  attempt- 
ed to  :  urpri  e  and  capture  the  fort,  but 
were  driven  back  with  great  loss.  Fol- 
low ing  up  this  victory  a  strong  force 
under  Dk  Vitre  appeared  before  the 
principal  encampment  of  the  English 
and  gave  battle,  but  were  repulsed. 
Forbes  now  advanced  upon  the  fort, 
hut  on  draw  lg  near  found  only 
smoking  ruins.  The  French  had 
abandoned  the  field  From  the  ashes 
of  Fort  Du  Quesne  sprang  the  present 
city  of  Pittsburg,  so  named  in  honor 
of  the  great  English  premier. 


GENERAL    WOLFE. 


194 


PERIOD    OF    COLONIAL    DEVELOPMENT. 


WOLFE'S    ARMY    ASCENDING    THE    HEIGHTS. 


path  leading  to  the  top  of  the  heights,  where  the  Plains  of 
Abraham,  above  the  city,  spread  out. 

In  the  darkness  of  the  night  he  embarked  his  men,  and 
dropped  silently  down  the  river  to  the  foot  of  the  path.  By 
great  good  fortune  the  difficult  ascent  was  made,  and  in  the 
morning  the  English  were  in  battle  array  upon  the  plains. 

There  remained  to  the  French  nothing  but  to  come  out 
and  give  battle.  The  opposing  forces  were  about  equal  in 
number,  and  the  contest  was  fiercely  waged.  Both  com- 
manders displayed  the  highest  valor,  and  both  fell  mortally 
wounded.  The  English  were  successful,  the  French  taking 
refuge  in  the  city,  which  soon  after  surrendered  ( 1759). 

The  power  of  France  in  the  New  World  was  now 
extinct.  The  surrender  of  Montreal  soon  followed  that  of 
Quebec.  The  treaty  that  terminated  hostilities  was  signed 
at  Paris  (1763).  By  this  treaty  France  ceded  all  her  terri- 
tory in  America  to  Spain  and  England,  except  two  small 
islands  south  of  Newfoundland. 


THE    STRUGGLE    FOR    SUPREMACY 


195 


Spain  received  all  that  portion  lying  west  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, and  that  part  of  the  present  State  of  Louisiana,  lying 
on  the  east  bank,  south  of  Lake  Pontchartrain.  England 
received  Canada  and  all  the  French  territory  east  of  the 
Mississippi.     By  a  special  grant  from  Spain,  Florida  was  also 

ceded  to  England. 

QUESTIONS. 

Who  succeeded  Dieskau  as  commander  of  the  French?  What  successes 
had  he  ?  What  do  you  know  of  the  massacre  of  Fort  William  1  Ienry  ?  Who 
was  William  Pitt?  Who  had  succeeded  Braddock?  By  whom  was  Loudon 
succeeded?  What  three  expeditions  were  planned?  What  do  you  know  of 
Abercrombie's  defeat?  What  do  you  know  of  the  fall  of  Fort  Frontenac? 
What  victories  were  gained  by  Amherst  ?  When?  What  do  you  know  cf 
the  capture  of  Fort  Du  Quesne  ?  Wrho  took  Niagara?  When?  What  v. as 
now  the  condition  of  the  French?  Who  was  sent  against  Quebec?  Why? 
What  do  you  know  of  the  siege  of  Quebec  ?  Of  the  battle  of  Abraham 
Heights?  What  city  fell  after  the  capture  of  Quebec?  What  treaty  termi- 
nated hostilities?  When  was  this  treaty  made?  What  territory  did  Spain 
receive  by  this  treaty  ?     England? 


^ 
^ 


£ 

-J 


REVIEW_OUTLINE. 

ENGLISH  SUCCESSES  IN  ITALICS. 


Preliminary 


r    1753,   WASHINGTON'S  JOURNEY. 

fFORT  DU  QUESNE  BUILT. 

1754  J  BATTLE  OF  GREAT  MEADOWS. 


I  FORT  NECESSITY  SURRENDERED. 


Objective  Points 
of  the  War. 


-ort  Du  Quesne. 


Fort  Niagan 


Ticonderoga 

and 
Crown  Point. 


;$$,  BRADDOCK'S  DEFEA 


1758,  TAKEN  BY 


\  FORBES. 


Louisbu 


'■<■ 


Quebec. 


I  washing: 

1755,  SHIRLEY'S  FAILURE. 

1756,  OSWEGO  TAKEN. 

1759,  TAKEN  BY  PRIDEAUX. 

{ FIRST  RATTLE  OF  LAKE 
1755.  {      GEORGE. 

{SECOND  BATTLE  OF  LAKE  u. 

1757,  FT.  WILLIAM  HENRY  TAKEN. 
rABERCOMBIE  DEFEATED. 

I758'\F0RT  FRONTENAC   TAKEN. 

1759,  TAKEN  BY  AMHERST. 
(1755.  ACADIANS  EXCELLED. 
I  1757,  LOUDON'S  FAILURE. 

(  f  BATTLE  OF  ABRAHAM  HEIGHTS. 

J    '      '  {TAKEN  BY  WOLFE, 


I96  PERIOD    OF    COLONIAL    DEVELOPMENT. 

SEARCH  QUESTIONS. 
What  was  the  name  of  the  French  commandant  to  whom  Washington  delivered  his 
message  ?  What  fort  was  captured  through  a  game  of  ball  ?  What  were  Wolfe's  last 
words?  Montcalm's?  What  was  Wolfe's  favorite  poem  ?  What  islands  near  New- 
foundland now  belong  to  France  ?  What  was  the  fate  of  Pontiac  ?  Where  is  the 
" Gibra/ta  of  America,  "  and  why  so  called?  Who  fired  the  first  gun  in  the  French 
and  Indian  war  ?  What  three  regicide  judges  took  refuge  in  America  ?  Who  was 
Simon  Girty  ? 

CHAPTER  XI. 
Ouconostota  and  Pontiac. 

As  the  French  War  drew  to  a  close  there  arose  in  the 
South  one  of  the  most  fiercely  contested  Indian  wars  that 
ever  laid  waste  any  portion  of  the  United  States.  The  Cher- 
okeeshad  long  been  friends  of  the  English,  and  assisted  them 
in  the  war  against  the  French.  A  party  of  young  warriors, 
returning  from  the  capture  of  Fort  Du  Quesne  through  the 
backwoods  of  Virginia,  having  lost  their  own  horses,  appro- 
priated some  that  were  roaming  at  large,  apparently  owner- 
less. These  Indians  were  followed  and  treated  as  marauders. 
Fourteen  were  shot,  and  many  others  were  made  pris- 
oners. 

This  affair  was  reported  to  the  Cherokee  nation,  and 
contrary  to  the  advice  of  the  older  men,  a  band  of  young 
braves  took  the  war  path,  and  committed  such  depredations 
upon  the  Carolina  frontier  that  Governor  Littleton  sum- 
moned a  force  and  proceeded  against  them.  Thirty-two 
chiefs  and  headmen  of  the  tribe  waited  upon  the  governor 
and  disclaimed  the  acts  of  the  depredators.  Wise  manage- 
ment upon  his  part  would  now  have  averted  the  terrible  war 
that  followed.  The  chiefs  were  haughtily  received,  were 
forced  to  accompany  the  expedition,  and  when  Fort  Prince 
George,  upon  the  Savannah,  three  hundred  miles  from 
Charleston,  was  reached,  were  thrown  into  prison. 


THE    STRUGGLE    FOR    SUPREMACY.  1 97 

Here  Attakullakulla,  the  wisest  man  of  the  Cherokee 
nation  and  life-long  friend  of  the  English,  appeared,  and  by 
his  eloquence,  effected  a  treaty  and  the  liberation  of  a  number 
of  the  chiefs.  The  remainder  were  detained  as  hostages  until 
a  like  number  of  the  young  depredators  should  be  given  up. 

One  of  the  liberated  chiefs  was  Ouconostota,  a  man 
who  wielded  great  influence  over  the  tribe.  Smarting  under 
the  indignities  imposed  upon  him  while  under  arrest,  he 
sought  personal  vengeance,  and,  drawing  forth  Captain 
Cotymore  from  the  fort  by  stratagem,  killed  him.  For  this 
the  hostages,  twenty-two  in  number,  were  mercilessly  put  to 
death. 

The  whole  nation  now  rose,  and  a  terrible  period  of  carnage 
ensued.  Colonel  Montgomery  and  twelve  hundred  men 
were  sent  from  Amherst's  army  at  the  north  (1760)  to  assist 
the  Carolinians.  Montgomery  captured  several  villages,  but 
was  so  persistently  harassed  that  he  gladly  abandoned  the 
enemy's  country. 

Amherst,  again  appealed  to,  sent  Colonel  James  Grant, 
who  took  the  field  with  twenty-six  hundred  men.  As  he 
advanced  the  Cherokees  made  the  most  ferocious  assaults 
upon  his  troops,  all  of  which  he  repulsed.  Grant  taught  the 
Indians  a  terrible  lesson.  He  burned  fourteen  of  their  towns, 
destroyed  their  fields  and  laid  waste  their  territory.  For 
many  a  day  his  name  remained  with  them  a  synonym  of 
destruction.  Many  joined  Attakullakulla  in  suing  for  peace, 
and  a  treaty  was  made. 

In  the  settlement  of  the  territorial  dispute  between  France 
and  England  the  rights  of  the  Indians  were  entirely  ig- 
nored. One  by  one  the  French  forts  were  relinquished; 
but  no  sooner  had  the  English  entered  upon  their  hard-earned 
possessions  than  they  found  confronting  them  a  question  of 
ownership  other  than  what  had  been  decided  with  France/ 


I98  PERIOD    OF    COLONIAL    DEVELOPMENT. 

Pontiac,  the  powerful  chief  of  the  Ottawas,  beheld  with 
resentment  the  transfer  of  his  domain  to  the  English.  Pos- 
sessed of  ability  rarely  met  with  in  an  Indian,  he  planned  and 
organized  one  of  the  greatest  Indian  conspiracies  ever  formed 
against  the  whites.  Eight  of  the  twelve  forts  acquired 
from  the  French  fell  into  his  hands.  Detroit  escaped  sur- 
prise by  the  merest  accident,  and  made  an  effectual  resist- 
ance.    Several  of  the  forts  were  captured  by  stratagem. 

The  war  fomented  by  Pon- 
tiac continued  for  three  years, 
and  the  power  of  the  confed- 
eracy was  broken  only  by 
most  vigorous  measures  upon 
the  part  of  the  English.  The 
treaty  that  ended  the  war  was 
signed  at  Oswego  (1766)  by  a 


Battle  of  Bushy  Run. 
The  same  barbarities  that  charac- 
terize every  Indian  war  were  practiced 
in  this.  The  settlements  of  northwest 
Virginia  and  western  Pennsylvania 
suffered  most  severely.  In  the  early 
part  of  the  contest  Fort  Pitt  was  be- 
sieged, but  Colonel  Henky  Boglet 
marching  from  Philadelphia  to  its  re- 
lief, defeated  the  Indians  at  the  battle 
of  Bushy  Run  (1763). 


number  of  chiefs,  assembled  for  the   purpose,  and  by  Sir 
William  Johnson  on  the  part  of  the  English. 

QUESTIONS. 

What  was  the  cause  of  the  war  with  the  Cherokees  ?  How  did  Governor 
Littleton  deal  with  the  Indians?  What  do  you  know  of  Attakullakulla  ? 
What  revengeful  act  did  Ouconostota  commit?  What  resulted  from  it? 
Whom  did  Amherst  send  to  assist  the  Carolinians?  "What  do  you  know  of 
Montgomery's  campaign  ?  Whom  did  Amherst  next  send?  What  do  you 
know  of  Grant's  campaign  ?  What  Indian  chief  resented  the  transfer  of  ter- 
ritory to  the  English?  What  do  you  know  of  Pontiac's  conspiracy?  How 
many  forts  fell  into  his  hands?  What  do  you  know  of  the  battle  of  Bushy 
Run  ?     Where,  when,  and  by  whom  was  the  treaty  of  peace  signed  ? 


PREPARATORY    NOTES. 

Definition  of  Words. — Relinquishment,  transmit,  devising,  staple,  re- 
sources, lucrative,  restrict,  sectional,  assigned,  industrial,  antagonism,  exert, 
culminating,  wreak,  disposition,  regicide,  tendency,  institute,  hospitality, 
impart,  acquisition,  mature,  indelible. 


THE    THIRTEEN    ENGLISH    COLONIES.  1 99 

PARALLEL     READINGS. 

Reference.— Coffin's  "Old  Times  in  the  Colonies,"  Cook's  "Virginia,"  Eggleston's 
"  Household  History  of  the  United  States,"  Oilman's  •■  History  of  the  American  People.*' 

General.  — Thackeray's  "Virginians"  (fictioq),  "Second  Generation  of  Englishmen  in 
America"  (Harper's  Magazine,  July,  1SS3),  liliss'  "Colonial  Times  on  Buzzard's  Bay," 
"The  Fairfaxes  of  Yorkshire  and  Virginia"  (Magazine  of  American  History,  March,  18S5). 

Topical.— "  Colonial  Life,"  "First  College,"  "  First  Printing  Press,"  "Plantation  Life," 
"Farm  Life,"  "New  England  Fisheries,"  "Ship  Building,"  "Colonial  Money,"  "Colo- 
nial Governments."  ••  Pirates,"  "  West  Indie  Trade." 


The  Thirteen  English  Colonies. 

CHAPTER  XII, 

Colonial    Progress. 

The  French  and  Indian  War  rendered  the  English  power 
in  America  supreme.  Its  bearing  upon  the  development 
of  the  English  colonies  was  of  the  highest  importance. 
Drawing  the  colonies  together  in  a  common  cause,  it  had 
taught  them  the  benefits  of  united  action,  and  had  brought 
them  into  closer  acquaintanceship  with  each  other.  The 
men  of  the  colonial  armies  had  learned  from  the  experienced 
officers  sent  from  England  many  a  valuable  lesson  in  the  art 
of  wrar  that  wras  shortly  to  serve  them  to  good  purpose,  and 
repeated  success  had  inspired  them  with  confidence  in 
themselves. 

The  cession  of  Canada  to  the  English  insured  security  to 
the  northern  frontier.  The  relinquishment  of  French  forts 
and  posts  in  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  valleys  removed  the 
barriers  that  at  one  time  opposed  the  expansion  of  the  colo- 
nies westward.  The  conquest  of  the  Indians  of  the  South 
and  West  cleared  the  way  for  the  pioneer  who  was  soon  to 
make  his  way  across  the  Alleghanies. 

Greatlv  had  the  colonies  increased  in  population  since  the 
time  when  a  few  struggled  for  existence  upon  the  banks  of 
the   James.      They    now    numbered  almost   three   millions. 


200 


TERIOD  OF  COLONIAL  DEVELOPMENT. 


This  population  had  all  the 
elements  of  strength.  It  had 
been  drawn  from  the  liberty- 
loving  of  all  Europe.  Land  in 
America  was  easily  to  be  had. 
In  Europe  it  was  owned  and 
controlled  for  the  most  part  by 
the  higher  and  titled  classes. 
The  inducements  offered  to  the 
enterprising  and  industrious  in 
the  way  of  lands  and  homes 
and  undisturbed  possession  of 
the  fruits  of  their  own  labor 
were  many.  The  tide  of  immi- 
gration that  set  in  from  Europe 
has  not  ceased  to  this  day. 

Life  in  a  new  region  is 
always  one  of  privation  and 
hardships.  Many  a  lesson  of  courage,  perseverance,  and 
endurance  is  to  be  learned  of-those  who  first  came  and  wrested 
from  the  American  wilderness  permanent  abiding  places  for 
themselves  and  their  posterity.  In  the  generations  that  fol- 
lowed them  we  see  their  traits  of  character  transmitted 
and  exhibiting  themselves,  when  called  into  activity  by  love 
of  liberty,  right  and  country. 

First  to  confront  the  early  colonists  were  the  problems  of 
food  and  shelter.  At  first  their  dwellings  were  rude  affairs. 
Sometimes  they  were  patterned  after  the  barked  hut  of  the 
savage;  sometimes  constructed  of  logs  taken  from  the  trees 
felled  in  clearing  the  land  for  cultivation.  The  furnishings 
were  few,  and  the  conveniences  for  housekeeping  fewer  still. 
Rude  platters  and  bowls  of  wood  often  took  the   place  of 


Colonial  Governments. 
One  by  one  the  colonies  of  England 
had  been  planted  along  the  Atlantic 
coast,  and  had  finally  grouped  them- 
selves into  thirteen  colonial  organiza- 
tions, each  separate  and  distinct  from 
the  others  in  its  relation  to  the  mother 
country.  Under  the  different  grants,  re- 
linquishments and  purchases  there  had 
come  to  exist  three  forms  of  colonial 
governments.  Virginia,  New  York, 
New  Jersey,  North  Carolina,  South 
Carolina,  New  Hampshire,  and  Geor- 
gia were  Royal  Provinces,  whose 
governors  were  appointed  by  the  king. 
Laws  were  made  by  a  legislative  body 
consisting  of  two  houses,  the  upper 
one  of  which  was  appointed  by  the 
king;  the  lower,  elected  by  the  people. 
Maryland,  Pennsylvania  and  Dela- 
ware were  Proprietary  colonies,  the 
proprietors  exercising  appointive  pow- 
ers similar  to  that  of  the  king.  Mas- 
sachusetts, Connecticut  and  Rhode 
Island  were  Charter  colonies,  and 
under  their  charters  enjoyed  many  of 
the  privileges  of  self-government, 
such  as  the  choosing  of  their  own 
governors. 


THE    THIRTEEN    ENGLISH    COLONIES.  201 

dishes,  and  the  few  utensils  brought  from  the  mother  country 
served  more  purposes  than  one. 

But  time  brought  many  improvements.  The  sawmill  was 
introduced  at  an  early  day,  and  neater  structures  replaced 
the  cabins  of  the  first  settlers.  Cattle,  hogs,  and  horses 
were  brought  from  Europe,  and  American  farm-life  be- 
came comfortable  and  prosperous.  The  natural  resources 
of  the  country  were  developed  in  the  several  lines  of 
agriculture,  commerce  and  manufactures.  Those  colonies 
whose  staple  products  became  profitable  articles  of  export, 
accumulated  wealth  very  rapidly,  and  the  luxuries  of  life  soon 
made  their  appearance. 

In  those  days  of  slow  sailing,  voyages  to  and  from  Europe 
consumed  much  time.  The  colonists  to  a  greater  or  lesser 
extent  were  thrown  upon  their  own  resources  for  many 
articles  of  convenience.  The  necessity  of  making,  originat- 
ing, devising,  and  substituting  frequently  arose,  and  the 
spirit  of  invention,  since  become  so  distinctively  American, 
was  thus  incited  to  activity. 

QUESTIONS. 

What  bearing  had  the  French  and  Indian  war  upon  the  development  of  the 
English  colonies?  What  taught  the  colonists  the  benefits  of  united  action? 
What  valuable  lessons  were  learned  by  the  men  of  the  colonial  armies? 
What  effect  had  the  cession  of  Canada  on  the  prosperity  of  the  col- 
onies ?  The  relinquishment  of  the  western  posts  ?  The  conquest  of  the 
western  and  southern  tribes?  To  what  extent  had  populrtion  increased? 
What  inducements  did  America  offer  to  the  liberty- loving  of  Europe? 
What  is  the  condition  of  life  in  a  new  region?  What  traits  of  character 
were  transmitted  to  the  descendants  of  the  first  settlers  ?  Whai  problems 
were  first  encountered?  What  was  the  nature  of  the  first  dwellings?  Fur- 
nishings? Conveniences?  What  improvements  were  made?  What 
advanced  American  farm  life  ?  What  branches  of  industry  were  developed? 
How  was  the  spirit  of  American  invention  incited  to  activity  ?  What  do  you 
know  of  colonial  governments?  How  many  kinds  were  there?  Describe 
each? 


202         PERIOD  OF  COLONIAL  DEVELOPMENT. 

CHAPTER  XIII. 

The    Beginning   of   American   Industries. 

Among  the  first  industries  developed  in  the  New  World 
were  those  pertaining  to  agriculture.  Many  were  the  attempts 
of  the  early  colonists  to  cultivate  successfully  products  for 
export  sufficiently  staple  to  command  at  all  times  that  reve- 
nue without  which  no  colony  could  hope  to  attain  material 
prosperity.  Silk  raising,  wine  making,  hemp  growing  and 
several  other  agricultural  enterprises  were  attempted,  but  in 
none  of  them  was  any  degree  of  success  attained. 

Virginia  was  the  first  to  solve  the  problem  with  the  tobacco 
plant.  The  first  to  experiment  successfully  with  it  was  John 
Rolfe,  the  husband  of  Pocahontas.  The  Virginia  colonists 
soon  found  that  with  methods  of  cultivation  superior  to  those 
employed  by  the  Indians,  the  quality  and  yield  was  greatly 
improved.  Little  by  little,  the  best  method  of  curing  the  leaf 
became  perfected,  and  at  an  early  day  a  rigid  system  of 
inspection  was  instituted,  that  permitted  only  the  best  quality 
to  be  exported.  Virginia  tobacco  came  into  great  demand  in 
the  markets  of  the  world,  and  as  early  as  1736  more  than 
twenty-five  thousand  tons  of  shipping  were  required  to  trans- 
port the  crop.  The  industry  spread  to  North  Carolina  and 
Maryland,  where  it  was  carried  on  with  like  success. 

The  early  Carolina  colonists  found  sources  of  great  wealth 
in  the  immense  pine  forests  that  covered  that  part  of  the 
country.  Tar,  pitch,  rosin,  turpentine,  and  lumber  were  pro- 
duced in  abundance,  and  a  lucrative  trade  sprung  up  with 
the  West  Indies.  The  introduction  of  rice  culture  into  South 
Carolina  marked  an  era  in  the  development  of  that  colony. 
In  1696  Thomas  Smith  obtained  some  seed  rice  from  the 
island  of  Madagascar,  planted  it.  and  made  the  discovery 
that  it  did  best  upon  marshy  ground. 


THE    THIRTEEN    ENGLISH    COLONIES. 


203 


EARLY    AMERICAN    COINS. 


Plantations  were  laid  out  along  the  rivers  and  the  rice 
industry  assumed  immense  proportions.  In  the  years  follow- 
ing the  French  and  Indian  War  the  exportation  reached 
nearly  seventy  million  pounds.  Charleston  soon  became  a 
center  of  wealth  and  refinement,  and,  with  a  population  of 
fifteen  thousand,  stood  fifth  in  size  of  the  American  cities. 
Indigo  was  also  cultivated  with  great  success. 

A  limited  quantity  of  cotton  was  raised  in  the  Southern 
States ;  but  the  difficulty  of  separating  the  lint  from  the  seed 
restricted  its  cultivation.  Inventive  talent  had  not  yet  devised 
the  ingenious  contrivance  that  was  afterwards  to  make  this 
the  great  staple  of  the  South. 


204 


PERIOD    OF    COLONIAL    DEVELOPMENT. 


The  agricultural  resources  of  the  Middle  colonies  were 
developed  with  great  success.  Here  were  numerous  well- 
tilled  small  farms,  whose  thrifty  owners  would  send  their  sur- 
plus products  to  markets  and  seaport  towns.  The  admirable 
situation  of  Philadelphia  drew,  to  it  the  produce  trade  of  all 
the  surrounding  country,  and  it  soon  became  the  largest  city 
in  America.  For  the  same  reason  New  York  became  an 
important  center  and  ranked  next  in  size. 

In  the  development  of  their  resources  the  people  of  the 
Northern  colonies  had  much  to  contend  with.  Soil  and  cli- 
mate to  a  great  extent  were  found  unsuited  to  the  produc- 
tion with  profit  of  any  great  agricultural  staple,  and  little 
more  was  raised  than  was 
consumed  at  home.  Hence, 
other  pursuits  soon  claimed 
their  attention.  All  along  the 
coast  were  excellent  fishing 
grounds,  and  much  profit  was 
found  in  the  catching,  curing 
and  exporting  of  fish.  The 
New  England  fisheries  were 
rapidly  built  up  and  soon 
became  famous.  With  the 
growth  of  the  fisheries  came 
the  building  of  fishing  vessels, 
which  led  to  development  of 
ship  building  interests.  New 
England-built  vessels  were 
sent  to  many  parts  of  the  world 
and  sold  with  their  cargo. 

Much  profit  was  found  in 
trade  with  the  Indians  and  in 
the  coasting  trade  with  other  colonies.     Many  articles  of  con- 


Colonial  Money. 
In  the  early  days  trade  was  a  matter 
of  exchange  and  barter.  In  Virginia 
tobacco  took  the  place  of  money;  in 
South  Carolina  rice  served  the  same 
purpose.  In  the  Indian  trade  leaden 
bullets  and  peculiar  species  of  shells 
strung  together,  called  by  the  Indians 
wampum,  were  used.  With  the  sys- 
tematic storing  of  carefully  inspected 
tobacco  in  Virginia  warehouses  came 
the  employment  of  certificates  ot  own- 
ership of  stated  quantities,  which  was 
a  great  advance  upon  the  system  of 
having  the  tobacco  change  hands.  The 
necessity  of  a  medium  of  exchange 
caused  the  colonists  to  use  many  for- 
eign coins,  particularly  those  of  Spain, 
which  came  by  way  of  the  West 
Indies.  An  attempt  was  made  by 
Virginia  in  1645  to  establish  a  mint. 
Massachusetts  in  1651  was  more  suc- 
cessful, and  among  its  earliest  coins 
were  shillings  and  sixpences,  stamped 
with  the  device  of  a  pine  tree.  Lord 
Baltimore  established  a  mint  in  Lon- 
don for  his  Maryland  colony  about  the 
year  1659.  Paper  money  was  issued 
by  Massachusetts  as  early  as  1690,  and 
her  example  was  soon  followed  by 
other  colonies. 


THE    THIRTEEN    ENGLISH    COLONIES 


^5 


Pirates. 

The  commerce  of  the  colonies  suf- 
fered greatly  from  the  depredations  of 
pirates.  Vigorous  and  systematic 
measures  to  exterminate  them  had  tobe 
resorted  to.  After  a  desperate  battle, 
Teach,  or  Blackbeakd,  as  he  was 
called,  was  captured  at  Ocracoke 
inlet  in  1718,  by  Lieutenant  May- 
nard,  who  was  sent  for  the  pur- 
pose by  Governor  Spottswood  of  Vir- 
gin!*. Another,  named  Steed  Bur- 
nett, was  captured  with  all  his  men 
by  Colonel  William  Kiiett  of 
Charleston,  and  being  found  guilty, 
were  all  hanged.  Captain  Kid, 
another  famous  American  pirate,  was 
captured,  taken  to  London  and  exe- 
cuted. 


venience  were  made  for  the  purpose  of  exchange,  and  manu- 
factures would  have  rapidly  developed  but  for  the  restrict- 
ive policy  which  England  was 
pursuing  at  the  time  toward  her 
American  subjects.  A  regu- 
lar exchange  of  commodities 
arose  with  the  West  Indies. 
The  products  of  the  sugar  cane 
raised  on  those  islands  became 
most  important  imports. 


QUESTIONS. 

What  colonial  industry  was  first  de- 
veloped? What  agricultural  experi- 
ments failed?  What  can  you  say  of 
the  development  of  the  tobacco  indus- 
try? Why  did  Virginia  tohacco  come  into  great  demand?  What  source  of 
wealth  had  the  Carolina  colonists?  What  can  you  say  of  the  introduction 
of  rice  into  South  Carolina  ?     Why  did   not  cotton  become  a  staple  product 


in  colonial  da 


How  were    the  agricultural  resources  of  the  Middle  col- 


onies developed?  What  can  you  say  of  Philadelphia?  New  York?  With 
what  had  the  Northern  colonists  to  contend?  What  industries  were  devel- 
oped in  New  England  ?  What  can  you  say  of  New  England  fisheries? 
Shipbuilding?  Indian  trade?  Coasting  trade?  Trade  with  the  West  Indies? 
What  do  you  know  of  colonial  money?     Pirates? 

CHAPTER  XIV. 


The   Development   of   Sectional   Differences. 

The  first  grant  of  American  territory  that  led  to  perman- 
ent English  colonization  was  a  sectional  one.  By  its  terms 
the  territory  granted  was  divided  into  South  Virginia  and 
North  Virginia,  and  assigned  to  the  London  Company  and 
Plymouth  Colony  respectively.  In  the  southern  portion  was 
planted  first  in  point  of  time  the  colony  of  Virginia ;  in  the 
northern,  that  of  Massachusetts,   Each  of  these  colonies  nat- 


2o6 


PERIOD    OF    COLONIAL    DEVELOPMENT. 


Industrial  Differences. 
North  and  South  were  attaining  pros- 
perity along  different  lines.  The  in- 
terests of  the  former  lay  in  com- 
merce, and,  in  time,  in  manufacture. 
Those  of  the  latter,  in  agriculture. 
Pursuits  and  occupations  re -act  upon 
the  life  and  character  of  a  people. 
Hence,  as  the  difference  between  the 
North  and  South  became  more  marked 
in  their  industrial  pursuits,  so  did  this 
difference  in  the  character  of  the  peo- 
ple become.  Had  the  interests  of  the 
two  sections  been  alike,  no  antagonism 
could  ever  have  arisen.  But  let  an 
effort  be  made,  either  through  the  ma- 
chinery of  government  or  otherwise,  to 
promote  seemingly  the  interests  of  the 
one  at  the  expense  of  the  other,  we  see 
a  natural  and  logical  sequence  from 
sectional  difference  thorough  sectional 
antagonism  to  sectional  conflict. 


urally  exerted  an  influence 
upon  those  that  followed,  and 
in  time  each  represented,  to  a 
fair  extent,  the  thought,  de- 
velopment and  progress  of  the 
respective  sections. 

Both  received  their  first  set- 
tlers from  England,  but  the 
elements  of  population  from 
which  their  immigrants  were 
drawn  were  very  unlike .  The 
one  was  loyal  to  church  and 
state,  and  came  to  Virginia  as 
to  another  portion  of  their 
native  country,  carrying  with  them  a  pride  in  still  being 
English  subjects.  The  other  was  thoroughly  dissatisfied  with 
the  condition  of  church  and  state  in  England,  and  came  to 
Massachusetts  as  to  another  country,  desiring  to  place 
themselves  far  enough  beyond  English  jurisdiction  to  enable 
them  to  follow  out  their  stern  convictions  without  interfer- 
ence. 

The  two  elements  in  England  were  opposed  to  each  other, 
the  opposition  culminating  in  the  Cavalier  and  Puritan  con- 
flict, known  as  the  English  Revolution  (i642-'48).  When 
King  Charles  I  was  driven  from  the  throne  and  put  to  death, 
Cavalier  Virginia  sympathized  with  his  followers  and  offered 
to  many  a  refuge.  When  the  son  of  the  executed  monarch 
ascended  the  throne  and  proceeded  to  wreak  vengeance  upon 
those  concerned  in  the  deposition  and  death  of  his  father, 
Puritan  Massachusetts  held  forth  a  place  of  safety,  even,  as  it 
has  been  stated,  affording  a  place  of  concealment  to  three  of 
the  regicide  judges. 


THE    THIRTEEN    ENGLISH    COLONIES.  207 

But  antagonisms  were  not  carried  to  the  New  World; 
for  in  time  the  colonists  of  both  came  to  have  many  interests 
in  common,  to  cooperate  with  and  assist  each  other,  to 
meet  upon  a  common  ground  and  regard  each  other  as 
Americans.  But  for  many  years  vast  wildernesses  separated 
them,  and,  thrown  upon  its  own  resources,  each  developed 
its  own  characteristics.  As  industrial  pursuits  developed, 
these  characteristics  became  sectional  and  manifested  them- 
selves particularly  in  the  life  and  character  of  the  people. 

In  the  North,  the  tendency  of  life  was  to  compact- 
ness. Small  farms  were  grouped  together  into  rural  villages 
and  cities,  and  towns  sprung  into  existence  up  and  down 
the  coast.  In  the  South,  life  assumed  an  entirely  different 
character.  The  introduction  of  slavery  rendered  possible  the 
cultivation  of  large  tracts  of  land.  The  white  population  was 
thus  scattered,  and  an  absence  of  town  life  became  notice- 
able. Many  of  the  county  seats  of  Virginia  and  North  Car- 
olina consisted  but  of  a  courthouse,  a  jail,  an  inn,  and  a  store. 
At  the  close  of  the  French  War,  Virginia  contained  the  great- 
est number  of  inhabitants  of  all  the  colonies,  and  yet  Nor- 
folk, its  largest  town,  had  a  population  of  only  seven  thou- 
sand, and  in  Williamsburg,  its  capital,  there  were  but  two 
hundred  houses. 

The  necessity  of  education  was  early  recognized  in  all  the 
colonies.  The  compact  settlements  of  the  North  made  it  pos- 
sible to  institute  common  or  public  schools.  The  first  college 
in  America  was  established  at  Cambridge,  Mass.  (1638), 
and  the  Rev.  John  Harvard  having  bequeathed  to  it  his 
books  and  half  of  his  estate,  the  college  took  his  name.  The 
second  was  established  at  Williamsburg,  Va.  (1693),  by 
Rev.  James  Blair,  and,  being  endowed  by  the  reigning  sov- 
ereigns of  England,  it  was  named  in  their  honor — William 
and  Mary's  College.     The  founding  of  Harvard  College 


208  PERIOD    OF    COLONIAL   DEVELOPMENT. 

was  immediately  followed  by  the  introduction  of  the  printing 
press,  the  first  of  which  was  set  up  at  Cambridge  (  1639). 

The  wealth  of  Virginia  increased  very  rapidly.  The 
grand  old  manor  houses  became  homes  of  culture  and  refine- 
ment, where  hospitality  was  dispensed  in  a  manner  so  lavish 
that  traditions  of  it  are  handed  down  to  this  day.  Earliest  of 
all  the  colonies  to  become  a  royal  province,  it  had  received  a 
number  of  governors  from  England,  who  brought  with  them, 
and  imparted  to  the  colonists,  much  of  the^polish,  grace  and 
courtliness  that  added  so  many  charms  to  society  in  colonial 
Virginia. 

Some  few  schools  were  established  previous  to  the  found- 
ing of  William  and  Mary's  College,  but  under  the  conditions 
that  then  existed,  they  were  not  numerous.  Opportunities 
for  the  acquisition  of  knowledge  were  not  lacking,  how- 
ever, for  the  intellectual  development  of  this  colony  was 
marked.  Among  the  Virginians  who  gathered  at  stated  inter- 
vals at  the  county  seat  or  the  capital  in  the  later  colonial 
days,  were  some  of  the  "brightest  minds  that  have  adorned 
America.  The  development  of  legal  talent  in  Virginia  was 
remarkable,  and  when  the  "learning  and  skill  of  the  lawyer 
matured  into  the  wisdom  of  the  statesman,  the  world  beheld 
with  admiration  a  senate  of  peerless  men  that  included  Patrick 
Henry,  Jefferson,  Madison,  Lee,  Randolph,  Pendleton  and 
others,  whose  connection  with  the  history  of  their  country 
has  immortalized  their  names. 

QUESTIONS. 

What  do  you  know  of  the  establishment  of  the  Virginia  and  Massachu- 
setts colonies?  How  did  the  colonists  of  each  differ  from  the  other?  From 
what  opposing  elements  of  English  population  were  they  drawn?  What  do 
you  know  of  the  English  Revolution?  How  were  the  antagonisms  lost  sight 
of  in  the  New  World?  What  separated  the  colonies  from  one  another? 
What  effect  had  this  limited  intercourse  on  each?  What  was  the  differ- 
ence between   life  in   the  Northern  and  in   the  Southern  colonies  ?     What 


REVIEW    OF    THIRD    PERIOD.  200. 

necessity  was  early  recognized  ?  What  do  you  know  of  the  founding  of  the 
first  American  college  ?  The  second?  The  establishment  of  the  first  print- 
ing press?  What  can  you  say  of  colonial  life  in  Virginia  particularly?  What 
opportunities  were  not  lacking?  How  do  we  know?  What  group  of  great 
statesmen  arose  in  colonial  Virginia? 

REVIEW   QUESTIONS. 

Name  the  Indian  wars?  What  can  you  say  of  the  relations  between  the 
French  and  the  Indians?  The  English  and  the  Indians?  What  do  you 
know  of  King  Philip's  war?  When  and  where  was  Graffenreid's  colony 
established?  Who  was  Handcock?  What  do  you  know  of  the  Tuscaroras? 
The  Natchez?  What  do  you  know  of  Bacon's  Rebellion?  Of  the  growth  of 
liberty  in  Virginia?  Salem  Witchcraft?  Name  the  three  inter-colonial 
wars.  Give  cause  of  each.  Principal  events  of  each.  What  do  you  know 
of  the  Spanish  troubles  in  the  South?  What  events  immediately  preceded 
the  French  and  Indian  War?  What  do  you  know  of  the  Ohio  Company? 
Braddock's  defeat?  What  engagements  occurred  in  the  French  anc"  Indian 
war  in  connection  with  Fort  Du  Quesne?  Louisburg?  Quebec?  Fort 
Niagara?  Ticonderoga  and  Crown  Point?  Name  five  English  generals  in  this 
war  and  tell  what  each  did.  Four  French.  What  part  did  young  George 
Washington  take  in  this  war?  Name  four  peace  treaties  between  France 
and  England.  What  war  did  each  terminate?  When  was  each  signed? 
What  do  you  know  of  the  Cherokee  war?  Of  Pontiac?  Name  and  describe 
three  forms  of  colonial  governments.  What  do  you  know  of  the  progress  of 
the  English  colonies?  Of  the  beginning  of  American  industries?  Of  the 
differences  existing  between  the  sections  in  colonial  times?  Of  colonial 
money?  Pirates?  First  college?  Second  college?  First  printing  press? 
What  was  the  largest  American  city?  Second  in  size?  What  development 
was  remarkable  in  Virginia? 

REVIEW   EXERCISE. 

(BIOGRAPHICAL.) 

For  method  of  using,  see  page  162. 

Pepperel.  Le  Feboure.  Barba.  Braddock. 

Andros.  Berkley.  Burroughs.  Tituba. 

Graffenreid.  Barnwell.  Alderman.  Spottswood. 

Opitchipan.  Rolfe.  Sassacus.  Opecancanough. 

King  Philip.  Mason.  Tncas.  Massasoit. 

Moore.  Craven.  De  Chopart.  Perier. 


2IO 


PERIOD    OF    COLONIZATION. 


Harvey. 

Parris. 

Leisler. 

Sutherland. 

Jumonville. 

Lyman. 

Abercrombie. 

Wolfe. 

Ouconostota. 

Burnett. 

Harvard. 


Bacon. 
Cory. 
Phips. 
Dinwiddie. 

Boisehebert. 

Johnson. 

Prideaux. 

Littleton. 

Grant. 

Kid. 

Blair. 


Goodwin. 

Wardwell. 

Warren. 

Half-King. 

Amherst. 

Montcalm. 

Forbes. 

Pontiac. 

Boquet. 

Maynard. 

Cantev. 


Mather. 

Willard. 

Rhett. 

Franklin. 

Monckton. 

Loudon. 

De  Vitre. 

Montgomery 

Thos.  Smith. 

Teach. 

McKay. 


PREPARATORY    NOTES. 

TO  CHAPTERS  I,  II  AND  III. 

Definition  of  Words. — Restricted,  subserving,  evasion,  engender,  assail, 
inspire,  discrimination,  fundamentally,  announce,  impose,  litigants,  trans- 
cendant,  inherit,  reaffirm,  dissolve,  interpose,  conservatively,  memorial, 
protest,  repeal,  instigate,  obnoxious,  despotic,  persistancv,  pending,  signifi- 
cance, empressment,  alleged,  violation,  extortions,  rebate,  relinquishment, 
consignee,  compliance,  annul,  concerted,  unanimity,  remote,  impending, 
deliberation,  repeal,  grievances. 

PARALLEL    READINGS. 

Reference. — Tyler's  "Patrick  Henry,"  Hildreth's  "History  of  the  United  States," 
Howitt's  "  History  of  the  United  States,"  Grahame's  "  Colonial  History  of  the  United 
States,"  Higginson's  "  History  of  the  United  States,"  Hosmer's  "  Samuel  Adams." 

General. — The  "British  Yoke"  (Harper's  Magazine,  August,  1883),  Lodge's  "  English 
Colonies,  '  Greene's  "  Historical  View  of  the  Revolution,"  Fiske's  "  Beginnings  of  the  Amer- 
ican Revolution  "  (Atlantic  Monthly,  March,  188S),  Fiske's  "  First  Years  of  the  Continental 
Congress"  (Id.,  September,  1888),  "First  Crisis  in  the  American  Revolution"  (Id.,  April, 
1S88),  Arnold's  "  March  to  Canada"  (Magazine  of  American  History,  February,  1885). 

Topical. — "  Navigation  Act,"  "  Stamp  Act,"  "  Patrick  Henry,"  "James  Otis,"  "Christo- 
pher Gadsden,"  "American  Revolution,  Causes  of,"  "Writs  of  Assistance,"  "Congress- 
Second  Colonial,"  "George  III,  Character  of,"  "  Gaspee,  Burning  of,"  "Boston  Tea 
Party,"  "Alamance,  Battle  of,"  "Boston  Port  Bill,"  "Committees  of  Correspondence,' 
"Sons  of  Liberty." 


The  maps  upon  the  opposite  page  sh 
pages  293  and  35  ,  and  tin:  successiv 
attained  its  present  limits,  noted. 


NOTE. 

Id  he  ex 


mnection  with  those  opposite 
by  which    the    United    States 


TERRITORIAL  CHANGE! 

1763. 

(After  close  of  Frenc-h  and  Indian  Wl 
SCALE  OF  MILES 


0    100    200   300     400 


ENGRAVED  FOR  HANSELL'S  HIGHER  HISTORY  OF  THE 


FOURTH      PERIOD. 


REVOLUTION 


The  Struggle 

For  English  Liberty 

in  America. 

CHAPTER  I. 

Commercial   Slavery. 

THE  improper  and  oppressive  exercise  of  governmental 
power  is  tyranny.  The  setting  aside  of  governmental 
authority  is  revolution.  The  one  has  often  resulted  from 
the  other.  We  are  now  to  consider  an  instance  known  in 
the  world's  history  as  The  American  Revolution. 

The  policy  of  England  toward  her  American  colonies  had 
long  been  a  source  of  great  dissatisfaction  to  the  colonists. 
The  governors  sent  to  rule  them  were  often  tyrannical  and,  as 
often,  dishonest.  The  laws  made  for  their  government  took 
little  consideration  of  their  welfare,  restricted  their  material 
advancement,  and  tended  more  and  more  to  reduce  them  to 
a  state  of  subserviency  to  the  mother  country. 

Navigation  Acts  (1651)  compelled  the  colonists  to  send 


212 


PERIOD    OF    REVOLUTION. 


their  products  to  England,  and  not  to  those  markets  of  the 
world  where  better  prices  could  be  obtained.  Importation 
Acts  (1733)  placed  heavy  restrictions  upon  their  commerce 
with  the  West  Indies.  American  shipbuilding  was  discour- 
aged, lest  it  should  interfere  with  the  interests  of  English  ship- 
owners. American  manufactures  were  prohibited  ( 1751 ),  in 
order  that  the  American  market  for  English  goods  might  not 
be  affected.  Even  trade  between  colonies  was  limited  as 
much  as  possible,  so  that  each  might  deal  directly  with  the 
mother  country  to  the  profit  of  English  merchants. 

The  colonists  did  not  yield 
perfect  submission  to  these 
measures  of  oppression.  The 
passage  of  an  unjust  law  would 
be  followed  by  evasions.  Its 
enforcement  would  engender 
much  ill  feeling.  As  long  as 
the  French  foe  assailed  them 
from  the  north,  the  colonists 
felt  a  certain  dependence  upon 
Great  Britain.  But  that  danger 
being  removed,  they  could  now 
consider  more  closely  their 
relations  to  the  mother  country. 
Moreover,    a  consciousness 

of  power  was  rapidly  developing  with  the  in- 
crease of  population.  Success  in  the  Indian 
and  Inter-Colonial  Wars  had  inspired  self- 
confidence.  The  conditions  of  colonial  life 
had  from  the  first  fostered  a  love  of  liberty. 
The  spirit  of  American  independence  was  of 
slow  and  natural  growth,  and  the  time  was 
near  at  hand  when  oppression  could  no  longer  be  submitted 


Two  Centers  of  Political  Thought. 

Two  centers  of  political  thought 
were  slowly  crystallizing — the  one  in 
Virginia  and  the  other  in  Massachu- 
setts. An  enunciation  of  political 
principles  was  to  emanate  from 
each,  the  successful  maintenance  of 
which  was  to  mark  an  era  in  the  pro- 
gress of  the  human  race.  From  these 
centers  was  to  blaze  forth  the  genius  of 
such  men  as  Patrick  Henry  and  James 
Otis,  of  Thomas  Jefferson  and  the 
Adamses,  of  Pendleton,  Carr,  Ran- 
dolph, Lee,  Hancock  and  Mason. 
These  were  to  lead.  Long-standing 
dissatisfaction  was  to  culminate  in  a 
crisis.  A  step  in  all  solemnity  was  to 
be  taken  by  the  American  people,  from 
the  condition  of  being  governed  to  that 
of  governing.  A  transfer  of  sovereignty 
was  soon  to  be  made ;  and  the  principles 
of  self-government  were  to  be  given 
to  the  world. 


JAMES    OTIS. 


STRUGGLE    FOR    ENGLISH    LIBERTY    IN    AMERICA, 


213 


James  Otis  and  Writs   oi  Assistance. 

To  bettor  enforce   the  provisions  of 

the  Navigation   and  the   Importation 

Acts  authority  was  granted  to  colonial 
courts  to  issue  WRITS  OF  ASSISTANCE 
( 1701  ),  These  writs  were  official  search 
warrants,  empowering  officers  of  the 
king  to  search  private  dwellings.  Their 
issuance  was  eloquently  opposed  by 
James  Otis  in  Massachusetts,  and  their 
execution  was  resisted  at  Boston  and 
Salem.  The  public  mind  was  greatly 
aroused.  The  eloquence  of  Otis  made 
a  deep  impression.  The  question  soon 
began  to  shape  itself:  "Ought  Amer- 
icans SUBMIT  TO  LAWS  IN  THE 
MAKING  OF  WHICH  THEY  HAVE  NO 
SHAKE?" 

The  people  of  England  were  repre- 
sented in  the  law-making  body  known 
as  the  House  of  Parliament.  The 
people  of  America  were  represented  in 
law-making  bodies  of  their  own — the 
Colonial  Assemblies.  Those  who  took 
an  advanced  position  upon  political 
subjects  maintained  that  the  laws  of 
each  were  only  operative  upon  those 
who  were  represented  in  it. 


success  in  war  on  the  colonists? 
time  was  near  at  hand  ?      What  do 
political  thought?      What  were  w 
opposed?      What  question  shaped 


to;  when  a  discrimination 
between  the  Englishmen  of 
America  and  the  Englishmen 
of  England  could  no  longer 
go  unquestioned;  when  the 
principles  that  underlie  Eng- 
lish civil  liberty  would  have  to 
be  combated  for  upon  Amer- 
ican soil. 

QUESTIONS. 

What    is    tyranny  ?         Revolution  ? 
What  grievances   had  the    American 
colonies    against     England?        What 
were  Navigation  Acts  ?      Importation 
Acts?     What  restrictions  and    prohi- 
bitions were  placed  on  the  colonics? 
What  rendered  the  colonies  less  de- 
pendent  upon    England?     What  was 
rapidly  developing  ?     What  effect  had 
The  condition  of  colonial  life?    What 
you  know  of  the  two  colonial  centers  of 
rits  of  assistance?     By  whom  were  they 
itself  in  the  public  mind  ? 


CHAPTER  II. 

Unjust   Taxation. 

The  lower  house  of  Parliament  is  known  as  the  House  of 
Commons,  and  constitutes  that  portion  of  England's  law- 
making body  more  directly  representative  of  the  people.  The 
principle  had  already  been  established  fundamentally  in 
their  government,  that  the  people  of  England  could  not  be 
taxed  without  their  own  consent;  this  consent  is  expressed 
by  their  representatives  in  the  House  of  Commons. 

Being  Englishmen  and  free,  the  colonists  had  come  to 
firmly  believe  that  they,   too,   could  not  be  taxed  without 


214 


PERIOD    OF   REVOLUTION. 


their  own  consent,  and  that  this  consent  could  only  be 
expressed  by  the  only  law-making  body  in  which  they  were 
represented — the  Colonial  Assembly.  When,  therefore,  it 
was  announced  (1764)  by  Granville,  Prime  Minister  of 
England,  that  a  tax  would  be  imposed  upon  the  colonies, 
and  that  the  imposition  would  come  by  act  of  Parliament 
and  not  by  act  of  Colonial  Assembly,  a  storm  of  indignation 
arose  throughout  the  colonies. 

The  measure  proposed  was  passed  in  1765,  and  from  the 
peculiar  way  in  which  the  tax  was  to  be  collected  it  is  known 
as  the  Stamp  Act.  It  was  received  with  a  burst  of  indigna- 
tion throughout  the  colonies.  Bells  were  tolled  in  Boston 
as  for  a  dire  calamity.  In  New 
York  the  act  was  printed  and 
circulated  under  the  heading, 
"The  Folly  of  England  and 
the  Ruin  of  America.'" 

Every  colony  evaded  and 
resisted  the  measure.  News- 
papers were  printed,  and  the 
picture  of  a  death's  head  took 
the  place  of  the  required  stamp. 
Lawyers  agreed  to  disregard 
the  absence  of  stamps.  No 
one  would  use  them.  Stamp 
officers  were  compelled  to 
resign.  In  North  Carolina 
Colonel  John  Ashe,  speaker  of  the  Colonial  Assembly, 
declared  that  the  people  of  that  colony  would  resist  the 
execution  of  the  law  to  the  death. 

The  first  formal  defiance  came  from  Virginia.  There  had 
been  elected  to  the  Assembly  from  Louisa  county  a  young 
lawyer  named  Patrick  Henry.  When  the  Assembly  con- 
vened, this   young  orator  introduced  a  series  of  resolutions 


The  Stamp  Act. 

Under  provisions  of  the  Stamp  Act 
every  legal  document  had  to  be  exe- 
cuted upon  stamped  paper  furnished 
by  the  British  government.  Every 
pamphlet,  newspaper  and  almanac 
published  in  the  colonies  had  to  bear  a 
stamp.  The  value  of  the  stamps,  all 
of  which  were  to  come  from  England, 
ranged  from  a  half  penny  to  six 
pounds. 

It  was  claimed  that  the  colonies 
should  bear  a  portion  of  the  expense 
incurred  by  England  in  the  French 
and  Indian  War,  and  the  imposition  of 
this  tax  was  ostensibly  to  that  end. 
But  the  colonists  had  already  borne 
more  than  their  proportion,  having 
raised,  fed  and  clothed  more  than 
twenty-five  thousand  men.  The  in- 
justice of  the  measure  fell,  therefore, 
with  all  the  more  force. 


STRUGGLE    FOR    ENGLISH    LIBERTY    IN    AMERICA.  215 


Patrick  Henry. 
Patrick  Henry  was  born  at  S'udley, 
Hanover  county,  Virginia,  May  29, 
1736.  He  was  chiefly  instructed  by  his 
father,  and  after  engaging  in  several 
occupations  took  up  the  practice  of 
law,  fitting  himself  for  his  professional 
duties  in  an  unusually  short  space  of 
time.  His  progress  was  at  first  slow; 
but  a  celebrated  case,  known 
the  Parson's  Case,  gave  him  his 
first  claim  to  fame.  In  this  case 
the  litigants  were  the  people 
and  the  clergy  of  Virginia, 
and  Henry  won  a  complete 
victory  for  the  former  by  his 
transcendent  eloquence 
against  what  appeared  at 
the  time  to  be  hopeless 
odds.  Henry  was  ever 
the  friend  of  popular 
freedom,  and  did  much 
to  shape  public  senti- 
ment and  inspire  the  .; 
colonists  in  their  resist- 
ance to  English  oppres- 
sion. He  it  was  who 
boldly    uttered  :     "  If  we 

wish  to  be  free "Me  must 

figlU There  is  no    retreat 

but  in  submission  and  slavery Our 

chains  are  forged.  The  war  is  inevit- 
able and  let  it  come Is  life  so  dear 

and  peace  so  sweet  as  to  be  pur- 
chased at  the  price  of  chains  and 
slavery?  Forbid  it,  Almighty  God! 
I  know  not  what  course  others  may 
take,  but  as  fur  me  give  me  liberty  or 
give  me  death."  Henry  became  the  first 
governor  of  the  Commonwealth  of 
Virginia.     He  died  in  1799. 


that  have  since  become  historical.     The  tenor  of  these  reso- 
lutions was  that  Virginians  had  inherited  all  the  rights  of 

English     subjects;     that    two 

charters  had  reaffirmed  these 

rights ;  that  the  taxation  of  the 

people    by  themselves   was  a 

distinguishing      characteristic 

of    British  freedom;    and  that 

the  General  Assembly  of 

the    colony    had     the 

sole  right  and  power 

to  levy  taxes   and 

impositions    on 

the  colonists. 

The  boldness  of 
these  resolutions 
awake  n  e  d  a 
fierce  debate. 
They  were  de- 
fended by  Henry 
an  eloquence  almost 
unparalleled  in  the  history  of 
American  oratory,  and  were 
adopted.  Governor  Fanquier, 
exercising  the  power  vested 
in  royal  governors,  dissolved 
the  Assembly;  but  the  work 
was  done.  Virginia  had  given  the  signal  to  the  continent, 
and  the  colonies  quickly  responded.  A  congress  was  pro- 
posed by  Massachusetts.  South  Carolina  promptly  sec- 
onded the  proposition,  and  sent  her  liberty-loving  patriot  son, 
Christopher  Gadsden,  to  take  part  in  the  proceedings. 


PATRICK    HENRY 


with 


2l6 


PERIOD    OF    REVOLUTION. 


The  Stamp  Act  Congress. 
The  congress  assembled  in  New 
York  city  October  7,  1765.  All  the  col- 
onies were  represented  except  New 
Hampshire,  Virginia  and  North  Car- 
olina, whose  governors  had  interposed 
obstacles  in  the  way  of  electing  dele 
gates.  Resolutions  of  the  same  nature 
as  those  of  Henry,  but  more  conserva- 
tively worded,  were  adopted,  and  re- 
spectful memorials  and  protests  to  king 
and  Parliament  were  drawn  up.  This 
congress  is  known  as  the  Second 
Colonial  Congress,  or  the  Stamp  Act 
Congress. 


One  year  after  its  passage 
the  Stamp  Act  was  repealed 
(March  18,  1766),  to  the  great 
joy  of  America.  But  with 
the  repeal  was  passed  a  De- 
ularatory  Act,  asserting  that 
Parliament  had  a  right  to 
make  laws  for  the  colonists  in 
every  case  whatsoever,  and  the 
next  year  (1767),  instigated 
by  Charles  Townshend,  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer,  a 
Revenue  Act  was  passed,  imposing  a  duty  upon  wine,  oil 
and  fruit,  and  upon  tea,  glass,  lead,  paper  and  paint. 

The  same  principle  for  which  the  colonists  were  contend- 
ing was  involved— no  taxation  without  representation. 
The  same  strong  opposition  was  awakened.  Samuel 
Adams  drew  up  the  protests  of  Massachusetts.  The  Virginia 
Assembly  denounced  the  Act.  Again  dis- 
solved by  the  governor,  it  repaired  to  the 
Raleigh  Tavern,  near  by,  and  continued  to 
hold  meetings. 

The  colonists  agreed  to  import  nothing 
from  England  until  obnoxious  measures  were 
repealed.  The  carrying  out  of  this  non- 
importation policy  greatly  affected  the  trade 
of  the  London  merchants,  and  influence  wras  brought  to  bear 
upon  Parliament.  The  act  was  repealed,  with  the  exception 
of  the  tax  on  tea.  It  was  thought  that  surely  the  colonies 
would  thus  be  placated,  and  the  claimed  right  of  Parliament 
be  maintained.  The  tax  was  insignificant,  but  the  conten- 
tion was  for  a  principle,  not  for  a  tax  reduction,  and  a 
direct  issue  was  made. 


SAMUEL    ADAMS. 


STRUGGLE    FOR    ENGLISH    LIBERTY    IN    AMERICA. 


2I7 


QUESTIONS. 

What  do  you  know  of  the  House  of  Commons!1  What  principle  had  been 
established  in  the  English  government?  How  are  the  people  of  England 
represented?  How  were  the  colonists?  What  measure  caused  great  indig- 
nation? Why?  When  was  it  passed?  What  do  you  know  of  the  Stamp  Act? 
How  was  it  received  in  America?  How  was  it  evaded?  From  what  colon v 
came  the  first  formal  defiance?  What  do  you  know  of  Patrick  Henry?  What 
resolutions  were  drawn  up  by  him?  What  did  Governor  Fauquier  do  upon 
the  adoption  of  these  resolutions?  What  was  proposed  by  Massachusetts? 
What  do  you  know  of  the  Stamp  Act  Congress  ?  When  was  the  Stamp  Act 
repealed?  What  was  the  Declaratory  Act?  Revenue  Act?  What  principle 
was  involved?  What  opposition  to  these  acts  was  encountered?  What 
policy  was  pursued  by  the  colonists?  How  did  parliament  seek  to  placate 
the  colonies  without  receding  from  its  claimed  right  of  taxing  ? 


CHAPTER  III. 
Agitation. 
By  the  time  George  III  assumed  the  crown  of  England 
(1760),   the   British  people   had   come   to   be   the   freest  in 

Europe.       As    the     privileges 


Significance  of  the   Pending   Contest. 
The   contest  in  which   the   colonists 
were  now  engaged  was  of  deeper   sig- 
nificance than    many  suppose.     It  was 
a    contest    upon    American    soil     for 
English    liberty.     A  great   writer   has 
said    that    it    is  impossible    for   a   free 
people   to   govern    despotically    a  de- 
pendent  people   without    endangering 
their  own  freedom.     The'setting   aside 
'    of  the  rights  of  the  English  in  America 
would  have  prepared  the   way  for   the 
revoking  oj  dearly-bought    civil  privi- 
leges   of    the     English      in     England. 
Many  wise  statesmen  recognized   this,   i 
and  there   arose   friends    of  America,   I 
such  as  Pitt,  Burke,  Bakre  and  oth-    ' 
ers  in  Parliament,  who  opposed  all  op- 
pressive measures.     But  the  measurts    | 
of  the    king,   shaped   by    his  ministry,    \ 
generally  prevailed. 


enjoyed  by  subjects  increased 
in  number,  despotic  power  on 
the  part  of  kings  diminished. 
It  was  the  great  ambition  of  this 
king  to  increase  his  power — 
to  be  a  king  in  fact  as  wrell  as 
in  name.  With  this  ambition 
went  a  dense  ignorance  of  the 
character  of  his  American  sub- 
jects, and  a  stubborn  persis- 
tency in  adhering  to  a  policy 
once  formed.  Thus  it  was 
that  he  instigated  and  author- 
ized many  measures  that  a  wiser  monarch  would  have  avoided. 
The  spirit  of  resistance  throughout  the  colonies  steadily 
grew  in  strength.     The  impressment  of  several   citizens   of 


2l8  PERIOD    OF    REVOLUTION. 

Boston  as  seamen  by  the  British  ship  of  war  Romney;  the 
seizure  by  a  crew  from  the  same  vessel  of  the  sloop  Liberty, 
belonging  to  John  Hancock  of  Boston,  for  alleged  violation 
of  the  revenue  laws ;  the  quartering  of  two  regiments  of 
soldiers  (1768)  in  Boston  to  intimidate  the  people;  the 
street  conflict  between  these  soldiers  and  citizens,  known  as 
the  Boston  massacre  (1770),  which  resulted  in  the  killing  of 
four  and  wounding  of  seven  of  the  latter;  the  capture  and 
burning,  by  the  colonists  of  Rhode  Island,  of  the  eight-gun 
schooner  Gaspee  (1772),  that  was  engaged  in  oppressively 
enforcing  the  revenue  act — all  marked  the  progress  of  events 
to  a  crisis. 

The  removal  of  all  duties 
except  that  on  tea  did  not  mend 
matters.  The  colonists  refused 
to  import  tea  from  England 
and  smuggled  it  from  Holland. 
The  trade  of  English  tea  mer- 
chants was  suffering  greatly. 
The  shrewd  plan  was  devised 
of  granting  shippers  a  rebate 
upon    tea    sent    to     America. 


Battle  of  Alamance. 
Resistance  in  North  Carolina  at  one 
time  reached  open  rebellion.  The 
hardy  farmers  living  in  the  back  coun- 
ties, goaded  to  desperation  by  the  ex- 
tortions and  oppressions  of  officials, 
rose  in  revolt.  An  organization  ex- 
isted among  these  farmers,  called  the 
Regulatoks,  who,  to  the  number  of 
about  twelve  hundred,  engaged  the 
royal  Governor,  Tkyon,  in  a  bloody 
conflict  at  Alamance  (1771),  in  what  is 
now  Orange  County.  They  were, 
however,  repulsed  with  severe  loss, 
and  Tryon  followed  up  the  victory 
with  many  acts  of  cruelty. 


This  rebate  enabled  the  tea,  despite  the  importation  tax,  to 
be  sold  there  cheaper  than  in  either  England  or  Holland. 
Thus  was  the  endeavor  made  to  buy  from  the  colonists  the 
relinquishment  of  the  one  principle  for  which  they  were 
contending;  but  it  availed  little. 

Ships  loaded  with  tea  set  sail  for  the  four  ports — Bos- 
ton, Philadelphia,  New  York  and  Charleston.  Before  their 
arrival  a  general  plan  of  action  was  agreed  upon.  The  con- 
signees of  Philadelphia,  New  York  and  Charleston  resigned 
their  commissions  in  compliance  with  the  popular  demand. 
The  consignees  at  Boston  refused  to  do  so.     The  Massa- 


STRUGGLE    FOR    ENGLISH    LIBERTY    IN    AMERICA. 


219 


chusetts  colonists,  headed  by  Samuel  Adams,  demanded  that 
the  tea-laden  vessels  in  the  port  of  Boston  return  to  Eng- 
land. The  demand  not  being  complied  with,  a  party  of  men, 
about  fifty  in  number,  disguised  themselves  as  Mohawk 
Indians,  took  forcible  possession  of  the  vessels  one  night, 
and,  tearing  open  the  hatches,  emptied  the  contents  of  three 
hundred  and  forty-two  chests  into  the  sea. 

This  act  of  the  Boston  Tea  Party,  as  it  was  called,  was 
liberally  applauded  throughout  America.  In  England  it 
was  looked  upon  as  riot  and  lawlessness,  and  awakened 
much  anger.  The  Prime  Minister,  now  Lord  North, 
determined  to  humble  the  Massachusetts  colony,  and  show 
its  people  how  all-powerful  a  government  can  be.  The 
Boston  Port  Bill  (1774),   closing  up  the  port  of  Boston; 

the  Regulating  Act,  annull- 
ing the  charter  of  Massachu- 
setts and  destroying  its  free 
government;  and  acts  provid- 
ing for  the  quartering  of  sol- 
diers in  Boston,  and  prohibit- 
ing the  trial  in  Massachusetts 
of  any  revenue  officer,  soldier 
or  magistrate,  for  murder, 
were  passed  (1774).  Thus 
was  it  that  the  northern  colony 
was  singled  out  to  bear  the 
brunt  of  English  anger. 

But  sympathy  for  suffering 
Boston  poured  in  from  all  sides.  Marblehead  offered 
her  wharves  free  of  charge  to  the  Boston  merchants. 
Provisions  and  supplies  in  great  abundance  were  sent  over- 
land from  all  colonies,  even  so  remote    a  colony  as  South 


Committees  of  Correspondence. 
The  necessity  of  concerted  action  on 
the  part  of  the  colonies  was  for  some 
time  realized.  The  first  step  to  this  end 
was  taken  when  young  Dabney  Cakr, 
a  member  of  the  Virginia  Assembly, 
proposed  in  that  body  the  organization 
of  a  committee  to  correspond  with  like 
committees  of  other  colonies  upon 
matters  pertaining  to  the  general 
welfare  (March,  1773).  The  measure 
was  supported  by  Patrick  Henry  and 
Richard  Henry  Lee,  and  speedily 
met  with  favor  in  the  othercolonies.  A 
system  of  inter-colonial  committees 
of  correspondence  was  therefore 
instituted,  and  the  colonies  were 
brought  into  close  communication  with 
each  other.  Thenceforth  they  were  to 
act  with  unanimity.  Massachusetts  had 
already  a  similar  plan  in  operation 
among  her  cities  and  towns. 


2  20 


PERIOD    OF    REVOLUTION. 


Carolina  making  contribu- 
tions. Warm  words  of  en- 
couragement went  up  from 
Virginia.  Washington  offered 
to  equip,  at  his  own  expense, 
one  thousand  men  and  march 
to  the  relief  of  Boston  if  neces- 
sary. "An  attack  upon 
Massachusetts,"  said  Henry, 
"is  an  attack  upon  Virginia." 
A  day  was  set  apart  for  fasting 
and  prayer,  to  invoke  the  Al- 
mighty to  avert  the  impending 
calamity  to  civil  liberty. 


The  First  Continental  Congress. 
An  impulse  was  felt  to  come  together 


for     solemn     consultation. 


nginia 


directed  her  Committee  of  Correspond 
ence  to  propose  a  general  Congress  of 
the  colonies  (May  27, 1774).  This  First 
Continental  Congress  assembled 
at  Philadelphia,  in  Carpenter's  Hall 
(September  5,  1774).  It  was  composed 
of  the  most  eminent  men  the  colonies 
produced,  and,  in  average  of  ability 
and  intelligence,  had  never  yet  been 
equaled  by  any  representative  gather- 
ing of  which  anything  is  known.  Pey- 
ton Randolph  of  Virginia  was  chosen 
president.  The  deliberations  of  this 
body  resulted  in  an  agreement  to  have 
no  intercourse  with  England  until  all 
offensive  acts  were  repealed ;  in  the 
issuance  of  addresses  to  the  king,  to 
the  British  people,  and  to  the  colonies, 
setting  forth  formally  colonial  griev- 
ances ;  and  in  the  recommendation  that 
another  congress  assemble  in  May 
following. 


QUESTIONS. 

What  do  you  know  of  the  character 
of  George  III  ?  To  whom  was  the  pending  contest  important  besides  to 
Americans?  What  steps  marked  the  progress  of  events  to  a  crisis  ?  What 
do  you  know  of  the  battle  of  Alamance?  How  did  the  colonists  meet  the 
removal  of  all  duties  except  that  on  tea?  What  shrewd  plan  was  devised? 
Why?  To  what  ports  was  tea  shipped?  What  do  you  know  of  the  Boston 
Tea  Partv?  How  was  it  regarded  in  America?  In  England?  What  acts 
were  passed  to  humble  Massachusetts?  .  What  do  you  know  of  the 
organization  of  committees  of  correspondence  ?  What  effect  had  these 
committees  upon  the  colonies?  How  did  the  other  colonies  show  sym- 
pathy for  Massachusetts  ?  What  do  you  know  of  the  First  Continental 
Congress  ? 


PREPARATORY  NOTES. 

TO  CHAPTERS  IV  AND  V. 

Geography. —  Ufon  a  map  of  Massachusetts  ?iotc  the  position  of:  Boston. 
Concord.  Lexington.  What  direction  from  Boston  is  Lexington  ?  What 
States  border  Massachusetts  ?  Where  are  the  Green  Mountains  ?  What 
direction  from  Boston  is  Ticonderoga,  N.  Y.  ?  Note  the  nearness  of  Cam- 
bridge to  Boston.  Note  upon  a  map  of  Maine  the  Kennebec  River, 
Chaudiere.  Where  is  Halifax  ?  Note  upon  a  map  of  South  Carolina  the 
position  of  Charleston.  How  would  a  vessel  sail  from  Boston  to 
Charleston  ? 


STRUGGLE   FOR   ENGLISH    LIBERTY    IN   AMERICA.         221 

Definition  of  Words. — Ensue,  memorable,  munitions,  apprised,  collision, 
disperse,  concentrate,  preside,  assume,  jurisdiction,  unanimous,  unerring, 
undisciplined,  efficiency,  allegiance,  intercept,  abet,  inalienable,  absolve, 
immunities,  virtual,  pronounced,  concur,  spurn,  redress,  precipitate,  sove- 
reignty, dratted,  abolish. 

PARALLEL  READINGS. 

Reference. — living's  "  Life  of  Washington,"  Winsor's  "  Hand  book  of  the  Revolution," 
Logging's  "  Field  Hook  of  ihe  Revolution,"  Ramsey's  "  History  of  the  American  Revolu- 
tion," Jefferson's  "  Declaration  of  Independence,"  Wilcox's  "  Mecklenburg  Declaration  of 
Independence"   (Magazine  of  American  History,  January,  1SS9). 

GBNKRAL. — Cooper's"  Lionel  Lincoln"  (fiction),  Longfellow's  "Paul  Revere"  (poem), 
Coffin's  "  Boys  of  '76,"  Holmes'  "Lexington"  (poem),  "  Echoes  of  Bunker  Hill"  (Harper's 
Magazine,  July,  1 S75 ) ,  Hale's  "Life  of  Washington,"  Cutter's  "Life  of  Israel  Putnam,'' 
Lawrence's  "America  in  1776"  (Harper's  First  Century  of  the  Republic),  Lanier's  "Battle 
of  Lexington  "  (poem). 

Topical.— "  Minute  Men,"  "Paul  Revere,"  "General  Gage,"  "Lexington,  Battle  of," 
"  Boston,  Siege  of,"  "  Israel  Putnam,"  "  Ethan  Allen,"  "  Bunker  Hill,  Battle  of,"  "  Richard 
Montgomery,"  "Boston,  Evacuation  of,"  "Mecklenburg  Declaration  of  Independence," 
"John  Rutledge,"  "  Virginia  Bill  of  Rights,"  "  Richard  Henry  Lee,"  "  Thomas  Jefferson," 
"Declaration  of  Independence.'' 

CHAPTER  IV. 

Armed   Resistance. 

The  people  of  Massachusetts  resisted  by  force  the  opera- 
tion of  the  Regulating  Act.  It  was  clearly  foreseen  that  an 
armed  conflict  was  about  to  ensue.  Preparations  went  rap- 
idly forward.  Henry's  memorable  utterance,  "Liberty  or 
Death"  became  the  watchword.  Men  armed  and  organized 
themselves  in  bodies,  and  took  oath  to  be  ready  at  a  minute's 
warning.  Stores  and  munitions  of  war  were  collected  at 
various  points.  Apprised  of  these  preparations,  General 
Gage,  the  military  governor  of  Massachusetts,  hastened  to 
fortify  the  peninsula-neck  of  Boston. 

A  collision  with  the  English  troops  soon  took  place. 
Determined  to  destroy  some  stores  that  were  collected  at 
Concord,  near  Boston,  General  Gage  dispatched  an  expedi- 
tion. The  road  to  Concord  lay  through  the  little  town  of 
Lexington.    At  five  o'clock  in  the  morning  the  British  forces 


222 


PERIOD    OF    REVOLUTION. 


Who   'S  wounded?  a  ho  is  aead? 
Seven  are  killed.     My  God  I  my  God  I 
Seven  lie  dead  on  the  village  sod," 

—  $idney  Lanhr, 


STRUGGLE    FOR    ENGLISH    LIBERTY    IN    AMERICA. 


223 


entered  this  town  and  found 


Paul  Revere. 
Gage  endeavored  to  keep  his  Con- 
cord expedition  a  secret  from  the  colo- 
nists, but  the  movements  of  the  British 
were  closely  watched.  The  expedition 
set  out  in  the  night,  but  signal  lights, 
hung  in  the  tower  of  Christ  Church, 
warned  of  their  departure,  and  Paul 
Revere,  waiting  upon  the  other  side, 
with  his  horse  all  bridled  and  saddled, 
set  out  immediately  upon  beholding 
t'le  lights  and  gave  timely  warning  of 
British  approach. 


opposed  to  them  a  company  of 
one  hundred  and  thirty  "min- 
ute men"  under  Captain  Par- 
ker. They  were  ordered  to 
diperse  by  Major  Pitcairn  of 
the  British,  and,  not  comply- 
ing, fire  was  opened  that  com- 
pelled them  to  retreat  (April 
*9>  I775)«  Seven  of  the  min- 
ute men  were  killed. 


The  British  went  on  to 
Concord,  but  much  of  the 
stores  had  been  removed 
or  successfully  concealed, 
and  little  of  the  purpose 
of  the  expedition  was  ac- 
complished. Meanwhile 
the  country  was  aroused, 
and  men  from  surround- 
ing towns  poured  in  with 
astonishing  rapidity.  The 
British,  wrhile  searching 
the  town,  wrere  attacked 
and  compelled  to  retreat. 
The  march  back  was  one 
long  struggle.  The  Americans,  posting  themselves  along 
the  road,  poured  volley  after  volley  into  the  passing  British. 
Thoroughly  exhausted,  and  barely  escaping  capture,  the 
expedition  finally  reached  Boston  after  losing  two  hundred 
and  seventy-three  men. 

Now,  indeed,  was  the  country  aroused.  Men  from  all  the 
New  England  colonies  concentrated  rapidly  about  Boston. 
John    Stark   came     from    New    Hampshire,    Nathaniel 


PAUL    REVERE    WATCHING    FOR    THE    SIGNAL. 


224 


PERIOD    OF    REVOLUTION, 


THE    CONTINENTAL    CONGRESS. 


Green    from     Rhode   Island,    and    Benedict    Arnold    from 

Connecticut,   all  leading  to    the    scene    of    conflict    companies 

of    recruits    and    militia.        The 

number     around      Boston      soon 

reached  sixteen  hundred.     Gage 

found  himself  besieged,  and  war 

had  come. 

The  need  of  cannon  and  muni- 
tions of  war  suggested  to  Arnold 
the  capture  of  the  well-supplied 
old  forts  of  Ticonderoga  and 
Crown    Point.       Armed    with     a     colonel's     commission,     and 


Israel  Putnam. 
The  eagerness  of  the  New  England  - 
ers  to  reach  the  scene  and  to  take  part 
in  the  events  that  were  to  follow  is  in- 
stanced in  the  case  of  Israel  Putnam, 
a  noted  Patriot  of  Connecticut,  who, 
hearing  the  news  of  Lexington  while 
plowing,  dropped  the  plow  handles, 
mounted  the  horse,  and  in  eighteen 
hours  traveled  the  hundred  miles  inter- 
vening between  his  farm  and  the  Pa- 
triot camp. 


STRUGGLE    FOR    ENGLISH    LIBERTY    IN    AMERICA.         225 


authority  to  raise  a  force  of  four  hundred  men  among  the 
Berkshire  Mills  of  western  Massachusetts,  he  undertook 
their  capture. 

A  second  expedition,  composed  of  Green  Mountain 
Boys,  under  the  command  of  Ethan  Allen,  had  already 
been  planned  for  the  same  purpose.  Arnold  overtook  this 
expedition,  and  his  commission  from  Massachusetts  not  being 
recognized,  he  joined  as  a  private.  Ticonderoga  was  sur- 
prised and  captured  (May  10, 
1775),  and  about  the  same 
time  another  party  of  Green 
Mountain  boys,  under  Seth 
Warner,  fared  as  well  with 
Crown  Point.  A  party  of  his 
Berkshire  men  arriving, 
Arno'iu  captured  the  post  of 
St.  John's,  on  Lake  Champ- 
lain,  with  its  garrison,  and 
returned  to  Boston. 


Commander- 


The    Appointment     of 

in-Chief. 

On  the  day  that  Ticonderoga  fell,  the 
Second  Continental  Congress  assem- 
bled at  Philadelphia.  Over  this  body 
John-  Hancock  of  Massachusetts  was 
called  upon  to  preside,  and  such  men 
as  Washington,  Franklin,  Lee,  Henry, 
John  and  Samuel  Adams,  Livingston, 
Renjamin  Harrison  and  others  took 
part   in   the  deliberations.      The  Co,.- 

i  gress  was  without  the  authority  of  a 
recognized   government,  and  only  pa- 

•  triotism  compelled  obedience  t  >  its 
measures  and  instructions.  It  assumed 
jurisdiction  over  the  armed  Patriots 
assembled  around  Boston,  who  were 
thenceforth  to  be  known  as  the  Conti- 
nental Army.  The  most  important  step 
yet  taken  was  the  selection  of  a  com- 
mander-in-chief for  this  army.  John 
Hancock  aspired  to  the  position;  but 
there  was  one  whose  fitness,  experience 
and  ability  were  so  marked  that  the 
unanimous  choice  fell  upon  him,  and 
Colonel  George  Washington,  of  Vir- 
ginia, became  commander-in-chief  of 
the  American  army  (June  I«J,  177;). 
The  appointment  was  accepted  in  all 
modesty.  "Since  Congress  desire  it," 
spoke  Washington,  "I  will  enter  upon 
the  duty  and  exert  every  power  I  pos- 
sess in  their  service,  and  for  the  glo- 
rious cause.  But  I  beg  it  may  be 
remembered  by  every  gentleman  in  the 
room,  that  I  this  day  declare,  with  the 
utmost  sincerity,  I  do  not  think  myself 
equal  to  the  command  I  am  honored 
with." 


QUESTIONS. 

What  was  now  about  to  ensue? 
What  became  the  watchword?  What 
preparations  for  war  were  made  ? 
Wbut  did  Gage  do?  What  expedition 
did  lie  send?  What  do  you  know  of 
the  battle  of  Lexington  ?  What  was 
the  fate  of  the  Concord  expedition? 
What  effect  had  the  battle  of  Lexing- 
ton upon  the  country?  Who  collected 
about  Boston?  What  do  you  know 
of  Israel  Putnam?  From  what  need 
did  the  colonists  suffer?  What  do 
you  know  of  the  capture  of  Ticonde- 
roga and  Crown  Point?  Where  did 
the     Second    Continental     Congress 


226 


PERIOD    OF    REVOLUTION. 


assemble?  Who  presided?  Who  were  among  its  members?  What  juris- 
diction did  it  assume?  What  important  step  was  taken?  How  did  Wash- 
ington receive  his  appointment  as  commander-in-chief  of  the  American 
army  ? 

CHAPTER  V. 

Independence   Declared. 

The  forces  about  Boston  were  under  the  temporary  com- 
mand of  General  Artemus  Ward,  whose  headquarters 
were  at  Cambridge.  The  set  purpose  of  these  forces  was  to 
compel  the  British  to  leave  Boston.  With  this  object  in  view  it 
was  determined  to  fortify  a  position 
overlooking  the  town,  and  Bunker 
Hill  was  selected  for  the  purpose. 
At  midnight  a 
force  of  twelve 
hundred  men, 
under  Col- 
onel P  r  e  s  - 
cott,  proceed- 
ed to  the  point 
in  question, 
but  concluded 
to  occupy 
Breed's  Hill, 
a  little  further 
on.      By  morning  the    fortifications   were    almost    finished. 

The  British  in  Boston  now  numbered  some  eleven  thou- 
sand, Generals  Howe,  Clinton  and  Burgoyne  having 
arrived  from  England  to  cooperate  with  Gage.  The  Ameri- 
cans could  not  be  permitted  to  retain  this  threatening  posi- 
tion, so  preparation  was  made  to  carry  Breed's  Hill  by  storm 
before  the  fortifications  could  be  further  strengthened. 


FORTIFYING    BREED'S    HILL. 


STRUGGLE    FOR    ENGLISH    LIBERTY    IN    AMERICA.         227 

Three    thousand    veterans, 


Battle  of  Breed's  Hill. 
By  some  chance  this  battle,  fought 
on  Breed's  Hill,  has  come  to  be  called 
the  Battle  of  Bunker  Hill.  It  was 
a  dearly  -bought  British  victory,  their 
loss  amounting  to  one  thousand  and 
fifty-lour,  while  that  of  the  Americans 
was  four  hundred  and  forty-nine.  Its 
moral  effect  upon  the  Americans  was 
very  beneficial,  for  it  demonstrated 
that  provincial  and  undisciplined 
troops  could  give  battle  to  British  reg- 
ulars, and  sustain  the  conflict  with 
coolnesj  and  courage. 


led  by  Generals  Howe  and 
Piggott,  crossed  the  river  in 
boats  and  advanced  steadily  up 
the  hill.  The  Americans  were 
commanded  by  Prescott, 
Stark  and  Putnam.  Many  of 
them  were  unerring  marks- 
men. The  British  were  per- 
mitted to  approach  very  close,  when  a  well  aimed   volley 

threw  them  into  confusion.       A  second  time  they  advanced, 

but  no  troops  could  stand  the  galling 

fire  that  was  poured  down  upon  them. 

After  some  delay  the  British  advanced 

to  the  third  attack.     The  ammunition 

of  the  Americans  had  now    given  out. 

The    support   that   should    have    been 

given    them    from    headquarters    was 

withheld,  and,  after  a  desperate  hand- 
to-hand  contest,  they  were   compelled 

to  fall  back  (June  17,  1775). 

Washington  arrived  from  Phila- 
delphia and  took  command  of  the 

army     at     Cambridge     (July     3). 

The  task  before  him  was  no  small 

one.     Out  of  the  raw  material 

there  assembled    he    was    to 

create  an  army.     Many  of  the 

men  desired  to  return  to  their 

homes,  for  the  first   burst  of 

enthusiasm    inspired    by    the 

battle  of  Lexington  had  cooled 

down.     Reinforcements  f rom  QEORQE  WASH,NQTON  OF  V,RQ,NIA'  ""m******** 

OF    THE    AMERICAN    ARMy. 


0*^-! 


228 


PERIOD    OF    REVOLUTION. 


Pennsylvania,  Maryland  and 
Virginia,  under  the  brave  Dan- 
iel Morgan,  however  arrived, 
and  the  army  was  kept  to- 
gether. 

Discipline  was  soon  im- 
proved and  efficiency  in- 
creased. At  last  Washington 
was  ready  to  begin  active 
operations  against  the  British. 
Dorchester  Heights,  over- 
looking Boston,  were  fortified. 
The  British  hardly  dared  to 
attempt  another  Breed's  Hill 
experience,  for  they  were  now 
opposed  by  an  able  commander 
and  by  an  army  of  some  organ- 
ization. The  abandonment 
of  the  city  was  determined 
upon,  and  the  entire  British 
force  embarked,  the  greater  part  of  them  sailing  for  Hali- 
fax, N.  S.  (March,  1776).  Washington  entered  the  city 
in  triumph,  and  took  possession  of  much  valuable  stores 
which  the  British  had  found 
impossible  to  carry  away  with 
them. 

Sir  Henry  Clinton  had  left 
Boston  in  the  January  before 
the  evacuation  with  two  thou- 
sand men  to  operate  against 
the  Southern  colonies.  He  was 
joined  off  the  coast  of  the 
Carolinas  by  Sir  Peter 
Parker  with  additional  forces 
and  ten  ships  of  war, 


Quebec  Expedition  of  Montgomery, 
Arnold  and  Morgan. 
Morgan  and  Arnold,  with  a  force, 
were  detached  from  Washington's 
army  to  cooperate  with  General 
Richard  Montgomery,  who  was 
leading  an  expedition  against  Can- 
ada from  northern  New  York. 
They  proceeded  hy  way  of  the  Ken- 
nebec and  Chaudiere  Rivers,  and 
the  journey  was  made  through  the 
wilds  of  Maine  in  the  dead  of  win- 
ter. The  march  occupied  thirty-three 
days, and  such  were  its  fatigue  and  hard- 
ship that  more  than  two  hundred  per- 
ished, and  many  others  returned.  With 
seven  hundred  gaunt  and  suffering  men 
the  indomitable  leaders  reached  Que- 
bec, and  were  joined  by  General  Mont 
gomery,who  had  succeeded  in  captur- 
ing Montreal  (November 3,  1775).  Que- 
bec was  defended  by  Sir  Guy  Carle- 
ton.  The  city  was  stormed  from  dif- 
ferent points  (December  31)  with  great 
gallantry,  and  narrowly  escaped  cap- 
ture. Montgomery  was  killed,  Arnold 
wounded  and  Morgan  was  captured, 
but  was  afterwards  exchanged.  The 
expedition  proved  fruitless. 


Battle  of  Moore's  Creek  Bridge,  N.  C. 

In  the  interior  of  the  country  there 
were  many  sturdy  Scotch  settlers,  who, 
not  having  yet  imbibed  the  spirit  of 
American  resistance,  could  not  re- 
nounce their  allegiance  to  George  III, 
and  who  proposed  to  show  iheir  loyalty. 
A  force  of  sixteen  hundred  of  them  pro- 
ceeded to  the  coast  to  welcome  Clinton, 
but  they  were  intercepted  at  Moore's 
Creek  Bridge  (February  27,  1776) 
by  Colonel  Richard  Caswell  with 
one  thousand  militia.  The  Scots  were 
routed  after  a  fierce  engagement,  the 
Patriots  taking  nine  hundred  prisoners 
and  capturing  two  thousand  stands  of 
arms. 


STRUGGLE    FOR    ENGLISH    LIBERTY    IN    AMERICA. 


229 


Sergeant  Jasper. 
During  the  bombardment  Sergeant 
Jasper  performed  a  brave  deed  that 
lias  come  to  be 
handed  down 
as  a  matter  ot 
history.  A  ball 
from  the  enemy 
had  torn  the 
flag  of  the  fort 
from  its  fasten 
ing,  and  it  lay 
without  the 
fortificati  one. 
Undaunted  by 
the  hot  fire 
from  the  fleet 
the  brave  ser- 
geant leaped 
over  the  para- 
pet, seized  the 
flag,  and  affix- 
ing it  to  a 
sponge  s  t  a  ff , 
set  ii  up  in  full 
view,  so  that 
enemy  a  n  d 
friend  alike 
could  see  that  it 
had  not  gone 
down  in  defeat. 
For  this  deed 
he  was  offered 
a  lieutenant's 
commission  by 
G  o  v  f.  k  x  o  K 
RUTLIDGE, 
b  u  t  modestly 
declined  it. 


When   Clinton   and  Parker 
approached     Charleston    they 


SERGEANT  JAS 


found  the  city  defended  by  a  fort  upon  Sullivan's  Island. 
This  fort  was  built  of  palmetto  logs,  and,  in  honor  of  its 
commander,  was  called  Fort  Moultrie.  A  fierce  bombard- 
ment was  opened  upon  it  (June  28),  but  Colonel  Moultrie 
promptly  responded  with  such  good  effect  that  the  enemy 
was  compelled  to  withdraw,  and  Charleston  was  saved. 

The  question  of  a  total  separation  from  England  had  not 
yet  fully  entered  into  the  contest.  But  the  idea  of  American 
independence     boldly      advocated     in    public     speech    by 


23° 


TERIOD    OF    INVOLUTION. 


COLONEL    MOULTRIE. 


Christopher  Gadsden  at  Charleston  as  early  as  1766,  was 
gaining  ground  rapidly.  The  news  of  Lexington  had 
scarcely  reached  North  Carolina  when 
Patriots  of  Mecklenburg  county  assem- 
bled in  convention  at  Charlotte,  and 
passed  formal  resolutions  (  May  20,  1775) 
that  were  a  virtual  declaration  of  inde- 
pendence. In  March  of  the  succeeding 
year  South  Carolina  organized  an  inde- 
pendent State  Government,  with  John 
Rutledge  as  President,  and  Henry 
Laurens  as  Vice-President. 

In  April,  1776,  North  Carolina  took  the  first  pronounced 
step  toward  the  independence  of  all  the  colonies,  by  empower- 
ing her  delegates  in  Congress  to  concur  with  the  delegates  from 
the  other  colonies  in  declaring  independence.  Virginia  fol- 
lowed closely  by  passing  resolutions,  drawn  up  by  Pendleton 
and  introduced  by  Thomas  Nelson,  instructing  her  delegates 
to  -propose  to  Congress  that  it  declare  the  colonies  free  and  in- 
dependent States  (May  25,  1776),  and  shortly  after  adopted  a 
Bill  of  Rights  (June  15),  and  a  Constitution  (June  29). 
under  which  the  Commonwealth  was 
organized,  with  Patrick  Henry  as  the 
first  governor. 

In  accordance  with  the  instructions 
of  Virginia,  Richard  Henry  Lee  moved 
in  the  Continental  Congress  (June  7, 
1776),  assembled  at  Philadelphia  : 
ilThat  these  United  Colonies  are  and 
ought  to  be  free  and  independent  States^ 
and  that  all  political  connection  bctzvcen 
them  and  the  State  of  Great  Britain  is  and  ought  to  be  dis- 
solved."    The  motion  was  seconded  by  John  Adams  of  Mas- 


JOHN    RUTLEDQE. 


STRUGGLE    FOR    ENGLISH    LIBERTY    IN   AMERICA. 


231 


Mecklenburg  Resolutions. 

First.  Resolved,  that  whoever  direct- 
*y  or  indirectly  abetted,  or  in  any  way, 
form  or  manner,  countenanced  the  un- 
chartered and  dangerous  invasion  of 
our  rights,  as  claimed  by  Great  Britain, 
is  an  enemy  to  this  country,  to  America, 
and  to  the  inherent  and  inalienable 
rights  of  man. 

Second.  Resolved,  that  we,  the  citi- 
zens of  Mecklenburg  county,  do  here- 
by dissolve  the  political  bands  which 
have  connected  us  to  the  mother  coun- 
try, and  hereby  absolve  ourselves  from 
all  allegiance  to  the  British  crown, 
and  abjure  all  political  connection 
with  that  nation,  who  have  wantonly 
trampled  on  our  rights  and  liberties, 
and  inhumanly  shed  the  innocent  blood 
of  American  Patriots  at  Lexington. 

Thira.  Resolved,  that  we  do  hereby 
declare  ourselves  a  free  and  independ- 
ent people,  and  of  right  ought  to  be  a 
sovereign  and  self-sustaining  associa- 
tion, under  the  control  of  no  power 
other  than  that  of  our  God  and  the 
general  government  of  Congress;  and 
to  the  maintenance  of  which  indepen- 
dence we  solemnly  pledge  to  each  other 
our  mutual  cooperation,  our  lives,  our 
fortunes  and  our  most  sacred  honor. 

Fourth.  Resolved,  that  as  we  now 
acknowledge  the  existence  and  control 
of  no  law  or  legal  officer,  civil  or  mili- 
tary, within  this  county,  we  do  hereby 
orda'n  and  adopt  as  a  rule  of  life  all 
such  and  every  of  our  former  laws, 
wherein,  nevertheless,  the  crown  of 
Great  Britain  never  can  be  considered 
as  holding  rights,  privileges,  immuni- 
ties or  authority  therein. 

Fifth.  Resolved,  that  it  is  further 
decreed  that  all,  each  and  every  mili- 
tary officer  in  this  county  is  hereby 
reinstated  in  his  former  command  and 
authority,  he  acting  conformably  to 
these  regulations,  and  that  every  one 
present  of  this  delegation  shall  here- 
after be  a  civil  officer,  viz. :  a  justice  of 
the  peace,  in  the  character  of  a  "com- 
mittee man,"  to  issue  process,  hear 
and  determine  all  matters  of  con- 
troversy according  to  said  adopted 
laws,  and  to  preserve  peace,  union  and 
harmony  in  said  country  ;  and  to  use 
every  exertion  to  spread  the  love  of 
country  and  fire  of  freedom  throughout 
America,  until  a  more  general  and 
organized  government  be  established 
in  this  province. 


sachusetts,  who,  in  the  many 
days'  debate  that  ensued,  sus- 
tained the  measure  with  an  elo- 
quence that  led  to  its  adoption. 
The  subject  was  one  upon 
which  the  people  of  the  colo- 
nies were  not  unanimous. 
Although  eagerly  contending 
for  their  rights,  many  were 
bound  to  the  mother  country 
by  ties  of  interest  and  affection. 
But  the  king  had  spurned  every 
petition  for  a  redress  of  griev- 
ances, and  an  armed  conflict 
had  been  precipitated  upon 
America.  This  conflict  was  re- 
bellion as  long  as  the  sover- 
ignty  of  the  king  was  in  the 
least  considered.  A  formal 
declaration  of  independence 
would  transfer  this  sovereignty 
to  themselves,  to  maintain 
which  the  contest  could  the 
better  be  continued.  The 
choice  was  a  return  to  oppres- 
sion with  added  humiliation, 
or  freedom  and  independence. 
The  measure  was  adopted 
(July  2),  and  a  Declaration  of 
Independence ,  drafted  by 
Thomas  Jefferson  of  Virginia, 


232  PERIOD    OF    REVOLUTION. 

signed  by  representatives  of  all  the  colonies,  and  proclaimed 
to  the  country  (July  4,  1776). 

The  hall  in  which  Congress  was  holding  its  memorable  meet- 
ings was  thenceforth  known  as  Independence  Hall.  The 
bell  that  proclaimed  the  glad  tidings  of  the  declaration  is  to 
this  day  treasured  as  the  Old  Liberty  Bell,  although  its 
sides  are  cracked  and  its  voice  hushed.  Thenceforth  the 
fight  was  to  be  not  for  English  right,  but  for  American  free- 
dom. With  the  Declaration  were  given  to  the  world  the  great 
principles  that  were  to  be  maintained  by  American  arms: 
"All  men  are  created  equal.  Life,  liberty,  and  the  -pursuit 
of  happiness  are  inalienable  rights.  Government  derives 
its  just  power  from  the  consent  of  the  governed.  The  right 
of  the  people  it  is  to  abolish  or  alter  any  form  of  government 
destructive  of  their  rights,  safety,  and  happiness." 

QUESTIONS. 

Who  held  temporary  command  until  Washington  arrived?  What  opera- 
tions were  tsgun?  What  British  reinforcements  arrived?  What  dp  you 
know  of  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill?  Who  led  the  British?  Americans?  What 
was  the  loss  of  each?  To  what  was  British  success  due?  What  effect  had 
the  battle  upon  the  Americans  ?  What  difficulties  presented  themselves  to 
Washington?  When  did  he  take  command?  What  reinforcements  did  he 
receive?  What  do  you  know  of  the  Quebec  expedition?  What  were  its 
results?  What  operations  did  Washington  begin  against  Boston?  What 
resulted?  When  did  the  British  leave  Boston?  Where  had  Sir  Henry 
Clinton  gone?  What  do  you  know  of  the  siege  of  Fort  Moultrie?  Sergeant 
Jasper?  Battle  of  Moore's  Creek  Bridge?  What  idea  was  gaining  ground 
in  America?  What  was  the  Mecklenburg  Declaration?  What  was  the  first 
State  government  organized?  What  did  North  Carolina  empower  her  dele- 
gates to  do?  Virginia?  When?  What  resolutions  were  introduced  in 
Congress  by  Lee?  Why?  What  do  you  know  of  the  adoption  of  the  Ameri- 
can Declaration  of  Independence?  Who  drafted  the  Declaration?  Wlat 
great  principles  did  it  enunciate  ? 

SEARCH  QUESTIONS. 
What  became  of  James  Otis?       Who  were  the   "Sons  of  Liberty  "?       What  is  a 
•'  Liberty  Tree  "  ?     Why  did  Sergeant  Jasper  decline  promotion  ?     Who  said :   "  If  this 
be  treason,  make  the  most  of  it"  ?     What  eminent  American  fell  at  the  Battle  of  Bunker 


STRUGGLE    FOR    ENGLISH    LIBERTY    IN    AMERICA. 


233 


Hill  ?  Upon  what  island  was  Fort  Moultrie  built  ?  Whom  did  the  Continental  Congress 
appoint  Major  Generals  under  Washington  ?  Where  is  the  "Old  South  Church,"  and 
why  famous  ?  Raleigh  Tavern  ?  Who  drew  up  the  Mecklenburg  Resolutions  ?  When 
was  the  Bunker  Hill  monument  built  ? 


PREPARATORY  NOTES. 

TO  CHAPTERS  VI  AND  VII. 

Geography. — Upon  the  accompanying  map  note  the  position  of  Boston. 
The  following  chapters  will  tell  of  a  hattle  fought  at  the  point  named 
Long  Island.  From 
here  Washington 
will  cross  to  New 
York,  retreat  up  the 
east  bank  of  the 
Hudson,  cross  this 
river  and  enter  New 
Jersey.  What  rive 
separates  New  Jersey 
from  Pennsylvania 
Note  the  position 
of  Fort  Wrash 
ton,  Trento 
Princeton  anc 
Morristo 
Note  t 
ncarncsi 


of 
Brandywine 
to    the    head    of 
Chesapeake       Bay. 
Note    the   nearness    of 
Germ  an  town  and  Valley 
Forge      to       Philadelphia. 
Trace  the  route  of  an  army 
from      Philadelphia    to    New- 
York    by   way    of  Monmouth, 
N.    J.       Note  the   position   of 
Crown  Point.         Ticonderoga. 
Fort  Edward.     Bemis  Heights. 
Trace  the  route  of  an  army  going  from  Oswego  to  Bemis  Heights,  as  far  as 
Fort  Schuyler  and  Oriskany.     Note  the  position  of  Bennington.     Saratoga. 
Definition  of  Words. —  Dispel,   cabal,   conspiracy,  precipitous,   matured, 
indecisive,  impulse,  alliance,  anticipate,  insurmountable,  rallying. 


234  PERIOD    OF    REVOLUTION. 

The  War  for  American  Independence. 

CHAPTER  VI. 
The  War  in  the  North. 
British  reinforcements  arrived  in  America,  and  Wash- 
ington soon  became  apprised  of  a  designed  attack  upon 
New  York.  Hastening  from  Boston  to  the  defense  of  that 
city,  he  posted  about  four  thousand  men  under  Gen- 
erals Sullivan,  Stirling,  and  Putnam  on  Long  Island, 
near  Brooklyn.  General  Howe  soon  arrived  from  Hali- 
fax, and  General  Clinton,  from  Charleston, 
where  he  had  been  repulsed.  Ten  thousand 
Hessians  and  English,  under  Grant  and 
Von  Heister,  were  landed.  A  battle  ensued, 
in  which  the  Americans  suffered  terrible 
defeat.  By  the  greatest  good  fortune  Wash- 
ington was  enabled  to  withdraw  his  forces 
secretly  across  the  river,  hidden  by  a  fog, 
before  the  British  followed  up  the  victory  with  capture  of 
the  whole  American  army. 

Washington  was  now  forced  to  evacuate  New  York.  He 
was  followed  by  the  British,  and  in  a  skirmish  at  Harlem 
Heights  gained  the  advantage  over  them.  Both  armies  now 
manoeuvered  for  positions,  and  at  White  Plains  (September 
28)  the  Americans  were  again  defeated.  Crossing  the  Hud- 
son, Washington  posted  himself  at  Fort  Lee.  Directly  oppo- 
site stood  Fort  Washington,  to  defend  which  Colonel  Ma- 
gaw  had  been  left  with  three  thousand  men.  This  fort,  with 
its  whole  garrison,  fell  into  the  enemy's  hands  (November  16), 
and  the  victory  was  followed  by  the  capture  of  Fort  Lee. 

Washington  retreated  into  New  Jersey  closely  pursued  by 
Cornwallis  and  Knyphausen.     Reverses  had  discouraged 


THE    WAR    FOR    AMERICAN    INDEPENDENCE. 


235 


many,    and    his    forces    were    reduced    to    three    thousand. 

Across  the   State  he  hastened,  and,  reaching  the  Delaware, 

"~      crossed  to  the  other  side  (Decem- 

The  Hessians.  . 

Both  the  people  of  American*  the  ber    8),  taking     the     precaution    of 

people  ot  England  were  divided  among  placing  all    the    boats    for   miles    UD 

themselves  on  the  question  of  the  war  r  ° 

now  pending  between  the  two  conn-        and   down  the   stream  be)rond  the 

tiies.     In  America  those  who  favored 
independence  were 
called     Patriots. 

Those  who,  from 
various  motives, 
felt  no  desire  to 
throw  off  allegi- 
ance to  the  British 
Crown,  were  called 
Tories.  On  the 
other  hand  the  war 
was  very  unpopu- 
lar with  the  people 
of  England.  The 
king  found  it  so 
difficult  to  recruit 
his  armies  for 
American  service 
that  he  was  com- 
pelled to  hire  sol- 
diers of  other 
powers.  Russia, 
applied  to,  indig- 
nantly declined. 
The  rulers  of  sev- 
eral petty  German 
States,  among 
which  were  Hesse  - 
Cassel,  Hesse- 
Hanan,  were,  how- 
ever, willing  to  hire 
their  men,  and  fur- 
nished twenty  thou- 
sand, under  four 
experienced  gene- 
rals, HlEDKSKL, 
KSYP H  AISEN, 

Von  HEISTBR  and 
DONOF. 


reach  of  the  pursuing  British. 
Concluding  to  wait  until  the 
river  should  freeze  sufficiently  to 


THE    ADVANCE    ON    TRENTON. 


236  TKRIOD    OF    REVOLUTION. 

enable  his  army  to  cross,   Cornwallis  quartered  his  men  in 
the  several  villages  and  towns  near  by. 

Hearing  that  the  enemy's  forces  were  thus  divided,  Wash- 
ington determined  to  strike  a  quick,  bold  blow  upon  one  of 
the  divisions.      Crossing  the  river  at  night,  amid  the  drifting 
ice  he  marched  with  two  thousand  four  hundred  men  upon 
Trenton,  where  Colonel  Rahl  and  some  two 
thousand    Hessians    were    encamped.     The 
advance  was  made  through  a  blinding  snow- 
storm,  and  the   surprise  was  complete  (De- 
cember  26).     Rahl  was  mortally  wounded, 
and  more  than  one  thousand  captured.     By 
morning    the    Americans   were   safe   on   the 
count  pulaski.         other  side  of  the  river  with  their  prisoners. 
The  victory  at  Trenton  gave   new  life  to  the  American 
cause,   for  it  dispelled  much  of  that  gloom  that  had  settled 
upon  the  country.     Many  enlisted,  and  with  increased  force 
Washington  was  enabled  to  enter  New  Jersey  and  take  the 
offensive.     Cornwallis  fell  back  to  Princeton,  and,  receiving 
heavy  reinforcements,  advanced  upon  the  American  position 
near  Trenton.     A  preliminary  skirmish  took  place  (January 
2,  1777)  with  the  advantage  in  favor  of  the  Patriots.    Accord- 
ing to  the  plans  of  Cornwallis  the  main  engagement  was  to 
take  place  the  next  day. 

Again  did  Washington  distinguish  himself  by  a  feat  of 
good  generalship.  A  part  of  the  British  forces  had  remained 
at  Princeton  and  were  to  arrive  to  take  part  in  the  battle. 
Washington  determined  to  attack  this  force,  but  the  enemy 
in  his  front  must  know  nothing  of  his  movement.  Quietly 
was  the  baggage  of  the  Americans  removed  to  a  safe  place, 
and,  leaving  the  camp  fires  burning,  the  Patriots  quietly 
withdrew,  and  by  morning  were  at  Princeton-      The  British 


THE    WAR    FOR    AMERICAN    INDEPENDENCE. 


237 


forces  were  up  and  about  to  march  forward  to  join  Corn- 

wallis.  The  action  that  ensued 
was  hotly  contested  (January 
3).  The  personal  bravery  of 
the  commander-in-chief  did 
much  toward  winning  the  vic- 
tory, and  with  a  loss  of  some 
four  hundred  men  the  British 
were  routed.  Cornwallis,  hear- 
ing the    SOUnd    Of    distant    Can- 


Foreigners  in  the  American  Army. 

The  gallant  struggles  of  the  Ameri- 
cans were  winning  the  admiration  of 
Europe,  Frederick  the  Great  of  Prus- 
sia saw  much  to  applaud  in  the 
achievements  of  Washington,  Arnold 
and  other  generals.  A  number  of 
foreigners  joined  the  American  army 
and  did  valiant  service  in  the  cause  of 
liberty.  Among  these  were  the  French 
nobleman,  Lafayette  ;  the  Poles, 
PULASKI  and  Kosciusko,  and  the 
Germans,  De  Kalu  and  Steuuen. 


non,  hastened  to   the   rescue,  but    arrived    too    late.     Both 
armies  now  went  into  winter  quarters — the 
Americans  at  Morristown  Heights. 

When  operations  were  resumed  Wash- 
ington soon  found  himself  called  to  the 
defense  of  Philadelphia.  Eighteen  thou- 
sand British  put  to  sea  from  New  York, 
and  landed  at  Elktown,  Maryland,  seventy 
miles  from  the  city  (August  25,  1777).     An  steuben. 

engagement  took  place  at  Chad's  Ford,  on  Brandy  wine 
Creek  (September  11),  and,  greatly  outnumbered,  the 
Americans   were   compelled  to    fall    back,    after    making  a 

creditable  resistance.  The 
British  entered  Philadelphia 
in  triumph.  Congress  was 
compelled  to  adjourn  to  Lan- 
caster (September  26),  and 
shortly  after  to  York. 

The  main  body  of  the  British 
encamped  at  Germantown, 
six  miles  from  Philadelphia.  Here  they  were  attacked,  but 
without  success  (October  3),  the  Americans  losing  more  than 


Invasion  from  the  North. 
During  the  early  part  of  1777  a  pow- 
erful British  expedition  was  organizing 
in  Canada  under  Sir  John  Blkgoyne 
for  the  purpose  of  invading  New  York. 
Preparations  to  meet  the  invaders 
were  made  by  Generals  Schuyler 
and  Arnold,  Washington  sending  them 
from  time  to  time  such  forces  as  he 
could  spare  from  his  army  operating  in 
New  Jersey. 


238  PERIOD    OF    REVOLUTION. 

eleven  hundred  men.  The  British  soon  obtained  control  of 
the  Delaware,  Forts  Mercer  and  Mifflin  falling  into  their 
hands,  not  without  the  brilliant  repulse  of  Donop  by  Gen- 
eral Greene  in  a  preliminary  engagement  ( October  22  ) .  The 
Patriots  now  retired  to  Valley  Forge,  and  passed  the  long, 
desolate  winter  in  gloom  and  suffering.  Many  were  without 
shoes,  most  were  inadequately  supplied  with  clothing,  all  were 


THE    MORNING    DRILL    AT    VALLEY    FORGE--STEUBEN    INSTRUCTING    THE    PATRIOTS 

without  sufficient  food.     Their  privations  tested  their  forti- 
tude and  patriotism  to  the  utmost. 

At  Valley  Forge  the  Americans  were  joined  by  Baron 
Steuben,  an  eminent  and  experienced  German  general, 
who  enlisted  himself  in  the  American  cause.  Steuben  was 
of  inestimable  service  in  reorganizing  the  army  and  drilling 


THE    WAR    FOR    AMERICAN    INDEPENDENCE.  239 


The  Conway  Cabal. 
A  famous  and  unsuccessful  con- 
spiracy to  displace  Washington,  known 
as  the  Conway  Cabal,  was  brought  to 
light  about  this  time.  It  amounted  to 
nothing  for  Congress  had  full  confi- 
dence in  him,  his  men  all  loved  him,  and 
the  whole  country  realized,  even  in  its 
day  of  darkest  gloom,  that  none  in  his 
position  could  have  better  encountered 
the  many  difficulties  with  which  he 
was  continually  beset;  could  have  bet- 
ter held  together  his  little  army  and 
saved  them  from  destruction  in  the  face 
of  overpowering  numbers;  could  have 
shown  more  indomitable  qualities  in 
the  midst  of  defeat  than  this  American 
Fabius,  as  he  has  admiringly  been 
called. 


the  men  according  to  the  most 
approved  methods  of  war,  and 
when  operations  were  again 
resumed  the  good  results  of 
his  labors  were  clearly  seen. 


QUESTIONS. 

What  city  now  became  the  objective 
point  of  military  operations?  What 
■do  you  know  of  the  battle  of  Long 
Island?  Harlem  Heights?  White 
Plains?  What  do  you  know  of  the 
Hessians  ?  What  was  the  fate  of  Fort 
Washington?  What  do  you  know  of 
Washington's  retreat  across  New  Jersey?  Who  pursued  him?  What 
stopped  the  pursuit?  What  do  you  know  of  the  victory  at  Trenton  ?  What 
was  its  effect  on  the  American  cause?  What  do  you  know  of  the  victory  at 
Princeton?  Where  did  the  Americans  spend  the  winter  after  the  battle  of 
Princeton?  Name  some  foreigners  who  took  part  in  the  American  cause? 
What  city  was  Washington  called  upon  to  defend  when  operations  were 
resumed?  What  do  you  know  of  Washington's  defense  of  Philadelphia? 
What  battle  was  fought  before  the  city  fell?  After?  What  forts  on  the 
Delaware  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  British?  What  victory  did  Greene 
gain?  What  do  you  know  of  the  sufferings  at  Valley  Forge?  What  valua- 
ble service  did  Steuben  here  render?  What  do  you  know  of  the  Conway 
Cabal  ? 

CHAPTER  VII. 

The    First   Great   Victory. 

The  force  with  which  Burgoyne  started  from  Canada  to 
invade  New  York  consisted  of  more  than  eight  thousand  Eng- 
lish and  Hessians.  Forts  Crown  Point  (June  16),  Ticon- 
deroga  (July  5),  and  Edward  (July  30)  fell  successively  into 
his  hands,  resistance  being  encountered  by  him  at  Ticon- 
deroga  only,  where  General  St.  Clair  opposed  him  unsuc- 
cessfully with  three  thousand  men. 


240 


PERIOD    OF    REVOLUTION. 


As  Burgoyne  journeyed 
southward  preparations  were 
made  to  receive  him.  Forti- 
fications were  erected  upon 
Be  mis  Heights,  near  Sara- 
toga, by  Kosciusko,  and  the 
capable  and  energetic  General 
Schuyler  succeeded  in  collect- 
ing and  organizing  a  consider- 
able force.  In  this  he  was  ably 
assisted  by  Generals  Arnold, 
Lincoln,  and  Morgan. 

The  plans  of  battle  were  all 
matured,  when,  at  the  last 
moment,  Schuyler  was  un- 
justly deprived  of  command, 
and  Gates,  a  general  of  little 
real  ability,  put  in  his  place. 
Holding  the  welfare  of  his 
country  above  his  personal 
advancement  Schuyler  gener- 
ously proffered  his  services  to 
his  successor,  which  Gates 
slightingly  declined.  On  the 
19th  of  September  the  two 
armies  came  together  in  battle. 


Fort  Schuyler,  Oriskany  and 
Bennington. 
It  was  expected  that  many  Tories 
and  Indians  would  join  Burgoyne  along 
the  route,  and  for  the  purpose  of  secur- 
ing recruits  of  this  kind  a  minor  expedi- 
tion, under  Colonel  St.  Leger,  as- 
cended the  St.  Lawrence  River  to  Lake 
Ontario,  landed  at  Oswego  and  pro- 
ceeded eastward  down  the  Mohawk 
Valley  to  effect  a  junction  with  Bur- 
goyne's  army  on  the  Hudson.  Fort 
Schuyler,  garrisoned  by  the  American 
Colonel  Gansevoort  and  seven  hun- 
dred men,  lying  in  the  way  of  their 
march,  was  besieged  and  a  force  of  mili- 
tia, under  brave  General  Herkimer, 
attempting  its  relief,  was  defeated  at  the 
battle  of  Oriskany.  Arnold,  from  the 
Hudson  River,  then  advanced  to  the 
relief  of  the  fort.  His  forces  were  small, 
yet  he  succeeded  by  stratagem  in 
spreading  the  impression  in  St.  Leger's 
camp  that  the  approaching  Americans 
were  overwhelmingly  numerous.  St. 
Leger's  allies  deserted  him  and  he  was 
compelled  to  beat  a  precipitous  retreat, 
leaving  much  of  his  supplies  in  the 
hands  of  the  besieged.  As  Burgoyne's 
army  proceeded  on  its  way  a  body  of 
troops,  under  Colonel  Baum,  was 
detached  to  capture  and  destroy  some 
stores  that  had  been  collected  at 
Bennington,  Vt.  A  body  of  New 
Hampshire  militia,  under  Colonel 
Stark,  hastily  gathered,  and  the  on- 
coming British  were  met  and  severely 
repulsed  (August  15),  losing  more 
than  eight  hundred  men. 


Arnold  Displaced. 
The  brilliant  achievement  of  Arnold 
in  this  battle,  receiving  its  deserved 
credit,  the  jealousy  of  his  command- 
ing oflicer  was  awakened.  An  un- 
pleasant consequence  was  that  Arnold 
was  deprived  of  command  before  the 
next  engagement  took  place. 


ance  and  encouragement. 


Most  of  the  fighting  on  the 
American  side  was  done  by  that 
part  of  the  army  over  which 
Arnold  held  command,  and, 
for  hours,  he  repeatedly  re- 
pulsed the  British  advance ; 
Gates  rendering  but  little  assist- 
The  result  was  indecisive.     It  was 


held  that  had  Arnold  received  the  proper  reinforcements,  a 


THE    WAR    FOR    AMERICAN    INDEPENDENCE, 


24T 


complete  victory  would  have  been  won. 
A  second  battle  was  soon  fought  (Oct.  7). 
The  British  were  led  by  Generals  Philips, 
RlEDESEL  and  Fraser,  three  of  the  most 
skillful  generals  ever  sent  to  America. 
The  field  was  hotly  contested.  For  some 
time  Arnold  looked  on,  but,  unable  to 
gates  resist    his    impulses,     he     rushed    into    the 

thickest  of  the  action  without  authority.  His  men  received 
him  with  loud  hurrahs,  and  his  leadership  of  them  turned  the 
tide  to  complete  victory.  Burgoyne  retreated 
to  Saratoga,  where  he  was  surrounded,  his 
supplies  cut  off,  and  he  was  at  last  compelled 
to  surrender  (October  17).  More  than  five  JM 
thousand  laid  down  their  arms  and  became 
prisoners  of  war. 

*  BURGOYNE. 

The  alliance  with  France 
filled  the  British  at  Philadel- 
phia with  alarm.  Anticipating 
the  arrival  of  the  French  fleet, 
the  English  vessels  hastily 
cleared  for  New  York,  wrhile 
the  army  proceeded  to  that 
point  overland  across  New 
Jersey  (June  18).  Washing- 
ton, who   had    received   rein- 


The  French  Alliance. 
France  had  for  some  time  encour- 
aged the  Americans  in  their  hostility 
against  her  old  enemy,  England.  The 
victory  of  Saratoga  gave  such  promise 
of  success  that  she  was  led  to  enter  into 
an  alliance  with  them.  Silas  Deane, 
ARTHUR  Lee  and  Benjamin  Frank- 
lin, commissioners  appointed  hy  Con- 
gress (1776),  had  endeavored  for  some 
time  to  bring  about  this  result. 
The}-  were  now  successful.  Count 
d'Estaing  and  a  fleet  were  dispatched 
to  America,  and  the  Patriot  cause  was 
greatly  strengthened. 


forcements  from  the  North  upon 
the  surrender  of  Burgoyne,  now 
followed  the  British,  overtaking 
them  at  Monmouth,  N.  J.  An 
attack  was  made  (June  28),  but 
came  near  ending  in  disaster.  An 
order  of  Washington  to  General 
Charles    Lee    being    either 


AMERICAN    FLAQ     ADOPTER     BY    CONGRESS,    1777. 


242 


PERIOD    OF    REVOLUTION 


mistaken  or  intentionally  ignored,  the    commander-in-chief 

found  that  general   retreating 

at    a    most    critical   time,  and 

saved  the  day  only  by  rallying 

the    retreating    Americans    in 

person. 

Toward  the  close  of  the 
year  an  expedition  of  great 
importance  was  planned  and 
fitted  out  by  the  Common- 
wealth of  Virginia.   That  body 


Peace  Overtures  of  England. 
About  this  time  the  king  and  minis- 
try of  England  began  to  realize  that 
America  was  not  to  be  easily  subdued. 
Overtures  were  made  to  the  Patriots  to 
bring  about  a  peace.  Kills  conceding 
everything  claimed  in  the  past  by  the 
colonists  were  passed  by  Parliament. 
Commissioners  were  sent  to  treat  with 
Congress.  It  was,  however,  too  late. 
The  war  now  was  not  for  rights 
claimed,  but  for  American  independ- 
ence, and  nothing  short  of  its  acknowl- 
edgment by  Great  Britain  could  end 
hostilities. 


of  land  belonging  to  her,  known  as  the  Northwest  Terri- 
tory, contained  several  forts  and  posts  that,  having  been 
wrested  from  the  French,  were 
still  held  by  the  English.  The 
British  governor,  Hamilton, 
had  in  every  way  encouraged 
the  Indians  of  that  region  to 
harass  the  colonists,  and  Pat- 
rick Henry,  Virginia's  gover- 
nor, sent  Colonel  George 
Rogers  Clark  to  drive  the 
British  from  the  territory. 
Kaskaskia  and  Cahokia,  in  what  is  now  Illinois,  and 
Vincennes,  Indiana,  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Virginians,  and 
Hamilton  himself  was  taken  prisoner.  The  achievement  was 
a  notable  one,  and  was  accomplished  in  the  face  of  almost 
insurmountable  difficulties.  The  vast  territory  was  wrested 
from  British  rule  and  restored  to  the  control  of  Virginia, 
where  it  rightly  belonged. 

QUESTIONS. 

Of  what  did  Burgoyne's  force  consist?     What  do  you  know  of  St.  Leger's 
expedition?    Colonel  Baum's  ?    Who  commanded  Fort  Schuyler?     By  whom 


Rhode  Island  Expedition. 
Upon  arrival  of  the  French  fleet  an 
expedition  was  planned  against  New- 
port, It.  I.,  and  the  land  forces  sent  to 
cooperate  were  placed  under  General 
Sullivan.  The  English  Admiral  Howe 
sailed  from  New  York  to  give  the 
French  battle,  but  a  storm  separated 
the  combatants,  doing-  much  damage 
to  the  vessels  of  both.  Sullivan, unsiis- 
tained,  failed  in  his  design,  but,  being 
attacked  as  he  was  withdrawing,  he 
succeeded  in  winning  a  victory  from 
his  pursuing  foes. 


THE   WAR    FOR    AMERICAN    INDEPENDENCE.  243 

was  the  fort  rescued?  What  forts  were  taken  by  Burgoyne?  What  resist- 
ance was  made  at  Ticonderoga?  What  preparations  were  made  to  rescue 
Burgoyne?  By  whom  was  Schuyler  succeeded?  What  can  you  say  of  the  first 
battle  of  Saratoga  ?  The  second  battle  ?  What  was  Arnold's  conduct  in  each? 
What  great  victory  was  won  by  the  Americans  ?  What  do  you  know  of  the 
French  alliance?  What  overtures  were  now  made  by  England?  Why  did 
the  British  leave  Philadelphia?  What  battle  was  fought  on  their  retreat? 
What  do  you  know  of  the  battle  of  Monmouth  ?  What  do  you  know  of  the 
Rhode  Island  expedition?  What  important  expedition  was  sent  out  by  the 
Virginia  Commonwealth  ?  What  do  you  know  of  Clark's  conquest  of  the 
Northwest  Territory  ? 

REVIEW   OUTLINE. 


WAR  OF  THE  REVOLUTION  — PRINCIPAL  BATTLES. 


BRITISH  VICTORIES  AND  GENERALS  IN  ITALICS. 

THE  WAR  IN  THE  NORTH. 

{April  19  ....LEXINGTON,  (Mass.) PARKER SMITH. 

'77°\june  //'....BUNKER  HILL,  (Mass.) PRESCOTT HOWE. 

(Aug.  22. ...LONG  ISLAND,  (N.   Y.)  WASHINGTON.. HOWE. 

177  6\  SePt-  28. ...WHITE  PLAINS,  (N.  Y.)  WASHINGTON..//*? WE. 

[Dec.  26  ..TRENTON,   (N.  J.) WASHINGTON. .RAHL 

Jan.  3 PRINCETON,  (N.  J.) WASHINGTON. .MAWHOOC. 

Aug.  15  ..BENNINGTON,  (Vt.)  STARK BAUM. 

Sept.  II  ....BRANDYW/NE,   (Pa.) WASHINGTON.  HOWE. 

Sept.  19..BEMIS  HEIGHTS,  (N.  Y.).. GATES BURGOYNE. 

1  Oct  4 GERMANTOWN,  (Pa.) WASHINGTON.. /tW£. 

I  Oct.  11  ..SARATOGA,  (N.  Y.) GATES BURGOYNE. 

1778    June  2S..MONMOUTH,  (N.J.) WASHINGTON. .CLINTON. 


SEARCH  QUESTIONS. 

Who  was  Baron  Steuben 's  interpreter  at  Valley  Forge  ?  Who  planned  the  fortif, 'ca- 
tions at  Fort  Washington  ?  Why  did  the  British  go  to  Philadelphia  by  way  of  the  Ches- 
apeake instead  of  Delaware  Bay  ?  Who  was  Fabius,  and  what  is  a  Fabian  policy  ?  Who 
were  the  instigators  of  the  Conway  Cabal  ?  Who  was  Captain  Molly  ?  Who  was 
Nathan  Hale,  and  what  was  his  fate  ?  What  British  Genera/  was  kidnapped,  and  why  ? 
Why  was  General  Schuyler  displaced  ? 


1777- 


244 


PERIOD    OF    REVOLUTION. 


PREPARATORY  NOTES. 

TO    CHAPTERS    VIII,    IX    AND    X. 

Geography. — Upon  the  accompanying  map  note  the  position  of  Savannah. 
Ninety-Six.  Trace  a  route  of  travel  from  Ninety-Six  (S.  C.)  towards 
Savannah  as  far  as  Kettle  Creek  (Ga.)  Note  the  coast  from  Savannah  to 
Charleston.  Where  is  Stono  Ferry?  Monk's  Corner?  Camden?  Note 
the  nearness  of  Sander's  Creek  to  Camden.  In  what  part  of  South  Carolina 
is  the  Pedee  River?  Where  is  the 
Catawba  River?  Waxhaw  Creek? 
Ramsour's  Mill?  Hanging 
Rock?  Fishing  Creek?  King's 
Mountain?  Note  the  pos* 
tion  of  Cheraw.  Trace  a 
route  of  travel  from 
Cheraw  to  the  Cow 
pens.  From  Cow- 
pens  to  the 
Dan  River 
of  V 


gmia. 
What  rivers 
woidd  be  crossed? 
Note  the  position  of 
Courthous 
Trace  a  route  of  travel  from 
Guilford  Courthouse  to  York- 
town,  Va.,  by  way  of  Petersburg. 
From  Guilford  Courthouse  to 
Hobkirk's  Hill.  Then  to  Ninety-Six. 
Note  the  nearness  of  Eutaw  Springs 
to  Orangeburg.  Upon  the  map,  page  233,  note  the  position  of  Stony  Point. 
West  Point. 

Definition  of  Words. — Intercept,  accede,  dislodge,  irresistible,  subse- 
quently, marque,  reprisal,  squadron,  inadequate,  concentrate,  laurels, 
subordinate,  convictions,  elude,  exploit,  episode,  campaign,  devastation. 


THE    WAR    FOR    AMERICAN    INDEPENDENCE.  245 

CHAPTER  VIII. 

The   War   in   the   South. 

The  war  had  now  lasted  three  years,  and  during  that  lime 
the  British  had  accomplished  little  towards  the  subjugation 
of  the  Northern  colonies.  It  was  now  determined  to  trans- 
fer operations  to  the  South,  and  the  first  step  in  that  direction 
was  made  with  the  sending  of  Colonel  Campbell  and 
Admiral  Hyde  Parker  to  Savannah,  Ga.  The  forces  of 
the  British  numbered  two  thousand,  while  in  defense  of  the 
city  there  could  only  be  gathered  nine  hundred,  who,  under 
General  Robert  Howe,  offered  all  possible  resistance. 
The  city  surrendered  December  29,  1778. 

From  that  point  the  British  soon  overran  all  the  southeast- 
ern portion  of  Georgia.  Officers  were  sent  into  the  interior 
to  rally  the  Tories  to  the  British  cause.  A  force  of  these 
was  collected  at  Ninety-Six,  S.  C,  by  Colonel  Boyd, 
but  on  their  way  to  Savannah  they  were  intercepted  by 
some  South  Carolina  and  Georgia  militia, 
under  Colonels  Pickens  and  Clarke,  at 
Kettle  Creek,  Wilkes  County,  Ga.  (Feb- 
ruary 14,  1779),  and  driven  back  with  the 
loss  of  their  leader.  X^P /I 

General  Lincoln  was  sent  to  take  charge 
of  military  operations  in  the  South.      He  dis-  pickens. 

patched  Colonel  Ashe,  with  about  two  thousand  men,  to 
take  up  a  position  on  Brier  Creek,  near  Savannah.  Here 
Ashe  was  surprised  and  defeated  by  the  British  General 
Prevost  (March  3,  1779).  Following  up  his  advantage, 
Prevost  advanced  uoon  Charleston  and  demanded  its  sur- 
render (May  11).  The  city  was  defended  by  Colonel 
Moultrie,   who   declined  to  accede  to  the  demand. 

Meanwhile  Lincoln,  advancing  upon  Savannah  with  a 
large    force,    learned    of   the    movements    of    Prevost,    and 


246 


PERIOD    OF    REVOLUTION 


turned  northward  to  the   relief  of  Charleston.      The  siege 

of  the  city  was  abandoned  on 

Lincoln's  approach.     Retreat- 
ing along  the  coast,  the  forces 

of  Prevost    were     intercepted 

about   thirty  miles  from 

Charleston,    but  for  nearly  a 

month     neither    side    made    a 

movement  towards  battle.    At 

length  Lincoln  sought  to  dis- 
lodge a  portion  of  the  enemy's 

forces  under  Colonel  Mait- 

land,  and  the  battle  of  Stono 

Ferry     ensued      (June     20, 

1779).        The    attack    of    the 

Americans  was  repulsed  with 

terrible  loss. 

The    French    fleet,    under 

D'Estaing,  now  arrived  off  the 

coast,  and  a  combined  attack 

on  Savannah  was  planned. 
The  city  was  besieged  for 
a  month.  An  attempt  was 
made  to  carry  the  enemy's 
works  by  storm  (October  9), 
but  was  unsuccessful.  Both 
French  and  Americans  fought 
gallantly,  but  the  resistance 
was  stubborn.  Pulaski  fell  in 
the  action,  and  the  gallant  Ser- 
geant Jasper,  of  Fort  Moultrie 
fame,  was  mortally  wounded. 
After    the    repulse  D'Estaing 


Capture  of  Stony  Point. 
The  British  in  the  North  were  doing 
but  little,  except  to  send  out  various 
expeditions  for  the  sake  of  destroying 
and  plundering-.  One  of  these,  under 
Tkyon,  ravaged  the  coast  of  Connecti- 
cut, and  inflicted  much  damage  upon 
the  towns  of  New  Haven,  Fairfield 
and  Norwalk.  To  offset  this  a  brilliant 
exploit  was  performed  by  the  Ameri- 
cans. The  British  were  in  possession 
of  the  strong  fort  of  Stony  Point,  in 
New  York,  on  the  Hudson.  General 
Anthony  Wayne  undertook  its  cap- 
ture. Softly  approaching  the  fort  at 
night,  he  arranged  his  men  in  two 
columns,  and  that  no  alarm  might  be 
sounded,  ordered  his  men  to  unload 
their  guns  and  use  bayonets  only 
in  the  assault.  Th/»,  sentinel  was  sur- 
prised and  overpowered,  but  as  the 
Americans  steadily  advanced  up  the 
rocky  path  to  the  summit,  upon 
which  the  fort  was  built,  they  were 
discovered  and  fired  upon.  The  charge, 
however,  was  irresistible,  and  though 
Wayne  was  wounded  in  the  assault, 
the  fort,  with  its  stores  and  six  hundred 
prisoners,  fell  into  the  hands  of  the 
Americans  (15th  July,  1779) 


Sullivan's   Expedition   Against   the 

Indians. 
In  July,  1778,  a  body  of  Tories  and 
Indians  under  Major  John  Butler, 
descended  upon  the  village  of  Wyom- 
ing, Pa.,  and  most  of  the  able-bodied 
men  being  away  in  the  Patriot  army, 
captured  the  fort  and  put  to  death  most 
of  the  inhabitants  with  all  the  barbari- 
ties of  savage  warfare.  Cherry  Valley, 
N.  Y.,  suffered  the  same  fate  the 
November  following.  These  atrocities 
were  avenged  by  General  Sullivan, 
who  led  an  expedition  to  the  Susque- 
hanna country,  and  subsequently  to  the 
Mohawk  country.  A  fierce  battle  was 
fought  near  Elmira,  New  York,  August 
29, 1779,  in  which  the  Tories  and  Indians 
were  routed,  their  fields  laid  waste  and 
much  of  their  property  destroyed. 


THE    WAR    FOR    AMERICAN    INDEPENDENCE. 


247 


Paul  Jones  and  the  Bon  Homme 

Richard. 
In   the   war   of  the   Revolution   the 

Americans  hail  no  regularly  organized 
navy.  Congress,  however,  granted 
letters  of  marque  and  reprisal  that 
authorized  shipowners  to  fit  up  private 
vessels  of  war  to  prey  upon  the  com- 
merce of  the  enemy.  These  were 
known  as  privateers.  By  great  exer- 
tion there  had  heen  fitted  up 
in  France  a  small  squadron 
for  the  Americans,  and  it  was 
placed  under  the  command  of 
Captain  Paul  Jones.  Jones 
did  much  damage  to  the 
commerce  of  England,  and 
boldly  frequented  the  English 
coasts.  His  most  notable 
achievement  was  his  victory 
over  the  Serapis,  off  Flam- 
boro  Head,  Scotland  (Sep- 
tember 23,  1770).  No  more 
desperate  naval  engagement 
has  ever  transpired.  Jones 
lashed  his  vessel  to  the 
and  the  battle  was  fought  hand  to 
hand.  Three  times  the  ships  took  fire 
and  were  as  many  times  extinguished. 
The  Bon  Homme  Richard  was  ren- 
dered worthless  in  the  action,  and  when 
the  Serapis  struck  her  colors,  Jones 
transferred  his  crew  to  that  vessel  and 
sailed  tor  Holland. 


refused  to    cooperate    further,    and   sailed    away.     Lincoln 

returned   to  Charleston. 

Sir  Henry  Clinton,  with    a 
large  force  from  New  York, 
now  arrived  in  the  South,  and, 
effecting  a  landing  thirty  miles 
below    Charleston    (February 
11,  1780),  surrounded  the  city 
( March     20),     his 
fleet,    under    Admi- 
ral      Arbuthnot, 
taking  a  position  in 
the     harbor    (April 
9).     A  force  under 
Huger  hastening  to 
its  relief,  was  inter- 
cepted    at    Monk's 
Corner  by  the  British  Col- 
onel    Tarleton,     and     re- 
pulsed.    With  all  communica- 
tions cut  off,  his  forces  inade- 
quate, and  with  no  probability 
of  succor,  Lincoln  surrender- 


JOHN    PAUL    JONES 


Serapis, 


ed  after  enduring  a  siege  of  some  two  months 
(May  12). 

With  Charleston  as  a  base  of  operations, 
the  British  proceeded  to  overrun  South  Car- 
olina. Expeditions  were  sent  out  by  Clinton 
— to  Ninety-Six  under  Colonel  Cruger,  to 
Augusta  under  Colonel  Brown,  and  to 
Camden  under  Lord  Cornwallis.  The 
presence  of  the  British  encouraged  the  Tories  to  engage 
in   hostilities,  and  both  British    and  Tories  exercised  such 


TARLETON 


248 


PERIOD    OF    REVOLUTION. 


harsh  measures  that  the  Patriots  in  many  parts  organized 
themselves  in  partisan  bands,  and,  in  revenging  outrages, 
struck  many  a  blow  for  free- 
dom. 

The  capture  of  Lincoln  ne- 
cessitated the  appointment  of 
another     commander    in    the 
South.     At  first  the  brave  and 
experienced       German,      De 
Kalb,  was  sent  with  authority 
to  act.     He  was  soon  followed 
and  superseded  by  Gates,  for 
it  was  thought  the  presence  in 
the  South  of   the   con- 
queror    of      Burgoyne 
would    inspire    greater 
confidence,   and  thous- 
ands   would     join     the 
Patriot  ranks.    The  ad- 
vance    of    Gates     was 
looked  upon  with  some  Am 

concern  by  the  British.  Corn- 
wallis  hastened  to  Camden, 
where  Lord  Rawdon,  his 
second  in  command,  had  con- 
centrated the  forces  that  were 
to  meet  Gates.  The  Patriot 
army  was  collected  at  Cler- 
mont, some  ten  miles  distant. 
Each      general     formed     the 


Arnold's  Treason. 

About  this  time  news  came  from  the   j 
North  of  a  sad  blow  dealt  to  the  Ameri-    J 
can   cause.     The   whole    country    was   j 
shocked  at  the  sudden  intelligence  that    | 
Arnold,  the  brave,  the  gallant,  the  im-    j 
petuous,    the     hero     of     Quebec,    the   j 
genius  of  Saratoga,  the  trusted  friend    i 
of  Washington,  had  gone  over  to  the 
enemy  and  sold  his  honor  for  English 
gold.     In    all    confidence   Washington 
had  given  him  command  of  the  import- 
I    ant  post  of    West   Point,   New   York. 
Whatever  may  have  been  his  motives, 
it    transpired    that    an    offer  of   ,£6,315 
and  a    position    in    the    English    army 
induced     him     to     turn     traitor.       An 
agreement  was  made  by  him  to 
surrender      West      Point,      and 
Major   Andre   of  the   British 
was   sent    from    New    York    to 
arrange   the    transfer.     On    his 
way    back    Andre   was  stopped 
by    three    Patriots,  PAULDING, 
Van   Wekt     and    Williams, 
who    learned  the    nature   of  his 
business.     The  captors  rejected 
all     the    tempting    bribes    that 
were  offered  by  the  captive  for 
his    release.     Arnold,   however, 
received      timely     warning     and     es- 
caped to  devote  his    energies  thence- 
forth as  the  foe  of  his  country.      But 
never  again  was  he  to  leel  that  peace   | 
that  comes  of  consciousness  in  having   | 
done  well.     He  lost  the  respect  of  his    | 
admirers,  the  affections  of  his  friends,   I 
and      died     in     obscurity,     unhonored    I 
and     unmounted.       The     unfortunate 
Andre  was  sentenced  to  be  hung,  and 
went  to  his  death  pleading  to  be  shot 
as  a  soldier  should  be.     I  lis  death  was 
greatly     lamented 
HAYNE    of    Charleston 
under   as  cruel    circumstances   by   the    j 

,       -r  1     T> I-.- 


Colonel    Isaac   i 
was     hanged    I 


English  Lord  Rawdon. 


design  of  surprising  his  adver- 
sary, and  carried  it  into  effect  at  the   same  time, 
posing     forces    came    unexpectedly    upon    each 


The   op- 
other    at 


THE    WAR    FOR    AMERICAN    INDEPENDENCE. 


249 


Sander's  Creek  near  Camden,  and  a  battle  ensued. 
There  was  much  hard  fighting  on  both  sides,  but  the 
militia  could  not  withstand  the  steady  bayonet  charges  of 
the  British  regulars.  Baron  De  Kalb  fell  pierced  with  eleven 
wounds.  The  day  was  lost,  and  Gates,  utterly  routed,  found 
his  "  northern  laurels  turned  to  southern  willows." 

QUESTIONS. 

Where  was  the  war  now  transferred?  Why?  What  do  you  know  of  the 
capture  of  Savannah?  For  what  purpose  were  British  officers  sent  out? 
What  do  you  know  of  the  battle  of  Kettle  Creek?  Who  was  sent  to 
command  the  Americans  in  the  South?  What  misfortune  befell  Ashe? 
Who  defended  Charleston  from  Prevost?  What  do  you  know  of  the  battle  of 
Stono  Ferry  ?  What  do  you  know  of  the  capture  of  Stony  Point  ?  Sullivan's 
expedition?  What  did  Lincoln  attempt  with  the  assistance  of  the  French 
fleet?  What  was  the  result?  Who  were  among  the  slain  in  the  attack? 
What  do  you  know  of  the  siege  of  Charleston?  What  followed  its  capture? 
Where  was  Cruger  sent?  Brown?  Cornwallis?  Why?  Who  succeeded 
Lincoln?  Why  was  Gates  sent  South?  What  can  you  say  of  the  battle  of 
Camden?  What  can  you  say  of  Paul  Jones?  What  do  you  know  of 
Arnold's  treason?  Who  were  the  captors  of  Major  Andre?  What  was  his 
fate?     What  American  suffered  a  similar  fate? 


CHAPTER  IX. 
The    Partisans    of   the   Carolinac. 
The  defeat  of  Gates  at  Sander's  Creek  left  the  Carolinas  in 
a  deplorable  condition.     The  authority  of  Great  Britain  ex 
tended  over  the  territory,  and  Lord  Corn- 
wallis, who  was  now  in  command,  deter- 
mined to  hold  the  conquered  province. 
Subordinate   officers   of   his   went  from 
point  to  point  engaging  actively  in  the 
work  of  subjugation.     The  most  notori- 
ous of  these  was  Colonel  Tarleton,  who, 
from  his  many  acts  of  undue   severity, 
soon  earned  for  himself  the  title  of  the 
"Bloody  Tarleton." 


250 


PERIOD    OF    REVOLUTION. 


Partisan  Warfare. 
These  conflicts  were  waged  in  great 
part  against  Tories.  The  Tories  of  the 
Carolinas  had  the  courage  of  convic- 
tion, and,  unlike  those  of  other  colo- 
nies, were  ready  to  do  more  for 
the  English  cause  than  extend  aid, 
comfort  and  encouragement  to  British 
troops.  The  achievements  of  the 
Southern  Patriot  leaders  are  all  the 
more  remarkable  when  it  is  understood 
that  they  were  contending  with  not 
only  the  victorious  troops  of  a  mighty 
nation,  but  with  many  Americans  of 
the  same  courageous  characteristics  as 
themselves. 


Ill  would  it  have  fared  with  the  American  cause  in  the 
South  had  not  indefatigable  leaders  in  various  portions  arisen 
and  gathered  to  their  standard  men  whom  no  hardship  could 
deter,  no  suffering  discourage.  These  carried  on  a  desul- 
tory, yet  a  terribly  persistent  and  harassing  warfare  against 
the  foes  of  their  country. 

Chief  among  these  partisan 
leaders  were  Generals  Mar- 
ion, Sumter  and  Pickens,  and 
Colonel  Henry  Lee  .  Marion 
operated  in  the  swamps  about 
the  Pedee,  striking  blow  after 
blow,  here  and  there,  wary, 
vigilant,  eluding  capture  time 
after  time  at  the  hands  of 
large  forces  sent  for  the  pur- 
pose; striking  his  very  pursuers  when 
they  were  least  expecting  him;  joining 
the  regular  army  when  a  battle  was  in 
prospect,  and  when  the  fate  of  this  army 
was  defeat,  as  it  was  at  Camden,  hasten- 
ing back  to  his  haunts;  annoying  the 
victors,  harassing  them  on  all  sides; 
rescuing  prisoners,  as  at  Nelson's  Ferry 
(August  20, 1780),  when  with  but  a  hand- 
saw, ful,  he  routed  a  powerful  guard  and 
released  more  than  one  hundred  and  fifty  ill-fated  victims  of 
the  Camden  battlefield.  Truly  was  he  the  "  Swamp  Fox  of 
the  Carolinas." 

The  scenes  of  Sumter's  exploits  lay  chiefly  along  the 
Catawba;  those  of  Pickens,  near  the  Saluda.  Lee,  or  "Light- 
horse  Harry,"   as  he  was   called,   had   already  won   many 


THE    WAR    FOR    AMERICAN    INDEPENDENCE.  25 1 

laurels  for  bravery  in  the  Northern  armies,  and  throughout 
the  war  he  was  continually  engaged  in  brilliant  and  active 
service.  When  not  with  the  regular  army  he 
was  engaged  in  daring  enterprises,  cooperating 
with  Pickens,  Sumter  or  Marion. 

Tarleton  was  one  of  the  ablest  of  the  Eng- 
lish leaders.  In  May,  1780,  he  intercepted 
Colonel  Buford,  who  was  coming  south 
from  Virginia,  at  Waxhaw,  N.  C,  and  sur-  colonel  henry  lee. 
prising  him,  put  almost  his  whole  command  to  death.  This 
victory  was  in  part  balanced  by  the  defeat  of  a  large  body  of 
Tories,  under  Colonel  Moore,  by  a  smaller  force,  under 
Colonel  Francis  Locke,  the  engagement  occurring  at  a 
place  called  Ramsour's  Mill,  N.  C.  (June  20, 1780).  Nev- 
ertheless the  episode  of  Waxhaw  rankled  in  the  breasts  of 
the  Patriots  for  many  a  day. 

At  Hanging  Rock  (August  7) — one  of  the  best  fought  bat- 
tles between  American  militia  and  British  regulars — the  Eng- 
lish, under  Brown,  were  defeated  by  Sumter,  the  Americans 
taking  a  number  of  prisoners.  Good  fortune,  however,  did 
not  dwell  long  with  Sumter,  for  shortly  after  he  was  surprised 
and  routed  by  Tarleton  at  Fishing  Creek  (August  17). 
Later  on  Tarleton  was  in  turn  defeated  by  Sumter  at  the 
battle  of  Blackstock's  Ford  (November  20). 

The  battle  of  King's  Mountain,  fought  October  7,  was 
one  of  the  most  notable  achievements  of  the  war.  Shortly 
after  the  defeat  of  Gates,  the  British  Major  Ferguson  was 
sent  by  Cornwallis  with  a  force  of  regulars,  well  supplied 
with  arms  and  stores,  beyond  the  Wateree  River,  for  the 
purpose  of  enlisting  the  Tories  of  that  region.  Ferguson 
soon  had  an  army  of  some  eleven  hundred  men  col- 
lected. Word  went  out  all  over  the  country  of  Ferguson's 
advance,  and  bodies  of  Patriots  began  to  assemble  at  dif- 


252 


PERIOD    OF    REVOLUTION. 


BATTLE   OF    KINQ'O    MOUNTAIN. 


THE    WAR    FOR    AMERICAN    INDEPENDENCE.  253 

ferent  points  to  oppose  him.  Many  of  these  were  gallant 
"  mountain  men,"  who  had  gone  beyond  the  Alleghanies 
as  pioneers  in  what  is  now  Tennessee. 
Colonels  Isaac  Shelby,  John  Sevier, 
Wm.  Campbell,  McDowell,  Cleavland, 
and  Williams  all  led  bodies  of  men  to 
the  scene,  and  the  different  detachments 
concentrating,  nine  hundred  of  the  best 
pushed  on  after  the  enemy.  Ferguson 
had  taken  up  a  position  in  fancied  security 
on  the  summit  of  King's  Mountain.  The  colonel  isaac  shelby. 
attack  was  made  upon  several  sides,  the  engagement  lasting 
but  little  more  than  an  hour.  The  ardor  and  determination 
of  the  Patriots  prevailed,  and  Ferguson  being  slain,  his  suc- 
cessor to  the  command  hoisted  the  signal  of  surrender,  and 
the  whole  force  was  taken  prisoners. 

QUESTIONS. 

What  was  the  condition  of  the  Carolinas  after  the  defeat  of  Gates?  What 
do  you  know  of  Colonel  Tarleton  ?  What  partisan  leaders  came  to  the 
defense  of  their  country?  What  can  you  say  of  the  Southern  Tories?  What 
do  you  know  of  Marion  ?  Sumter  ?  Lee  ?  Pickens  ?  What  was  the  fate  of 
Buford  ?  What  victory  was  gained  hy  Locke?  What  do  you  know  of  the 
battle  of  Rocky  Mount?  Hanging  Rock?  Fishing  Creek?  Blackstock's 
Ford?  King's  Mountain?  Name  some  of  the  Patriot  leaders  at  King's 
Mountain. 

CHAPTER  X. 
America   Triumphant. 

Upon  the  defeat  of  Gates  at  Camden,  General  Greene 
was  sent  South  by  Congress.  In  the  campaigns  that  fol- 
lowed, Greene  proved  himself  one  of  the  ablest  generals  of 
the  Revolution,  even  winning  a  deserved  place  beside  Wash- 
ington himself.  He  had  barely  two  thousand  men  with 
whom  to  begin  operations.     From  his  position  at  Cheraw, 


254 


PERIOD    OF    REVOLUTION. 


charge   of    the    British  was   sustained. 


S.  C,  he  dispatched  half  of   these  under  General  Morgan 

westward  to  a  place  called  the  Cowpens.     Cornwallis  had 

been  preparing  to  enter  upon  the 

conquest  of  North  Carolina,  but, 

unwilling  to  leave  Morgan  in  the 

rear,  sent  Tarleton  with  a  picked 

body  of  men  against  him. 

The  forces  of  Morgan  and  Tar- 
ts 

leton  were  about  equal.  The  battle 
that  ensued  was  one  of  the  best 
fought  battles  of  the  war.  Morgan's 
men  had  unbounded  confidence  in 
their  leader,  and  charge  after 
Tarleton  had  met 
his  match  at  last,  and  he  was  defeated  (January  17,  1781) 
with  a  loss  of  two-thirds  of  his  men,  he  himself  barely 
escaping  capture  at  the  hands  of  the  American  Colonel 
William  Washington,  who  pursued  him  for  some  distance. 
Upon  learning  of  Tarleton' s  defeat  Cornwallis  hastened 
to  the  scene  to  punish  the  victor.  Morgan  began  a  famous 
retreat,  with  Cornwallis  in  hot  pursuit.  Crossing  the 
Yadkin  he  was  joined  by  Greene,  and  the  combined  forces 
continued  on  to  the  Catawba,  and  finally  to  the  Dan  River 
in  Virginia,  the  retreat  being  conducted  so  skillfully  as  to 
baffle  the  pursuers  all  along  the  route. 

Cornwallis  gave  up  the  chase  when  the  Dan  was  reached, 
and  turned  south  to  Hillsborough,  N.  C.  Greene,  now 
receiving  reinforcements,  followed,  and  at  Guilford  Court 
House,  now  Greenesborough,  a  great  battle  was  fought 
(March  25).  The  Americans  were  driven  back,  but  the  vic- 
tory of  the  British  was  dearly  bought.  Cornwallis'  army  was 
so  badly  crippled  that  he  felt  it  necessary  to  hasten  to  Peters- 
burg, Va.,  and  join  forces  with  those  of  Arnold  and  Philips, 
who  had  been  ravaging  and  destroying  in  eastern  Virginia, 


THE   WAR    FOR    AMERICAN    INDEPENDENCE. 


55 


Greene  now  proceeded  southward,  determined  to  wrest 
South  Carolina  and  Georgia  from  British  possession.  At 
Hobkirk's  Hill,  near  Camden,  another 
deeisive  battle  was  fought  (April  25)  with 
Lord  Rawdon.  The  result  was  similar  to 
that  at  Guilford  Courthouse.  The  Amer- 
icans were  unable  to  withstand  the  fierce 
advances  of  the  British,  but  before  falling 
back  inflicted  such  severe  loss  that  Raw- 
don retired  from  that  part  of  the  country 
to  the  region  below  the  San  tee. 

Here  he  was  harassed  by  Sumter  and  Marion,  while 
Greene  turned  his  attention  to  Ninety-Six,  a  strongly  forti- 
fied post,  commanded  by  Colonel  Cruger.  Fortifications 
were  erected  by  Kosciusko,  and  a  siege  began  that  would 
have  resulted  in  the  surrender  of  the  fort  had  not  the  arrival 
of   fresh    troops    from  the  coast  enabled  Lord    Rawdon  to 

advance  to  its  rescue.     Learning  of 
this   advance,   the    Americans    has- 
tened to  storm  the  fort  (June  18), 
but  the  attack  was  unsuccessful,  and 
Greene  was  compelled  to  withdraw. 
Gallant  work  was  being  done  by 
the    partisan    leaders    all  this  time. 
Post  after  post,  in  different  portions 
of  the  State,  were  falling  into  their 
hands.     Rawdon  retiring  to  Charles- 
ton,   left    Stewart    in    command, 
y*)..^,-  I    near     Orangeburg.       The      hardest 
the  outpost.  fought  battle  of  the  war  occurred  at 

Eutawt  Springs,  between  Greene  and  Stewart  (September 
8).       The    Americans    gained    the    advantage,    the    enemy 


256  PERIOD    OK    REVOLUTION. 

retreating  to  Charleston.  Of  all  the  territory  they  had 
overrun  there  remained  to  the  British,  by  the  elose  of  the 
year  1780,  but  the  two  eities  of  Savannah  and  Charleston. 

Lafayette  had  been  sent  to  Virginia  to  check  the  ravages 
of    Arnold    and    Philips,    but    with    his    small    force    could 
accomplish    little.       Cornwallis    arriving 

o 

from  North  Carolina,  continued  the  work 
of  devastation.  More  than  ten  million 
dollars  worth  of  property  was  destroyed. 
He  finally  took  up  a  position  on  the 
Peninsula  of  Yorktown.  Word  was  sent 
of  this  to  Washington,  who  was  still  near 
New  York,  occupied  with  the  British 
lafayette.  under  Clinton  in   that  vicinity.     Leaving 

a  force  to  menace  Clinton,  he  hastened  to  Virginia,  where, 
assisted  by  Virginia  militia,  under  Governor  Nelson, 
and  a  large  force  of  French  that  had  arrived  in  America, 
he  surrounded  the  works  of  Cornwallis.  The  French  fleet 
cut  off  all  retreat  by  sea. 

Clinton  at  New  York  wras  unable  to  determine  whether  or 
not  to  go  to  Cornwallis'  assistance,  meanwhile  sending  out 
ravaging  expeditions,  in  the  vain  hope  of  drawing  Washing- 
ton back.  The  Americans  established  batteries  and  opened 
fire.  Two  redoubts  of  the  enemy  were  carried  by  storm. 
There  was  no  hope  for  the  British,  and  Cornwallis,  the  ablest 
general  opposed  to  the  Americans  in  the  whole  war,  was 
compelled  to  surrender  (October  19).  Seven  thousand  men 
laid  dowrn  their  arms. 

This  second  great  victory  wras  a  decisive  one  for  the 
American  cause.  Again  had  a  mighty  army  of  one  of  the 
strongest  nations  on  earth  been  captured  wrhole.  The  glad 
news  went  throughout  America,   awakening  all  to  demon- 


THE   WAR    FOR    AMERICAN    INDEPENDENCE.  257 

strations  of  joy.  It  was  felt  that  the  war  was  virtually  ended. 
When  news  of  Cornwallis'  surrender  reached  Lord  North, 
Prime  Minister  of  England,  he  exclaimed,  "Oh,  God!  it 
is  all  over."  It  had  at  last  dawned  upon  the  British  mind  that 
America  could  not  be  subdued.  Hostilities  ceased.  Char- 
leston and  Savannah  were  evacuated.  Commissioners  met 
at  Paris  and  signed  a  treaty  of  peace  (September  3,  1783). 
The  evacuation  of  New  York  followed,  and  the  last  of  the 
hostile  English  forces  left  American  shores. 

By  the  terms  of  the  treaty  England  acknowledged  Amer- 
ican independence.  The  colonies  were  now  States.  All 
that  portion  of  territory  south  of  the  great  lakes  and  east  of 
the  Mississippi,  with  the  exception  of  Florida,  which  Eng- 
land ceded  to  Spain,  was  their  domain.  Thenceforth  they 
were  to  work  out  their  own  destiny  among  the  nations  of 
the  earth. 

QUESTIONS. 

Who  succeeded  Gates  to  the  command  in  the  South?  What  can  you  say 
of  General  Greene  ?  Where  did  his  forces  collect?  What  victory  was  gained 
by  Morgan?  Over  whom?  What  followed  the  battle  of  Cowpens?  How 
was  the  American  retreat  conducted?  What  caused  Greene  to  turnback 
upon  Cornwallis  after  reaching  Virginia?  What  do  you  know  of  the  battle 
of  Guilford  Courthouse?  What  was  the  result?  Where  did  Greene  go  after 
the  battle?  Cornwallis?  What  do  you  know  of  the  battle  of  Hobkirk's  Hill? 
Attack  on  Ninety-Six?  Why  was  Ninety-Six  assaulted  instead  of  besieged? 
Who  was  left  in  command  at  Orangeburg?  What  can  you  say  of  the  battle 
of  Eutaw  Springs?  What  English  generals  ravaged  eastern  Virginia  ?  Who 
was  sent  against  them?  By  whom  was  Cornwallis  besieged  at  Yorktown? 
Why  did  not  Clinton  go  to  his  assistance?  What  do  you  know  of  Corn- 
wallis' surrender?  How  was  the  news  received  in  America?  England? 
What  cities  were  now  evacuated?  When  and  where  was  the  treaty  of  peace 
signed  ?  What  were  among  its  terms  ?  What  did  the  colonies  become  with 
the  acknowledgment  of  their  independence  ? 


258 


PERIOD    OF    REVOLUTION, 


REVIEW  OUTLINE. 


WAR  OF  THE  REVOLUTION— PRINCIPAL  BATTLES. 


BRITISH   VICTORIES  AND  GENERALS  iN  ITALICS. 


THE  WAR  IN  THE  SOUTH. 


1780 


17811 


Dec.  29 SAVANNAH  CAPTURED ROBT.  HOWE CAMPBELL. 

Feb.  14 KETTLE  CREEK  (Ga.)  PICKENS BOYD. 

March  3 BRlER  CREEK  {Ga.) ASHE PREVOST. 

June  20 STONO  FERRY  (5.   C.) LINCOLN. PREVOST. 

Oct.  9 SAVANNAH  ATTACKED LINCOLN PREVOST. 

April  14 MONK'S  CORNER  (S.  C.) HUGER TARLETON. 

May  12. CHARLESTON  .CAPTURED LINCOLN CLINTON. 

May  29 WAXHAW  (/V.   C.) BUFORD. TARLETON. 

June  20 RAMSOUR'S  MILL  (N.  C.) LOCKE. MOORE. 

Aug.  7. HANGING  ROCK  (S.  C.)  SUMTER BROWN. 

Aug.  16 SANDER'S  CREEK  (S.   C.) GATES CORNWALLIS. 

Aug.  17 FISHING  CREEK  (S.  C.) SUMTER.  TARLETON. 

Oct.  7 KING'S  MOUNTAIN  (S.'C.). CAMPBELL FERGUSON. 

Nov.20 BLACKSTOCK'S  FORD  (S.  C.)... SUMTER TARLETON. 

Jan.  17 COWPENS  (N.  C.)  MORGAN TARLETON. 

March  25 GUILFORD'S  COURT  HOUSE  (/V.   C). ..GREENE CORNWALLIS. 

April  25 HOBKIRK'S  HILL  (S.  C.) GREENE RAW  DON. 

June  18 NINETY-SIX  (S.  C.) GREENE CRUGER. 

Sept.  S EUTAW  SPRINGS  (S.  C.) GREENE STEWART. 

Oct.  19 YORKTOWN  (Va.) WASHINGTON CORNWALLIS. 


SEARCH  QUESTIONS. 

How  did  Cowpens  receive  its  name  ?  What  President  of  the  United  States  fought  at 
King's  Mountain?  What  great  invention  was  designed  at  the  house  of  General 
Greene's  widow  ?  In  what  places  did  Congress  hold  sessions  during  the  Revolution  ? 
What  are  "letters  of  marque  and  reprisal"?  Why  did  Greene's  defeats  have  the 
effect  of  victories  ?  What  famous  repast  did  Marion  serve  to  a  British  officer  and 
what  was  the  result  ? 


PREPARATORY  NOTES. 

Definition  of  Words. — Supreme,  sovereignty  (see  Webster's  Dictionary, 
edition  of  1S44),  compact  (Id.),  constitution  (Id.),  delegation  (Id.),  federal 
(Id.),  confederation  (Id.),  state  (Id.),  vested,  function,  interpretation,  des- 
potic, civil,  exemplifies,  jurisdiction,  mutual,  domiciled,  assumption,  insti- 
tuted, quota,  equitable,  levy,  depreciate,  redress,  provisional,  allegiance, 
enunciation,  wary,  inordinate,  ordinance,  expansion,  harmonious,  con- 
summate, exclusion,  specified,  stipulation,  competition,  quorum,  financier, 
deliberations,  judiciary,  devised,  compromise,  ratification,  encroachment, 
genius,  homogeneous,  domestic,  tranquillity,  amendment,  restriction. 


THE    INSTITUTION    OF    SELF-GOVERNMENT.  259 

PARALLEL    READINGS. 

Reference. — Bancroft's  "History  of  the  United  States,"  Fiske's  "Critical  Period  of 
American  History,"  Schouler's  "History  of  the  American  Republic,"  Von  Hoist's  "Con- 
stitutional History  of  the  United  States,"  "  The  Federalist." 

GENERAL. — Lodge's  "Alexander  Hamilton,"  Gay's  "Madison,"  Collin's  "Building  of 
the  .Nation,"  Tyler's  "  Patrick  Henry,"  Cooke's  "Virginia,"  Morse's  "  Thomas  Jefferson," 
Ir\  ing's  "  Washington,"  Ciltnote's  "Rear  Guard  of  the  Revolution,"  and  "John  Sevier 
as  a  Commonwealth  Builder,"  Shaler's  "  Kentucky,"  Phelan's  "  Tennessee,"  "  The 
Northwest  Territory"  (Magazine  of  American  History,  August,  iss<>),  "The  Kramers 
of    the    Constitution"   ( Id.,  April,  1SS5),  Stephens'  "  History  of  the  United  States." 

Topical. — "  Government,  Forms  of,"  "Confederation,  Articles  of,"  "The  Federal  Con- 
stitution," "The  Federalist,"  "The  Virginia  Plan,"  "The  New  Jersey  Plan,"  "The  Con- 
necticut Compromise,"  "James  Robertson,"  "Franklin,  State  of,"  "John  Sevier," 
M  Daniel  Boone,"  "  Alexander  Hamilton,"  "  Federal  Ratio,"  "  Constitution,  The  Adoption 
01  '•  "State  Rights." 


The  Institution  of  Self-Government. 

CHAPTER  XL 

The   Transfer   of   Sovereignty. 

Man  is  of  a  social  nature,  and  therefore  exists  in  socie- 
ties. For  the  regulation  and  welfare  of  societies,  govern- 
ment is  necessary.  In  every  form  of  government  there  must 
enter  into  consideration  two  elements:  the  one  in  which 
Sovereignty,  or  supreme  power,  is  vested;  and  the  one 
upon  which  it  is  exercised. 

When,  in  a  society,  sovereignty  is  vested  in  one  person,  we 
have  a  form  of  government  called  a  Monarchy.  When  sov- 
ereignty is  vested  in  all  the  members  of  a  society,  and  all  have 
a  voice  in  the  governing  of  themselves,  we  have  a  Democracy. 

When  the  members  of  a  democracy  are  too  numerous  to 
exercise  governmental  functions  directly,  they  may  delegate 
their  authority  to  representatives  chosen  from  among  them- 
selves, in  which  case  we  have  a  form  of  government  known 
as  a  Republic 

A  sovereign  may  either  exercise  authority  himself,  or 
delegate  this  authority.     Sometimes  the  delegation  is  made 


260 


PERIOD    OF    REVOLUTION. 


Personal  Freedom. 

In  a  monarchy  personal  freedom,  in 
its  widest  interpretation,  is  enjoyed  bv 
but  one  person  in  the  society — the 
monarch  himself.  In  a  democracy 
personal  freedom  is  enjoyed  by  all 
alike.  The  limitation  of  despotic 
power,  and  the  extension  of  civil 
privileges,  have  marked  the  progress 
of  modern  enlightened  nations.  The 
Republic  of  the  United  States  of 
America  exemplifies  in  the  highest 
degree,  the  advance  that  has  been 
made  in  the  application  of  progressive 
governmental  ideas,  and  to-day  pre- 
sents to  the  world  the  most  remarkable 
example  of  a  people  governing  them- 
selves. 


by  written  instrument.  In  the 
history  of  the  English  colonies 
we  find  mention  of  an  instru- 
ment of  this  kind  under  the 
name  of  Charter.  Some- 
times the  delegation  is  made 
by  popular  election,  as  in  a 
Republican  form  of  govern- 
ment. 

Sovereigns  often  enter  into 
a  mutual  agreement  in  matters 
pertaining  to  their  own  govern- 
ment. This  agreement  is  sometimes  called  a  Compact. 
The  earliest  mentioned  in  the  history  of  the  United  States 
is  that  which  was  drawn  up  in  the  cabin  of  the  Mayflower 
by  the  Pilgrim  Fathers,  who,  deeming  themselves  beyond  the 
jurisdiction  of  any  authority  higher  than  their  own,  entered 
as  sovereigns  into  a  mutual  agreement  for  their  government 
(1620). 

The  people  of  an  organized  society  or  community  may 
enter  into  an  agreement  with  the  people  of  other  organized 
societies  and  communities  for  the  purpose  of  promoting  the 
welfare  of  all.  The  agreement  in  this  case  is  called  a 
Constitution,  and  is  said  to  be  the  fundamental  law  by 
which  all  are  governed.  The  earliest  written  Constitution 
mentioned  in  the  history  of  the  United  States  is  that  which 
was  drawn  up  by  the  Connecticut  colonies  of  Hartford, 
Weathersneld,  and  Windsor  (1638). 

A  society  of  individuals  organized  for  the  purpose  of 
government,  whether  monarchical  or  democratic,  is  called  a 
State,  if  sovereignty  is  domiciled  within  its  borders;  a 
Province  if  sovereignty  is  domiciled  without.  Thus,  man) 
of  the  x\merican  colonies  were  provinces  before  the  Revolu- 


THE    INSTITUTION    OF    SELF-GOVERNMENT.  26l 

tion.  After  the  Revolution  they  became  States.  The 
Declaration  of  Independence  transferred  the  sovereignty 
under  which  the  colonies  were  governed  from  Great  Britain 
to  America;  and  this  sovereignty  was  assumed  by  the  Amer- 
ican people,  who  maintained  themselves  in  this  assumption 
by  force  of  arms. 

This  transfer  of  sovereignty  rendered  possible  the  institution 
of  self-government  as  it  exists  in  the  United  States  to-day; 

yet  the  principles  of  American 
self-government  were  not  of 
sudden  growth.  Throughout 
the  whole  history  of  the  En<{- 
lish  colonies  their  gradual  de- 
velopment went  hand  in  hand 
with  that  of  American  inde- 
pendence. The  first  popular 
election  in  America,  making 
Captain  John  Smith,  President 
of  Virginia  (1609);  tne  ^rst 
Representative  Assembly,  by 
which  an  American  people 
ained  a  voice  in  the  making  of  their  own  laws,  instituted 
in  Virginia  the  year  before  the  Mayflower  Compact  (1619); 
the  transfer  of  the  charter  of  the  Massachusetts  Bay  Com- 
~~7"~"  „r   .   ,  *K         I      pany,    with   its     governmental 

Self -Government  West  of  the  r        J  *  fc> 

Aiieghanies.  privileges,    from    England    to 

Pioneers  who  crossed  the  Allegha-  °  ~ 

that  colony,  instituting  a  high 
form  of  self-government,  for 
that  time,  in  America  (1630) 
— all  marked  the  first  stages 
of  growth.  By  the  time  of  the 
Revolution,     ideas    upon    the 


Sovereignty  and  Government. 
It  is  to  be  borne  in  mind  that  govern- 
ment and  sovereignty  are  not  one  and 
the  same.  In  a  monarchy,  sovereignty 
and  governmental  power  may  repose 
in  one  and  the  same  person.  The 
monarch  may  retain  his  sovereignty 
and  delegate  governmental  powers. 
In  a  republic  the  people  are  the 
sovereigns,  and  their  governmental 
authority  is  delegated  to  an  organiza- 
tion, the  constituting  of  which  they 
determine.  The  bringing  of  the  MAS- 
SACHUSETTS Bay  CHARTER  to  Amer- 
ica transferred  governmental  powers, 
but  not  sovereignty,  from  England  to 
Massachusetts.  The  Revolution  trans- 
ferred sovereignty  to  the  American 
people. 


o- 


nies  and  placed  themselves  beyond 
the  limits  of  societies  already  organ- 
ized, carried  with  them  ideas  of  self- 
government  and  put  them  into  practical 
operation  in  the  communities  which 
they  established.  The  first  instance  of 
this  and  of  the  establishment  of  free 
government  west  of  the  Aiieghanies 
was  at  Watauga,  Tenn.,  in  1772,  by 
pioneers  from  North  Carolina- 


subject    had    become   clearly  established  in    the    American 


262  PERIOD    OF    REVOLUTION. 

mind,  and  under  the  systematic  oppressions  of  England  these 
ideas  developed  into  powerful  principles  of  action. 

BLACKBOARD   FORM. 


Devised  for  thel  ,.,  ,„  a       [of  society. 
\  We/fare      J 

Powers  of, 


GO  VERM  MEM  T  J  f Vested  ln  0NE' 

(Derived  from  Sovereignty)    {Monarchy.) 


Vested  in  ALL. 
( Democracy. ) 


. ,        .       _    .  ,  ,  f  Charter. 

May  be  Delegated  by        J  Compact. 


{  Constitution. 


QUESTIONS. 


Why  is  government  necessary?  What  enters  into  consideration  in  every 
form  of  government?  What  is  a  monarchy?  Democracy?  What  about 
personal  freedom  under  each  form  ?  What  changes  of  government  have 
characterized  human  progress?  What  advance  does  the  Republic  of  the 
United  States  mark?  How  may  a  sovereign  delegate  authority?  What  is  a 
charter?  What  is  a  republic?  Compact?  What  is  the  earliest  compact 
mentioned  in  United  States  history?  What  is  a  constitution  ?  What  is  the 
earliest  mentioned?  What  is  the  difference  between  a  Province  and  a  State  ? 
Illustrate.  What  distinction  is  to  be  drawn  between  sovereignty  and  govern- 
ment ?  Illustrate.  What  marks  the  earlier  stages  of  the  development  of  self- 
government  in  America  ?  By  whom  were  ideas  upon  the  subject  put  into 
practical  operation?  Where  was  self-government  first  established  west  of 
the  Alleghanies  ? 

CHAPTER  XII. 

The    Delegation    of   Governmental    Power. 

The  Continental  Congress,  assembled  at  Philadelphia  in 
1775,  exercised  certain  governmental  powers  in  the  name 
of  the  thirteen  colonies  that  had  united  in  their  opposition  to 
England.  This  Congress  declared  war  against  Great  Britain ; 
appointed  a  commander-in-chief  of  the  army;  made  provision 
for  the  raising  of  men  and  supplies;  issued  bills  of  credit 
establishing  a  continental  currency;  and  organized  a  postal 
system,  with  Benjamin  Franklin  as  the  first  postmaster- 
general. 


THE    INSTITUTION    OF   SEI,F-<;oVKKNMKNT. 


26^ 


The  power  of  this  Congress  was  very  much  limited,  and 
from  its  weakness  the  American  cause  suffered  greatly.  It 
could  only  call  upon,  request,  or  beg  the  various  colonies  for 
their  quotas  of  men  and  money,  but  could  compel  none  of 
them  to  contribute  its  equitable  share.  It  had  no  power  to 
levy  taxes  ,  that    its  bills  of    credit  or  paper    money   might 

be  redeemed,  and  hence  conti- 
nental currency  became  almost 
worthless.  Owing  to  this  lack 
of  power  on  the  part  of 
Congress,  the  sufferings  of 
the  army  for  food  and  cloth- 
ing were  intense.  The  winter 
camps  of  Valley  Forge  and 
Morristown  tested  more  se- 
verely the  patriotism  and  hero- 
ism of  the  Americans  than  did 
many  a  battle. 

One  of  the  first  recommend- 
ations of  the  Continental  Con- 
gress, and  one  that  met  with 
a  prompt  response,  was  that 
which  advised  the  various  col- 
onies to  establish  temporary 
or  provisional  governments 
(May,  1776),  pending  the  diffi- 


Sufferings  of  the  Army. 
All    through    the    war  Washington 

was  harassed  by  the  limited  resources 
at  his  disposal.  The  pay  of  the  soldiers 
in  the  greatly  depreciated  currency  was 
not  sufficient  to  keep  them  in  the 
necessaries  of  life,  and  army  after 
army  had  to  be  created,  as  the  men  re- 
turned to  their  homes  to  gain  subsist- 
ence for  themselves  and  families,  after 
their  terms  of  enlistment  had  expired. 
■\\  ith  the  mistaken  idea  that  Congress 
was  to  blame  for  this  condition  of 
affairs,  the  whole  "  Pennsylvania 
line  "  of  Washington's  army  revolted 
and  proceeded  to  Philadelphia,  bent 
upon  securing  a  redress  of  grievances, 
but  patriotism  finally  prevailed  and 
averted  catastrophe. 

In  the  darkest  period  of  the  war 
there  came  to  the  front  the  Patriot, 
Robert  Morris,  a  rich  banker  of  Phila- 
delphia. He  pledged  his  fortune  to 
establish  the  credit  of  Congress.  The 
army  was  sustained  by  him.  lie 
brought  to  the  service  of  his  country  all 
his  financial  ability.  His  name  is 
not  connected  with  the  glory  and  ex- 
citement of  the  battlefield  ;  but  no  one 
who  took  part  in  the  American  cause 
better  deserves  the  gratelul  remem- 
brance of  his  countrymen. 


culty  with  Great  Britain.  South  Carolina  had  already  an- 
ticipated this  measure  by  adopting,  in  the  March  previous,  a 
State  Constitution — the  first  of  the  thirteen  colonies  to  do  so. 
When  all  allegiance  to  the  British  crown  was  cancelled  by 
the  separate  colonial  ratifications  of  the  Declaration  of 
Independence,  these  provisional  governments  became  inde- 


264 


VKlUOt)   OF   REVOLUTION, 


pendent  State  governments,  the  organization  of  which  was 
justified    by    the    assumption    of 
sovereignty    on  the    part    of  the 
people  of  each  colony. 

For  the  purpose  of  carrying 
on  a  successful  war  against 
Great  Britain,  it  behooved  the 
revolting  Colonies,  or  States 
as  they  now  considered  them- 
selves, to  ratify  the  powers 
assumed  by  Congress,  and,  by 
delegating  additional  ones,  to 
institute  some  kind  of  a  cen- 
tral government  that  would 
promote  the  welfare  of  all.  Articles  of  Confederation 
were  therefore    proposed  in  Congress  (July  12,  1776),  and 


BENJAMIN    l-KANKLIN, 

AMERICAN    STATESMAN,     PHILOSOPHER, 

AND    PATRIOT. 


Virginia  Bill  of  Rights. 
In  the  organization  of  the  Virginia 
State  government,  a  very  remarkable 
paper,  written  by  George  Mason, 
and  known  as  the  Virginia  Bill  of 
Rights,  anticipated,  in  its  enuncia- 
tion of  principles,  the  declaration  oi 
independence  that  was  afterwards 
made  in  the  name  of  all  the  colonies. 
This  Bill  of  Rights  and  a  State  Consti- 
tution by  the  same  writer  were  adopted 
(June,  1776)  by  the  same  convention 
that  instructed  delegates  to  Congress 
to  propose  American  independence 
Doth  these  documents  served  as 
models  to  many  of  the  other  colonies. 


submitted  for  acceptance.  But 
it  was  found  that  the  people 
were  somewhat  wary  in  del- 
egating governmental  power 
beyond  the  limits  of  their 
States.  Thev  were  engaged  in 
a  conflict  for  independence 
and  self-government,  and,  as 
instruments  of  tyranny,  they 
could  see  no  difference'  be- 
tween a  Parliament  in  England 
and  a  Congress  in  America,  if  the  latter  was  entrusted  with 
inordinate  power. 

Moreover,  the  States,  though  united  in  their  opposition 
to  England,  were  distrustful  of  one  another.  The  smaller 
States  manifested  great  reluctance  in  consenting  to  the 
establishment  of '  a  governmental  organization  in  which 
the  larger  would  naturally  have  the  most  influence.      Many 


THE   l.V.STITtrnoN    Hi-    .s/-:i.(-,-OOV)iKXMKS"i'. 


!6< 


objections    had    to    be 


The  Ordinance  of  1787. 
One  of  the  objection!  on  the  part  of 
the  smaller  States  was  generously  met 
by  Virginia,  then  the  most  populous  of 
all  the  States.  Her  vast  territory  gave 
her  much  room  for  expansion,  and  with 
jhis  expansion  would  come  increase 
of  power  and  influence.  Nevertheless, 
to  aid  in  bringing  about  a  harmonious 
confederation,  she  proposed  to  donate 
to  the  general  government  all  her 
territory  north  of  the  Ohio.  This  ter- 
ritory was  hers  by  original  grant,  and 
by  right  of  double  conquest.  Its  in- 
habitants had  taken  an  oath  of  allegi- 
ance to  her  when  Clark  consummated 
the  conquest  of  the  territory.  The 
offer  of  cession  was  made  in  17S1, 
accepted  by  Congress  in  17S3,  and  in 
17S7  an  ordinance  for  the  government 

of     this    NOKTHWEST     TERRITORY    WilS 

passed.  This  ordinance  is  remarkable 
for  its  exclusion  of  slavery,  which  then 
prevailed,  more  or  less,  in  all  the 
States,  and  for  its  liberal  encourage- 
ment of  public  education. 


overcome  before  the  Articles  of 
Confederation  \v  ere  fi  n  a  1 1  y 
adopted.  Twelve  States  as- 
sented to  them  by  July,  1779, 
and  the  last  one,  Maryland, 
by  March,  1781. 

In   the  irovernment  thus  in- 
to 

stituted  each  State,  whether 
large  or  small,  had  one  vote  in 
deciding  upon  measures  com- 
ing up  before  Congress,  and 
the  powers  delegated  to  this 
government  were  carefully 
specified,  such  as  the  power  to 
declare  war,  to  make  treaties, 
to  coin  money,  to   issue  bills 


of  credit,  to  fix  the  quota  of 
money  to  be  raised  by  each  State  for*  the  purpose  of  carry- 
ing on  the  war,   to  regulate  the  number  of  land  and  naval 

forces,  etc.  The  Articles, 
however,  contained  the  ex- 
press stipulation  that  each 
State  should  retain  its  sover- 
eignty and  independence,  and 
all  powers  not  delegated.  So 
jealously  had  all  authority  to 
enforce  its  measures  been 
withheld  from  this  confederate 
government,  that  its  weakness 
and  impracticability  soon  be- 


Shays'   Rebellion. 

In  western  Massachusetts  a  remark- 
able rebellion,  headed  by  Daniel  Shays, 
a  captain  in  the  Revolutionary  War, 
was  instituted  against  the  extortions  of 
courts  and  officers  employed  in  the 
forcible  collection  of  taxes.  The 
wresting  from  them  of  their  few  pos- 
sessions seemed  as  great  an  act  of 
tyranny  as  any  that  led  to  the  revolt  of 
the  colonies;  so  the  infuriated  people 
arose,  and  to  the  number  of  two  thou- 
sand marched  upon  Springfield  and 
Worcester,  and  were  only  subdued 
by  superior  forces  under  Generals 
Lincoln  and  Shepard. 


came  apparent. 
The  close  of  the  war  found  the  States  in  a  deplorable  con- 
dition.     The  government,  under  the  Articles  of  Confedera- 


266 


PERIOD    OF    REVOLUTION. 


tion,  commanded  neither  respect  abroad,  nor  confidence  at 
home.  A  large  debt  had  been  contracted  in  the  name  of 
the  United  States,  and  grave  questions  arose  about  its  pay- 
ment. Congress  was  powerless  to  levy  taxes  to  redeem  its 
bills  of  credit,  and,  indeed,  the  people  in  their  impoverished 
condition  were  in  no  disposition  to  cheerfully  pay  them,  even 
when  levied  by  their  own  State  governments. 

Disputes  of  a  more  than  local  nature  were  arising  on  every 
hand.  Commerce  was  unregulated,  and  commercial  com- 
petition between  the  various  States  was  causing  strife.  The 
States  were  drifting  as  far  apart  in  feeling  as  they  were 
in  geographical  position.  Discord  seemed  to  be  the  heritage 
following  upon  the  death  of  the  power  of  England.  The 
Articles  of  Confederation  were  a  failure,  and  the  meetings 
of  Congress  became  less  and  less  frequent  from  difficulty  in 
obtaining  a  quorum. 

This  unsettled  state  of  affairs  was  producing  great  restless 

ness.       Many    were 

making     their    w  a  y 

beyond    the    Allegha- 

nies,     where     already 

John     Sevier,    James 

Robertson,    Isaac 

Shelby     and      Daniel 

Boone,  with  their 

hardy  fottowers,  had 
established  themselves,  after  wresting  from  the  savage  the 
fair  lands  of  Kentucky  and  Tennessee.  Many  who  had  the 
good  of  their  country  at  heart  became  sorely  perplexed  over 
its  condition.  Independence  had  been  won,  but  it  was  being 
gradually  realized  that  the  freedom  of  a  people  could  be 
menaced,  not  only  by  a  tyrannical  government,  but  by  the 
other  extreme  of   anarchy  and  misrule.        It  behooved  the 


JAMES    ROBERTSON, 
EARLY    TENNESSEE    PIONEER. 


DANIEL    BOONE, 
EARLY    KENTUCKY    PIONEER. 


THE    INSTITUTION    OF    SELF-GOVERNMENT. 


267 


The  State  oi  Franklin. 
In   17S5  the  pioneer  people   of  what 
is  now  eastern  Tennessee,  hut  then  a 
part    of   North    Carolina,    resolved   to 
lorm  a  State  government  of  their  own. 
A  constitution  was  adopted,  a  legisla- 
ture chosen,  judges  appointed,  courts 
organized,  and  treaties  with  the  Indians 
entered  into.     John  Sevier  was  elected 
Governor.      The    State    was 
called  Franklin,  or  Frank - 
land,  and  its  seat  of  govern- 
ment was  Joneshorough ;  hut 
the  State  of  Franklin  did  not 
remain  long  in  existence,  for 
North    Carolina    maintained 
her  jurisdiction  over  the  ter- 
ritory, ceding  it  in  1789  to  the 
United    States    as    a    part  of 
what  was  to  he  the  territory 
and      State      of      Tennessee. 
These  early  settlers  of  eastern 
Tennessee  rendered  valuable 
service  in  the  Revolutionary 
War,   for  not    only  did    they 
cross     the     mountains      into 
Carolina    and      take     part    in    battles 
against  the  British,  but  they  barred  the 
way  and  prevented  hordes  of  savages, 
instigated       by     English      emissaries, 
from  sweeping  down  upon  the  western 
Carolina  settlements. 


States  to   secure  greater    domestic   tranquility  and  to  form 

a  more  perfect  union. 

A  stronger  government  than 
the  Confederation  was  the  ap- 
parent need — one  with  power 
sufficient,  not  only  to  legislate, 
but    to    enforce    laws  for  the 
general    welfare, 
and  yet  insufficient 
to      oppress       its 
creators.     This  was 
the  problem  now  to 
be     solved    by    the 
people  of  the  Amer- 
ican States. 


JOHN    SEVIER, 

GOVERNOR    OF    THE    STATE    OF 

FRANKLIN,    AND    FIRST    GOVERNOR 

OF    TENNESSEE. 


QUESTIONS. 

What  did  the  Conti- 
nental Congress  assume?  In  whose 
name?  What  governmental  acts  did 
it  perform  ?  What  can  you  say  oi 
its  weaknesi  ?  What  sufferings  were 
caused  by  its  lack  of  power  to  raise 
revenues?  How  was  Washington  harassed?  What  do  you  know  of 
Robert  Morris?  What  was  among  the  first  recommendations  of  Congress? 
What  State  was  first  to  adopt  a  State  constitution?  What  did  provisional 
governments  in  time  become?  What  do  you  know  of  the  Virginia  Bill  of 
Rights?  What  articles  were  proposed  in  Congress?  Why?  When?  To 
whom  were  they  submitted?  How  received?  Why  ?  When  were  the 
Articles  of  Confederation  finally  adopted?  What  do  you  know  of  the  Ordi- 
nance of  1787  ?  What  do  you  know  of  the  government  under  the  Articles 
of  Confederation?  What  powers  were  delegated?  What  was  expressly 
stipulated?  In  what  condition  were  the  States  at  the  close  of  the  war? 
What  had  been  contracted?  To  what  were  the  people  averse?  What  do 
you  know  of  Shays'  rebellion  ?  What  conditions  showed  that  the  Articles 
of  Confederation  were  a  failure?  What  do  you  know  of  the  State  of 
Franklin  ?  What  besides  tyranny  can  menace  the  freedom  of  a  people  ? 
What  did  it  behoove  the  States  to  secure  and  form? 


268 


PUkiot)  ov  involution 
CHAPTER  XIII. 


The    Federal    Constitution. 

A  commercial  agreement  entered  into  by  the  States  of 
Virginia  and  Maryland  was  productive  of  much  good.  For 
the  purpose  of  extending  this  benefit  generally  the  legislature 
of  Virginia  issued  a  call  (January,  1786)  for  a  convention 
of  States  to  consider  the  establishment  of  a  uniform  commer- 
cial system.  New  Jersey,  New  York,  Pennsylvania  and 
Delaware  responded  to  the  call,  and  delegates  from  the  five 
States  assembled  at  Annapolis,  Md.  (September,  1786). 

Many,  dissatisfied  with  the  weakness  of  the  existing  con- 
federative  government,  beheld  in  the  Annapolis  meeting  an 
opportunity  of  instituting  not  only  a  commercial  union,  but 
a  political  one.  There  was  present  as  a  delegate  from  New 
York,  Alexander  Hamilton,  a  young  man  of  brilliant  intel- 
lect, who  had  already  distinguished  himself  as  aide-de-camp 
to  Washington  in  the  war,  and  who  was  destined  to  become 
a  financier  and  statesman  of 
the  highest  order. 

Upon  Hamilton's  recom- 
mendation a  call  for  a  second 
convention  was  issued  by  the 
Annapolis  meeting,  for  the 
purpose  of  devising  a  Constitu- 
tion of  the  United  States  more 
adequate  to  the  needs  of  the 
country  than  the  then  existing 
Articles  of  Confederation. 
Delegates  from  twelve  States 
assembled  (May,  1787,)  at 
Philadelphia  in  answer  to  the 
call.      Among  them  were  the 


The  Work  oi  the  Federal  Convention. 
The  Philadelphia  convention  had  a 
work  before  it  of  momentous  import- 
ance. Theirs  it  was  to  devise  :in  effi- 
cient government  acceptable  to  a  free 
people,  who  had  already  organized 
themselves  into  States,  and  who  had 
already  signified  unwillingness  to 
enter  into  a  close  political  union.  The 
deliberations  of  the  body  covered  a 
period  of  some  four  months,  and  the 
most  intense  application  was  given  to 
the  matters  in  hand.  Debates  were 
frequent.  Delegates  were  all  jealously 
watchful  of  the  interests  of  their  re- 
spective States  and  sections,  but, 
realizing  the  need  of  the  country, 
made  concessions  to  and  compromises 
with  each  other.  Prominent  among 
those  who  led  in  the  work  of  the  con- 
vention were  "Tight  Horse  Harry" 
Tee,  Madison,  Hamilton,  Franklin, 
Randolph,  the  two  Pinckneys,  liut- 
I    ledge  and  others. 


THK    INSTITUTION    OF    SULK-GOVERNMENT. 


269 


most  distinguished  men  of  the  time,  and  over  the  delibera- 
tions of  the  body  thus  brought  together,  George  Washington 
was  chosen  to  preside. 

Some  of  the  delegates  thought  it  necessary  only  to  amend 
and  strengthen  the  Articles  of  Confederation,  but  those  who 
favored  an  entire  reorganization  were  in  the  majority.  The 
first  step  was  made  when  the  resolution  of  Randolph  of 
Virginia  was  adopted,  "  that  a  national  government  ought  to 
be  established,  consisting  of  a  supreme  Legislature, 
Judiciary  and  Executive."  The  question  arose  for  de- 
bate as  to  how  the  Congress  or  supreme  legislature  should  be 
constituted. 

Virginia  brought  forward  a  plan  that  Congress  should 
consist  of  two  houses,  the  lower  to  be  chosen  by  the  peo- 

— I  pie,  the  higher  to  be  elected 
by  the  members  of  the  lower 
house.  As  this  arrangement 
gave  Virginia,  Pennsylvania, 
North  Carolina,  and  Massa- 
chusetts, then  the  most  popu- 
lous States,  a  greater  represen- 
tation in  Congress,  and  conse- 
quently greater  power,  it  was 
strenuously  opposed  by  the 
smaller  States  of  Connecticut, 
New  Jersey,  Delaware  and 
Maryland. 

A  plan  was  then  brought 
forward  by  New  Jersey,  pro- 
viding for  an  equal  representa- 
tion of  the  States  as  under 
the  Articles  of  Confederation. 


The  Three  Great  Compromises. 
The   Convention  was   divided   upon 
the  question  of  Federal  regulation  of 

I  commerce  and  upon  that  of  prohibit- 
ing- or  permitting-  further  importation 
of  slaves.  New  Hampshire,  Massa- 
chusetts and  Connecticut  desired  that 
authority  to  regulate  commerce  be 
lodged  in  Congress.  The  peculiar 
agricultural  development  of  South 
Carolina  and  Georgia  rendered  neces- 
sary the  further  importation  of  slave 
labor.  The  second  of  what  has  been 
called  the  Three  Great  Compro- 
mises was  effected  by  the  five  States 
combining  to  carry  through  the  meas- 
ures in  which  each  was  interested. 
Thus  the  regulation  of  commerce  was 
entrusted  to  Congress,  and  the  Federal 
interference  with  the  importation  of 
slaves  until  1S0S  prohibited.  The  three 
great  compromises  were:  that  estab- 
lishing State  equality  in  the  Sen- 
ate; that  establishing  the  Federal 
ratio;  and  that  prohibiting  Federal 
interference  in  the  slave  trade  until 
1S08. 


To  this  the  larger  States  were  averse.     After  a  period  of 
fierce  debate,  in  which  it  seemed  no   agreement  would  be 


270 


PERIOD   OF   REVOLUTION. 


reached,  a  compromise  was  suggested  by  Connecticut  and 
finally  adopted,  which  provided  that  in  the  lower  house  of 
Congress  the  people  should  be  represented,  each  State  send- 
ing representatives  according 
to  population;  in  the  upper 
house  or  senate,  each  State, 
large  and  small  alike,  should 
be  represented  by  two  sen- 
ators. 

The  next  great  point  of  dis- 
agreement was  whether,  of  the 
population  upon  which  repre- 
sentation was  based,  slaves 
should  be  considered  a  part. 
Slavery  once  existed  through- 
out the  thirteen  States,  but 
was  beginning  to  die  out  in  the 
North.  Its  institution  had  be- 
come firmly  established  in  the 
South.  A  compromise  was 
reached  upon  this  question 
also,  and  it  was  provided  that 
five  slaves  should  count  as 
three  free  inhabitants,  thus 
establishing  what  is  known  as 
the  Federal  Ratio. 

The  question  of  what  powers 
should  be  entrusted  to  Con- 
gress awakened  much  discus- 
sion, especially  those  pertaining  to  the  regulation  of  com- 
merce, but  the  end  was  finally  reached,  and  the  Federal 
Constitution  stood  completed.  Although  instituting  a 
form  of  government  greatly  in  advance  of  any  yet  devised, 
it  was  by  no  means  thoroughly  satisfactory  to  its  framers,  a 


The  Beginning  of  Universal  Suffrage. 
The  Convention  was  divided  as  to 
whether  the  Executive  should  consist 
of  one  person  or  more  than  one.  The 
former, however,  was  decided  upon.  It 
was  also  divided  as  to  the  manner  of 
choosing.  Some  wanted  the  choice  to 
devolve  upon  Congress;  others  in- 
sisted that  it  be  made  by  the  people. 
Many  beheld  in  an  election  by  Con- 
gress possible  danger  of  intrigue  and 
combination  powerful  enough  to  con- 
trol the  acts  of  the  President.  Others 
beheld  in  a  choice  by  the  people  possi- 
ble danger  of  their  being  led  by  self- 
aggrandizing  demagogues.  At  length 
that  feature  of  the  Constitution  which 
provides  for  an  Electoral  College 
was  agreed  upon.  The  number  of 
these  electors  corresponds  with  the 
number  of  Senators  and  Representa- 
tives in  Congress,  and  the  electors  of 
each  State  are  selected  "  in  such  a 
manner  as  the  legislature  thereof  may 
direct."  The  idea  of  universal  suf- 
frage was  in  its  infancy  in  the  days 
when  the  Federal  Convention  met.  It 
is  interesting  to  note  the  development 
of  this  idea  in  connection  with  the 
election  of  President.  At  first  the 
electors  were  chosen  by  the  State  Leg- 
islature itself.  New  Jersey  pursued 
this  plan  up  to  1S16;  Connecticut  to 
1S20;  New  York,  Delaware  and  Ver- 
mont to  1S24;  and  South  Carolina  to 
1S6S.  At  the  present  day  the  electors 
are  chosen  by  popular  vote,  and  the 
selection  of  a  President  of  the  United 
States  is  virtually  an  election  by  the 
people. 


THE    INSTITUTION    OF    SELF-GOVERNMENT. 


271 


few  of  whom  even  refused  to  sign  it.     Its  compromises  were 
not  entirely  acceptable  to  all.     There  were  points  in  it  not 

sufficiently  emphasized  that 
left  the  way  dangerously  open 
to  different  interpretations. 
Yet,  all  in  all,  it  was  a  won- 
derful achievement,  and  it 
stands  to-day  the  greatest 
written  instrument  ever  ex- 
ecuted by  man. 

The  work  of  the  convention 
went  before  the  people  of 
each  State  for  their  ratifica- 
tion, and  for  the  first  time  in 
their  history  the  American 
people  became  divided  into 
parties  upon  a  political  ques- 
tion. Two  classes  of  political 
thinkers  arose;  those  who  op- 
posed the  institution  of  the 
new  government,  and  those 
who  favored  it.  Clear-think- 
ing, honest-minded  men,  such 
as  Patrick  Henry,  Samuel 
Adams,  Richard  Henry  Lee, 
George  Mason,  Benjamin  Har- 
rison and  others,  saw  lurking 
in  the  Constitution  possible 
menaces  to  that  liberty  and 
self-government  so  dearly  pur- 
chased. Others  equally  hon- 
est-minded, believed  a  stronger  government  to  be  necessary, 
and  deemed  any  form  of  government  to  be  good  when  pro- 


Differences  of  Constitutional  Inter- 
pretation. 
In  the  light  of  modern  development 
we  have  come  to  know  that  a  consti- 
tuted government  cannot  hear  harmo- 
niously upon  a  people  unless  this  peo- 
ple is  a  unit  in  interests,  in  character- 
istics, and  in  modes  of  life.  This  the 
American  people  at  that  time  were 
not,  nor  were  they  to  be  for  years  to 
come.  Colonial  life  had  deyeloped 
sectional  characteristics;  climatic  con- 
ditions had  caused  diversity  of  indus- 
trial interests.  The  people  were  not 
homogeneous,  and,  therefore,  a  govern- 
ment bearing  directly  upon  them  as  a 
whole  could  not  but  cause  the  friction 
that  was  to  be  the  lot  of  the  new  gov- 
ernment. On  the  other  hand,  the 
States  as  organized  wholes,  had  many 
interests  in  common.  Continued  exist- 
ence, uniform  regulation  of  commerce 
and  currency,  domestic  tranquility  and 
defensive  organization  against  possible 
foreign  foes,  were  the  needs  of  all,  and 
they  therefore  could,  with  reason, 
compact  and  agree  upon  the  establish- 
ment of  a  central  regulative  power  to 
be  exercised  for  the  good  of  all. 
Thus  thought  many  who  favored  the 
Constitution,  and  its  successive  and 
separate  ratifications  by  the  different 
States,  caused  them  to  regard  it  as  a 
compact  between  sovereign  States.  In 
time  there  arose  a  difference  of  opinion 
as  to  the  relative  supremacy  of  powers 
delegated  by  the  American  people  to 
State  and  Federal  governmental  or- 
ganizations. The  theory  of  compact 
gave  rise  to  the  doctrine  of  State 
Rights,  which  in  time  was  to  main- 
tain the  sovereignty  of  a  State  and  its 
right  to  withdraw  from  the  compact — 
a  principle  that  was  destined  to  be 
contended  for  unsuccessfully,  yet  hero- 
ically, in  one  of  the  bitterest  struggles 
ever  chronicled  in  the  world's  history. 


272  PERIOD    OF    REVOLUTION. 

perly  administered.  In  their  opinion  the  genius  of  American 
liberty  would  ever  be  a  protection  against  encroachment 
upon  self-government,  and  they  considered  that  the  instru- 
ment itself  established  sufficient  safeguards  against  the  possi- 
bilities feared  by  the  more  jealous  guardians  of  popular  rights. 

The  contest  between  Federalists  and  Anti-Federalists 
was  a  heated  one.  Among  the  friends  of  the  Constitution 
that  worked  earnestly  for  its  ratification  were  Washington, 
Madison,  Harry  Lee  and  Marshall,  of  Virginia;  the  Pinck- 
neys  (Charles  and  Cotesworth),  Gadsden,  and  Rutledge,  of 
South  Carolina;  Livingston,  Jay,  and  Hamilton,  of  New 
York;  Franklin,  Clymer,  and  Wilson,  of  Pennsylvania;  and 
others.  The  labors  of  Madison  and  Hamilton  were  particu- 
larly valuable,  and  were  second  only  to  those  of  Washington. 
From  the  pens  of  these  great  political  thinkers  came  a  series 
of  letters,  that  appeared  in  public  print,  and  educated  the 
popular  mind  to  an  appreciation  of  Constitution.  These 
letters  collected,  constitute  the  remarkable  work  called  The 
Federalist. 

Delaware  was  the  first  State  to  ratify  (December  7,  1778), 
followed  in  succession  by  Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey,  Geor- 
gia, Connecticut,  Massachusetts,  Maryland,  South  Carolina, 
New  Hampshire,  Virginia  and  New  York.  In  many  of  the 
States  the  vote  was  very  close.  In  Massachusetts  it  stood 
one  hundred  and  eighty-seven  to  one  hundred  and  sixty- 
eight;  in  Virginia  the  Constitution  was  ratified  by  the  small 
majority  of  ten.  Thus  reluctant  were  the  people  to  take  a 
step  that  conflicted  with  the  idea  of  self-government  then 
held  by  them,  by  delegating  governmental  powers  beyond 
the  limits  of  their  States. 

The  Constitution  wTas  to  go  into  effect  as  soon  as  nine 
States  should  accept  it.  Eleven  responded  favorably. 
Some   however,   proposed   certain  amendments,  several  of 


THE    INSTITUTION    OF    SELF-GOVERNMENT.  273 

which  were  afterwards  adopted  and  made  a  part  of  the 
Constitution.  These  amendments  were  to  preclude  restric- 
tions upon  individual  liberty,  and  the  assumption  of  undele- 
gated powers  by  the  general  government. 

However  divided  the  American  people  were  upon  the  ques- 
tion of  the  Constitution,  when  it  became  known  that  the  new 
government  was  to  go  into  operation,  there  was  but  one  choice 
for  its  Chief  Executive.  George  Washington  was  chosen 
President;  John  Adams  was  the  choice  for  Vice-President. 
The  first  Congress  was  to  meet  at  New  York  in  March,  but 
failing  to  obtain  a  quorum,  did  not  organize  until  a  month 
after  the  stipulated  time,  (April  1-6,  1789). 

In  November  (1789)  North  Car- 
olina adopted  the  Constitution,  and 
Rhode  Island,  in  May  of  the  following 
year.  Thus  were  all  the  American 
States  then  existing — thirteen  in  num- 
ber, united  under  one  government — a 
|||||  government  devised  to  "  establish 
john  adams.  justice,     insure     domestic     tranquility, 

provide  for  the  common  defense,  promote  the  general  wel- 
fare, and  secure  the  blessings  of  liberty"  to  an  independent 
people  and  their  posterity. 

QUESTIONS. 

What  ».all  was  issued  by  Virginia?  Why?  When?  What  States  responded? 
Where  was  the  commercial  convention  held?  When?  Wrhat  did  friends  of 
hetter  government  behold  in  the  Annapolis  convention?  What  do  vou 
know  of  Alexander  Hamilton?  What  was  recommended?  Where  did  the 
next  convention  assemble?  When?  Why?  How  many  States  were  repre- 
sented? Wrhat  work  had  this  convention  before  it?  What  can  vou  say  of 
conflicting  and  sectional  interests?  Why  were  concessions  and  compro- 
mises made?  Name  some  who  led  in  the  work  of  the  convention.  What 
was  the  first  important  step  taken  in  the  formation  of  the  new  government? 
What  was  the  "Virginia  Plan"?     What  was  the  objection  to   it?     What 


274  PERIOD    OF    REVOLUTION. 

was  the  "  New  Jersey  Plan  "?  What  was  the  "  Connecticut  Compromise  "? 
What  was  the  next  point  of  disagreement?  What  do  you  know  of  the 
"  Federal  Ratio  "  ?  What  awakened  much  discussion?  What  were  the 
Three  Great  Compromises?  How  was  the  Convention  divided  upon  the 
question  of  the  Executive?  What  do  you  know  of  the  Electoral  College,  as 
provided  by  the  Constitution  ?  How  was  it  first  chosen  ?  How,  now  ?  What 
can  you  say  of  Federal  Constitution  as  completed?  To  whom  was  the  Con- 
stitution submitted  when  complete?  How  was  it  received?  What  two  politi- 
cal parties  aroise?  Name  some  who  didmot  favor  ratification?  What  can 
you  say  of  the  contest  between  Federalist  and  anti-Federalist?  Name  some 
who  strenuously  worked  for  adoption?  What  State  first  adopted?  What 
states  followed?  How  close  was  the  contest  in  Massachusetts?  Virginia? 
What  do  you  know  of  the  subsequent  difference  of  interpretation  that  arose  ? 
What  had  the  States  in  common?  Upon  what  was  the  doctrine  of  State 
Rights  founded?  When  did  the  Constitution  go  into  effect?  How  many 
amendments  were  made  with  its  adoption?  What  can  you  say  of  these 
amendments?  Who  was  unanimously  chosen  as  President  under  the  new 
government?  When  did  the  first  Federal  Congress  assemble?  Where? 
What  two  States  finally  adopted  the  constitution?  When?  For  what 
purposes  was  the  new  government  devised? 

REVIEW   QUESTIONS. 

(GENERAL.) 

What  policy  did  England  pursue  towards  her  colonies?  When  were 
Navigation  Acts  passed?  Why?  What  were  they?  Importation  Acts?  What 
was  the  Stamp  Act?  When  was  it  passed?  Repealed?  Why  did  the  colonists 
regard  it  as  unjust?  What  were  "Writs  of  Assistance"?  What  was  the 
"Stamp  Act  Congress"?  How  did  England  seek  to  punish  Massachusetts 
for  opposing  the  tea  tax?  What  do  you  know  of  the  battle  of  Allamance? 
Name  four  acts  of  colonial  resistance.  What  were  "  Committees  of 
Correspondence"?  What  was  the  first  battle  of  the  Revolution?  Last 
battle?  How  long  did  the  war  last?  Name  six  American  victories  won  in 
the  North.  Eight  in  the  South.  Name  five  celebrated  foreigners  who 
assisted  the  Americans.  What  nation  assisted  the  Americans?  When  was 
the  treaty  of  alliance  entered  into?  Why  not  before?  Name  ten  American 
generals.  Five  British.  Three  Hessians.  Name  eight  battles  fought  by 
Washington.  Four  by  Greene.  Three  by  Gates.  Three  by  Lincoln. 
Three  by  Sumter.  What  battles  were  fought  before  the  Declaration  of 
Independence?  Why?  What  brilliant  naval  engagement  occurred  during 
the  War  of  the  Revolution?  What  do  you  know  of  partisan  warfare  in  the 
Carolinas?  Give  two  results  of  the  American  Revolution.  In  the  growth 
of  ideas  of  liberty  what  effect  had  successes  in  colonial  wars?  Who  in 
Virginia  educated  public  sentiment  up  to  an  appreciation  of  Independence? 


REVIEW    OF    FOURTH    PERIOD. 


275 


South  Carolina?  Massachusetts?  What  was  the  Mecklenburg  Declaration 
of  Independence?  What  State  first  offered  to  concur  with  other  States  in 
declaring  independence?  What  State  first  proposed  independence?  When 
and  where  was  American  Independence  declared?  Who  wrote  the  declara- 
tion? What  battles  of  the  Revolution  were  decisive  ones,  and  why?  What 
governmental  functions  were  assumed  by  the  Seeond  Continental  Congress? 
What  recommendation  did  it  make  to  the  States?  Why  is  government 
necessary  to  man?  What  is  Sovereignty?  What  is  a  Monarchy? 
Democracy?  Republic?  State?  Province?  How  did  the  American 
people  assume  sovereignty?  WThat  delegation  of  governmental  power  did 
they  make?  Give  six  events  of  American  history  that  marked  the  develop- 
ment of  self-government.  What  do  you  know  of  the  Ordinance  of  1787? 
Of  the  State  of  Franklin?  Virginia  Bill  of  Rights?  Shay's  Rebellion? 
What  convention  led  to  that  which  drew  up  the  Constitution?  What  is  a 
Constitution?  Name  three  compromises  in  the  Constitution.  What  differ- 
ences of  interpretation  came  to  exist  in  regard  to  the  Constitution?  Name 
some  who  opposed  the  establishment  of  the  new  government  as  proposed 
by  the  Constitution?  Why  did  they  oppose?  Name  some  who  favored? 
Why?  What  three  men  did  most  to  secure  the  adoption  of  the  Constitu- 
tion? What  is  "The  Federalist"?  Why  was  the  Federal  Government 
instituted  in  place  of  the  Congress  of  the  Confederation?  What  State  first 
adopted  the  Constitution?  When?  WThat  States  followed  in  succession? 
Who  was  the  unanimous  choice  for  President  of  the  United  States? 


(BIOGRAPHICAL.) 

Tell  what  you  know  of  each  of  the  following  and  of  the  events  connected 
with  his  name: 


Washington. 

Randolph. 

Gadsden. 

Greene. 

Putnam. 

Harrison. 

Burgoyne. 

Jasper. 

Rutledge. 

Cornwallis. 

Lafayette. 

Kosciusko. 

Franklin. 

Lee  (H.) 

Ashe. 

Prevost. 

Brown. 

Locke. 


Ferguson. 

Cleaveland. 

Nelson. 

Boone. 

Henry. 

Adams  (S.) 

Lee  (R.  H.) 

Revere. 

Allen. 

Ward. 

Gates. 

Morgan. 

Laurens. 

Pulaski. 

DeKalb. 

Fraser. 

Deane. 

Hamilton. 


Jones. 

Tarleton. 

Rawdon. 

Van  Wert. 

Shelby. 

Campbell. 

Mason. 

Madison. 

Hancock. 

Jefferson. 

Carr. 

Stark. 

Arnold. 

Howe. 

Prescott. 

Caswell. 

Sullivan. 

Knyphausen. 


Schuyler. 

Riedesel. 

Lee  (A.) 

Clarke. 

Wayne. 

Buford. 

Hayne. 

Marion. 

Williams. 

McDowell. 

Shepard. 

Marshall. 

Otis. 

Adams  (J. 

Gage. 

Parker. 

Warner. 

Clinton. 


Andre. 

Moultrie. 

Stirling. 

Steuben. 

St.  Clair. 

Philips. 

Lee  (C.) 

Pickens. 

D'Estaing. 

Cruger. 

Paulding. 

Moore. 

Sevier. 

Stewart. 

Robertson. 

Wilson. 

St.  Leger. 

Baum. 


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PERIOD    OF   REVOLUTION. 


SEARCH  QUESTIONS* 
For  what  purpose  was  the  Constitution  ordained  and  established?  What  is  the  law- 
making body  of  the  Federal  Government  called  ?  Of  what  two  houses  does  it  consist  ? 
Of  whom  is  the  House  of  Representatives  composed?  What  are  the  qualifications  of  a 
Representative  ?  Of  whom  is  the  Senate  composed  ?  What  are  the  qualifications  of 
a  Senator  ?  What  powers  have  been  delegated  to  Congress  ?  What  bills  originate  in 
the  House  ?  How  does  a  bill  become  a  law?  Who  is  the  Executive  ?  How  is  he 
chosen  ?  What  are  his  qualifications  ?  What  are  his  duties  Y  Powers  ?  In  whom 
is  the  judicial  power  of  the  United  States  vested  ?  To  what  cases  does  this  power 
extend  ?  What  provision  is  in  the  Constitution  regarding  the  return  to  their  owners  of 
runaway  slaves  ?  How  are  new  States  formed  and  admitted  to  the  Union  ?  What  does  the 
United  States  Government  guarantee  to  each  State  ?  By  whom  are  regulations  and  rules 
regarding  territory  of  the  United  States  made  ?  How  may  the  Constitution  be 
amended?  What  is  the  Tenth  Amendment  to  the  Constitution  ?  What  amendment 
changed  the  original  manner  of  electing  the  President  and  Vice-President? 

♦For  answers  see  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States. 


PREPARATORY  NOTES. 

TO  CHAPTERS  I,  II  AND  III. 

Definition  of  Words. — Subordinate,  financial,  conservative,  tariff,  com- 
plications, impetus,  census,  animosity,  coerce,  negotiate,  overtures,  void, 
quasi,  alien,  sedition,  political,  amendment,  recurrence,  preeminently, 
retrocession,  tribute,  spoliation,  culminate,  retaliatory,  flagrant,  nullifica- 
tion, dominant,  aggressor,  exultation,  embargo,  preliminary. 

PARALLEL  READINGS. 

Reference. — Schouler's  "  History  of  the  American  Republic,"  McMaster's  "  History  of 
the  People  of  the  United  States,"  Marshall's  "Life  of  Washington,"  Andrews'  "Ken- 
tucky, Tennessee,  Ohio,  Their  Admission  into  the  Union  "  (Magazine  of  American  History, 
October,  18S7). 

General. — Irving's  "Life  of  Washington,"  Lodge's  "Hamilton,"  Morse's  "Jefferson," 
Johnston's  "American  Politics,"  Von  Hoist's  "Constitutional  History  of  the  United 
States,"  Morse's  "John  Adams,"  Coffin's  "Building  of  the  Nation." 

Topical. — "Federal  Government,  Organization  of,"  "Alexander  Hamilton,"  "Whisky 
Rebellion,"  "  First  United  States  Bank,"  "Thomas  Jefferson,"  "Washington's  Inaugura- 
tion," "Jay's  Treaty,"  "Tennessee,  Early  History  of,"  "Kentucky,  Early  History  of," 
"John  Adams,"  "Quasi  French  War,"  "Charles  C.  Pinckney,"  "Alien  and  Sedition 
Laws,"  "Virginia  Resolutions,"  "Kentucky  Resolutions,"  "Louisiana  Purchase," 
"Tripolitan  War,"  "Lewis  and  Clark,  Expedition  of,"  "Orders  in  Council,"  "Milan 
Decree,"  "  Embargo  Act,"  "  First  Steamboat." 


FIFTH    PFKIOL). 


INDEPENDENCE. 


CHAPTER  I. 
The  Beginning  of  the  Federal 
Government. 


T 


HP2    inauguration    of    Washington    as    President    of    the 
United  States  took  place  at  New  York,  April  30,  1789. 

Congress  had  already  assem- 
bled, and  with  the  inauguration 
of  the  President,  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  Federal  Govern- 
ment neared  completion. 
John  Jay  of  New  York  was 
appointed  Chief  Justice  of  the 
Supreme  Court,  and  Edmund 
Randolph  of  Virginia,  Attor- 
ney-General. 


The  First  President. 

The   call    to   the    presidency    found    I 

I    Washington      at     his     home,    Mount   | 

I  Vernon,  Virginia.    It  was  with  reluct- 

I   ance  that  he  gave  up  the  peace  and  re- 

I    tirementof  his  surroundings  to  engage 

again  in  public  life.    His  journey  to 

New  York,  where  the  now  government 

was  to  lie  organized,  was  a  series  of 

ovations.    Everybody  turned  out  eager 

to    greet    and    behold  one    who    had 

done   so   much    for   his   country,    aiul 

who   was   yet   to   do    more.      No    one 

better   merited   the  public  confidence, 

and  in  no  one  could  the  hopes  of  the 

American  people  be  better  centered. 


280 


PERIOD    OF    INDEPENDENCE. 


GEORGE    WASHINGTON. 


Three  subordinate  executive  officers  were  appointed. 
One  was  to  administer  affairs  connected  with  foreign  powers 
(State),  another  with  defense  (War),  and  the  third  with  the 
finance  (Treasury).  These  officers  or  Secretaries  consti- 
tuted the  President's  Cabinet.  Washington  was  particularly 
fortunate  in  his  selection  of  a  cabinet.  General  Knox  was 
appointed  Secretary  of  War,  Thomas  Jefferson  of  State, 
and  Alexander  Hamilton  of  the  Treasury. 

The  duties  devolving  upon  those  who  first  administered 
affairs  were  many  and  difficult.  The  authority  of  the  new 
government  over  its  citizens  had  to  be  established,  and  in  a 


UNION. 


28l 


manner  as  harmonious  as  pos- 
sible. Antagonisms  against 
the  Constitution  had  to  be 
softened,  and  jealous  fears 
allayed.  The  States,  united 
under  one  jurisdiction,  had  to 
be  elevated  to  such  dignity  as 
would  command  respect  both 
at  home  and  abroad. 

Hamilton  was  of  invaluable 
assistance  in  the  organization 
of  the  government.  He  pre- 
sented to  Congress  reports 
upon  the  condition  and  needs 
of  the  country,  the  necessity 
of  establishing  public  credit, 
the  desirability  of  encouraging 
domestic  manufactures,  and 
many  other  important  matters.  He  divided  the  public  debt 
into  three  parts:  that  due  by  the  Confederation  abroad, 
that  due  at  home,  and  that  due  by  each  State  independent  of 
the  confederated  government.     He  advocated  the  prompt  and 

honest  payment  of  the  whole. 
In  all,  this  debt  amounted  to 
about  eighty  million  dollars. 

In  no  way  is  the  efficiency 
of  a  government  better  tested 
than  in  the  matter  of  raising 
revenues.  Here  Hamilton's 
policy  was  well  defined.  A 
tariff  was  levied  on  imports, 
and  an  internal  revenue  tax  on 
distilled  spirits.     A  mint  was 


Jefferson  and  Hamilton. 
Jefferson  and  Hamilton  are  num- 
bered among  America's  greatest  states 
men.  The  State  papers  of  the  former 
are  remarkable  contributions  to  politi- 
cal literature.  The  financial  policy  of 
the  latter  was  brilliantly  conceived, 
and  endures  to  this  day.  Both*  repre- 
sented extremes  of  political  thought. 
Hamilton  believed  in  a  strong  central 
government,  and  directed  all  his  plans 
accordingly.  Jefferson  was  opposed 
to  any  increase  of  power  that  would 
strengthen  the  Federal  Government  at 
the  expense  of  the  State.  Between  the 
two  stood  Washington,  the  conserva- 
tive, guiding  the  transcendent  energies 
and  abilities  of  both  with  consummate 
tact  and  wisdom  ;  following  the  coun- 
seling^ of  each  so  far  as  they  conform- 
ed, in  his  judgment,  to  what  was  best 
for  the  country,  and  shaping,  by  the  as- 
sistance of  each,  the  early  destinies  of 
the  new  government,  with  a  success 
that  has  added  the  glories  of  the 
statesman  to  those  already  won  as  a 
soldier  and  patriot. 


Franklin's  Anti-Slavery  Petition. 
African  slavery,  as  an  institution, 
had  become  firmly  established  in  this 
country.  It  had  been  tacitly  recog- 
nized in  the  drawing  up  of  the  Consti- 
tution. Nevertheless  the  question  of 
its  abolition  had  already  arisen. 
Hardly  was  the  Federal  Government 
organized  before  a  petition  for  eman- 
cipation, headed  by  Franklin,  was 
presented  to  Congress  (February  19, 
1790).  After  some  deliberation,  Con- 
gress decided  that  it  had  no  authority 
to  interfere  in  the  slavery  regulations 
of  any  State,  and  the  question  which 
afterwards  caused  fierce  agitation, 
was  for  a  time  set  at  rest. 


PERIOD    OF    INDEPENDENCE. 


The  Capital  Bargain. 

Hamilton  experienced  some  difficulty 
in  carrying  his  measures  through  Con- 
gress, hut  finally  succeeded  hy  what 
has heen  termed  theCAPiTAL  Bargain- 
The  seat  of  government  had  been  re- 
moved from  New  York  to  Philadelphia 
(1791),  there  to  remain  until  a  perma- 
nent location  was  decided  upon. 
Different  sections  were  contending  for 
this  location.  Hamilton's  measures 
had  many  friends  in  the  North,  and 
but  few  in  the  South.  In  return  for 
southern  support  of  his  measures  he 
used  lus  influence  to  have  the  national 
j  capital  located  in  the  South,  and  the 
I  site  selected  was  that  upon  the  Potomac 
:    River,  where  it  now  is. 


established  at  Philadelphia,  and  a  national  bank  chartered. 
The  whole  machinery  of  the  treasury  department  was  suc- 
cessfully set  in  motion.  The 
Federal  Government  rapidly 
increased  in  strength,  and  its 
vigor  enabled  it  to  cope  with 
many  difficulties  that  beset  it. 

The  attention  of  the  gov- 
ernment was  soon  directed  to 
foreign  affairs.  The  attitude 
of  England  had  been  far  from 
satisfactory  since  the  close  of 
the  war.  She  still  held  the 
western  posts ;  had  declined  to 
recognize  the  new  government  by  sending  a  representative, 
as  is  customary,  and  was  holding  the  rights  of  the  United 
States  on  sea  in  utter  contempt.  Complications  also 
arose  with  France,  which  had  entered  into  a  war  with  Eng- 
land, and  confidently  anticipated  American  assistance.  The 
United  States  was  too  young  a  nation  to  enter  into  any 
entangling  alliances  with  foreign  powers,  and  Washington's 
policy  was  one  of  neutrality. 

The  war  between  France 
and  England  gave  a  great  im- 
petus to  American  commerce, 
but  this  impetus  was  soon 
checked  by  repeated  acts  of 
hostility  on  the  part  of  England. 
War  was  threatened,  but  was 
averted  by  Washington,  who, 
in  his  wisdom,  dispatched  Jay  to  England  to  effect  a 
treaty  (1795).    Jay's  Treaty  was  ratified  by  the  Senate,  but 


The  Whisky  Rebellion. 
The  collection  of  the  internal  reve- 
nue tax  was  resisted  by  the  farmers  of 
the  western  counties  of  Pennsylvania, 
many  of  whom  were  engaged  in  the 
manufacture  of  whisky.  The  resist- 
ance offered  by  them  assumed  im- 
portant proportions.  A  sufficient  force 
rallied  to  the  support  of  the  govern- 
ment however,  and  marching  to  the 
region  suppressed  the  rebellion  with- 
out bloodshed. 


UNION. 


283 


was  thoroughly  unsatisfactory  to  the  people,   because  it  did 

not  dispose  of  England's  claim 
of  right  to  search  American 
vessels,  and  it  placed  restric- 
tions upon  the  trade  of  the 
United  States  with  the  West 
Indies.  But  the  western  posts 
were  relinquished,  and  war 
was  deferred. 

Washington  served  as  Pres- 
ident two  terms  of  four  years 
each,  and  declined  a  third. 
The  first  census  was  taken  dur- 
ing his  administration,  and 
showed  a  population  of  almost 
four  million.  By  treaty  with 
Spain,  in  whose  possession 
was     Florida,     the     southern 

boundary  of  the  United    States  was  defined,   and    the  free 

navigation  of  the  Mississippi  conceded. 

Three  new  States  were  added  to  the  original  thirteen — 

Vermont,  Kentucky  and  Tennessee.  The  Constitution  pro- 
vides for  the  admission  of  new 
States,  but  stipulates  that  no 
new  State  may  be  formed 
within  another  State  without 
consent  of  its  legislature. 
Vermont  was  claimed  by  both 
New  York  and  New  Hamp- 
shire. The  people  desired  a 
separate    State  government, 


War  With  Little  Turtle. 
The  Indians  were  encouraged  in 
many  an  act  of  hostility  by  the  English 
garrisons  that  still  occupied  the  west- 
ern forts.  Emigration,  seeking  the 
fertile  lands  of  Ohio  and  Indiana,  was 
checked  for  a  time.  In  seven  years  ot 
Indian  depredation  more  than  fifteen 
hundred  settlers  fell  victims  to  savage 
butchery,  while  many  others  were  car- 
ried off  into  captivity.  General  llarmar, 
General  St.  Clair,  and  General  Wayne 
were  sueces  ively  sent  to  bring  the 
Indians  to  terms,  llarmar  (1790)  and 
St.  Clair  (1791)  were  hadly  defeated  by 
Little  Turtle,  chief  of  Miamis. 
Wayne  met  with  better  success.  Ad- 
vancing into  the  Indian  country  (1793) 
lie  built  several  forts,  and  finally  went 
a  complete  victory  over  the  savages  on 
the  hanks  of  the  Maumee,  in  Northern 
Ohio  (1794).  The  defeated  savages 
long  remembered  Wayne,  and  called 
him  the  "chief  who  never  sleeps." 
The  year  af.cr  their  defeat  the  Indians 
relinquished  by  treaty  all  claim  to  a 
large  extent  of  territory  (1795). 


Genet. 
Washington    i  sued    a    proclamation 
of    neutrality,   hut    it   was    ignored    by 
Genet,     a    representative     of    France, 
who    came    to    this    country    to    secure 
the     assistance      of      the     Americans. 
At    Charleston     he     proceeded    to    fit 
out  vessels  of  war  to  prey  upon  English 
commerce    (1703),    and    a    controversy 
ensued  between  him   and  the  adminis- 
tration.      Upon    the    demand    of    the    ! 
United     States     he     was     recalled     to    | 
France. 


and  in  1790  New  York  gave  her  consent.      Congress  passed 


284  PERIOD    OF    INDEPENDENCE. 


Free  Navigation  of  the  Mississippi. 
This  concession  was  important  to 
the  settlers  of  the  Ohio  Valley,  for  it 
gave  them  an  outlet  to  the  rea  for  their  ■ 
surplus  produce.  A  thriving  trade 
sprung  up  that  did  much  to  develop 
the  western  section  and  increase  the 
commercial  importance  of  New  Or- 
leans. Large  quantities  of  farm 
products  were  shipped  in  flatboats 
down  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi, 
and  the  boat  and  cargo  having  been 
sold,  the  enriched  owner  made  his  way 
back  home  over  land. 


the  act  of  admission  February 
18,  and  March  4,  1791,  the 
act  went  into  effect. 

Six  States  had  made  ces- 
sions to  the  United  States  of 
their  claims  to  western  terri- 
tory— New  York  ( 1781 ),  Vir- 
ginia (1784),  Massachusetts 
(1785),  Connecticut  (1786), 
South  Carolina  (1787),  and 
North  Carolina  (1790).  The  land  so  ceded  was  organized 
into  two  territories,  the  "  Northwest"  and  the  "  South  of 
the  Ohio.''  The  "Northwest"  was  that  portion  north  of 
the  Ohio  River.  The  "  South  of  the  Ohio  "  was  that  now 
occupied  by  the  State  of  Tennessee,  together  with  a  narrow 
strip  south  of  it,  ceded  by  South  Carolina.  Between  the 
two  was  the  District  of  Kentucky,  a  part  of  the  domain  of 
Virginia  not  included  in  her  cession  of  1784.  The  legisla- 
ture of  Virginia  consented  (December  18,  1789)  to  the 
forming  of  a  new  State  from  this  district.  The  act  of 
admission  was  approved  by  Congress  February  4,  1791,  and 
took  effect  June  1,  1792. 

Under  the  governorship  of  William  Blount  the  territory 
"South  of  the  Ohio"  retained  its  territorial  organization 
until  1796.  The  deed  of  cession  passed  by  North  Carolina 
provided  that  when  the  territory  attained  a  population 
of  sixty  thousand,  it  should  be  admitted  into  the  Union. 
A  census  was  taken  in  1795,  under  the  direction  of 
the  territorial  legislature,  and  showed  the  required  number. 
That  portion  ceded  by  North  Carolina  was  therefore  organized 
as  a  State.  It  was  named  Tennessee,  and  admitted  into 
the  Union  June  I,  1796. 


UNION. 

BLACKBOARD   FORM 


285 


WASHINGTON'S   ADMINISTRATION. 


PRINCIPAL 
EVENTS. 


1791 


Inauguration. 

Franklin's  Anti-Slavery  Petition. 
Harmar's  Defeat. 
Philadelphia  made  Capital. 
Vermont  Admitted. 
National  Bank  Established. 
St.  Clair's  Defeat. 
Kentucky  Admitted. 
Washington  Re-elected. 
Troubles  with  France  {Genet). 
Wayne 's  Victory  over  Little  Turtle 
Whisky  Rebellion. 
Jay's  Treaty. 
Tennessee  Admitted. 


QUESTIONSc 

When  and  where  was  Washington  inaugurated?  What  can  you  say  of 
his  journey  to  the  Capital?  What  can  you  say  of  the  organization  of  the 
Federal  Government?  What  executive  departments  were  instituted?  Who 
were  appointed  secretaries?  What  can  you  say  of  Jefferson  and  Hamilton  ? 
What  can  you  say  of  the  duties  devolving  upon  the  first  administration  ? 
What  work  did  Hamilton  do?  How  was  the  public  debt  divided?  What 
was  its  amount?  What  do  you  know  of  Franklin's  anti-slavery  petition? 
What  do  you  know  of  the  Capital  Bargain?  How  is  the  efficiency  of  a  gov- 
ernment best  tested?  How  was  revenue  raised?  What  was  established? 
Chartered?  What,  do  you  know  of  the  whisky  rebellion?  What  grievances 
did  the  United  Spates  have  against  England?  What  complications  arose 
with  France?  What  do  you  know  of  Jay's  treaty?  What  Indian  war 
occurred  while  Washington  was  President?  What  do  you  know  of  the 
campaigns  of  Harmar,  St.  Clair  and  Wayne  ?  What  do  you  know  of  Genet? 
What  was  the  population  of  the  United  States  according  to  the  first  census? 
What  boundary  treaty  was  made  with  Spain?  What  was  conceded  by  this 
treatv?  Of  what  importance  was  this  concession  to  the  Western  States? 
What  three  States  were  admitted?  When  was  each  admitted?  What  do 
you  know  of  the  organization  of  the  Northwest  Territory  ?  South  of  the  Ohio 
Territory?  Who  was  its  governor?  What  do  you  know  of  the  organization 
of  Kentucky-  as  a  State  ?     Tennessee  ? 


286  PERIOD    OF   INDEPENDENCE. 

CHAPTER  II. 

The    Rise   of   Political   Parties. 

The  difference  between  the  political  parties  had  become 
more  and  more  marked,  and  each  put  forward  a  candidate 
to  succeed  Washington  as  President.  The  question  of 
accepting  or  rejecting  the  Constitution  had  been  settled, 
and  party  lines  were  now  drawn  upon  the  subject  of  the 
powers  to  be  exercised -by  the  government  under  the  Consti- 
tution. The  cardinal  principle  of  the  Federalist  party  was  to 
strengthen  the  general  government;  that  of  their  opponents, 
who  now  came  to  be  known  as  the  Democratic-Republican 
party,  was  to  oppose  all  centralizing  of  power  and  to  place  as 
few  restrictions  upon  the  people  as  possible. 

The  candidate  of  the  Federalists  was  John  Adams; 
of  the  Democratic-Republicans,  Thomas  Jefferson.  No 
candidate  for  vice-president  was  put  forward  in  those 
days.  The  presidential  candidate  receiving  the  second  highest 
number  of  votes  became  the  Vice-President.  The  contest 
resulted  in  the  election  of  Adams  as  President,  and  Jefferson 
as  Vice-President. 

Jay's  treaty  had  averted  war  with  England,  but  it  had 
excited  the  animosity  of  France.  Adet,  the  French 
minister  to  the  United  States,  vainly  urged  an  alliance. 
France  had  just  passed  through  a  revolution,  and  its  govern- 
ment was  in  the  hands  of  a  Directory  of  live.  This 
Directory  endeavored  to  coerce  the  United  States  into  oppo- 
sition against  England.  Failing  in  this,  their  relations  with 
our  government  became  hostile.  The  American  minister 
was  ordered  to  leave  France,  and  French  men-of-war  were  in- 
structed to  prey  upon  American  commerce. 

More  than  a  thousand  vessels  were  lost  before  American 
shipowners     became     apprised    of     hostilities.       Charles 


UNION . 


287 


Cotesworth  Pincknby,  Eldridgk  Gerry  and  John  Mar- 
shall were  sent  as  commissioners  to  negotiate  a  treaty,  and 
secure,  if  possible,  a  friendly  settlement.  The  Directory 
refused  to  receive  them  officially,  but  sent  word  that  a  pre- 
sent of  two  hundred  and  forty  thousand 
dollars  and  a  loan  from  the  United  States 
to  the  French  government  would  insure 
peace.  These  overtures  were  indig- 
nantly rejected,  Pinckney  uttering  the 
memorable  words,  "  Millions  for  de- 
fense, but  not  one  cent  for  tribute" 

The    indignities    of    France    soon 
aroused  America  to  action.     The  army 
was  organized.    Washington  was  called 
again  to  its  command,  while  Alexander     charles  cotesworth  p.nckney. 
Hamilton  was  made  a  major-general.     An  executive  depart- 
ment for  naval  affairs  was  created,  and  Benjamin  Stoddert 
of  Maryland  was  appointed  Secretary  of  the  Navy.     All  past 

treaties  with  France  were  de- 
clared void,  and  American 
men-of-war  made  ready  for 
sea.  Although  war  was  not 
formally  declared,  American 
and  French  vessels  met  in 
combat.  Commodore  Trux- 
ton  in  the  American  frigate 
Constellation   won    an    im- 


Death  of  Washington. 
About  this  time  the  sad  intelligence 
was  received  that  Washington  was 
dead  (December  14,  1799).  The  news 
was  everywhere  received  with  mani- 
festations of  sorrow.  Numbered  among 
the  greatest  of  all  time,  he  stands  the 
central  figure  in  American  history. 
Soldiers  and  statesmen  of  every  clime 
have  pronounced  eulogies  upon  him, 
and  eloquent  tributes  to  his  memory 
have  been  over  and  over  repeated. 


portant  victory  over  the  French  forty-gun  ship  U Insur- 
gent, near  the  West  Indies,  and  shortly  after  successfully 
encountered  La  Vengeance.  This  quasi-war  continued 
until  Napoleon  came  to  the  head  of  the  French  govern- 
ment. Whollv  engaged  with  European  affairs,  he  sought 
a  peace  with  America.  Murray,  Ellsworth  and  Davie 
were  sent  as  embassadors  to  Paris  (1800),  and  a  treaty  was 
concluded. 


288 


PERIOD    OF    INDEPENDENCE. 


Adams'  administration  was  unpopular.  The  most  cen- 
sured of  its  acts  was  the  passage  of  Alien  and  Sedition 
Laws.  The  Alien  laws  gave  the  President  power  to  order 
any  foreigner  whom  he  deemed  dangerous  to  public  peace 
to  leave  the  United  States,  and  lengthened  a  foreigner's 
term  of  residence  in  this  country  before  he  could  be 
naturalized.  The  Sedition  laws  made  it  unlawful  to  un- 
duly criticize  the  government,  or  publish  anything  that 
would  bring  either  Congress 
or  the  President  into  contempt 
or  disrepute. 

In  the  political  agitation  that 
followed  the  passage  of  the 
Alien  and  Sedition  Laws,  the 
Democratic-Republican  party 
increased  greatly  in  strength. 
Adams  was  defeated  for  re- 
election. Two  candidates, 
Thomas  Jefferson  and  Aaron 
Burr,  had  been  proposed  by 
the  strengthened  and  success- 
ful party,  so  that  if  successful  both  President  and  Vice- 
President  would  be  of  their  party,  and  both  received  the  same 
number  of  electoral  votes.  According  to  the  Constitution  it 
now  became  the  duty  of  Con- 
gress to  choose  between  the 
candidates.  The  Federalist 
members  labored  strenuously 
to  defeat  their  great  antago- 
nist, Jefferson,  who  had  been 
one  of  the  founders  of  the 
party  opposed  to  them. 
Thirty-six  ballots  were  taken 
before   the    decision   was   made. 


Kentucky   and   Virginia    Resolutions. 
The    passage     and    enforcement   of 
these    laws    were    regarded    as    usur- 
pations of  governmental  powers.   The 
legislature     of      Kentucky     passed     a 
formal   set   of-  resolutions    in    protest,   j 
declaring  the  Alien  and  Sedition  Laws 
palpable  violations  of  the  Constitution, 
and    asserting   as    unquestionable    the 
right  of  the  States  to  nullify  all  unau- 
thorized acts  done  under  cover  of  that 
instrument.      Virginia   followed    with 
resolutions  declaring  the  powers  of  the 
Federal  Government  limited  by  the  in-    i 
strument    of    compact;    and   that   the    I 
States  are  in  duty  bound,  and  have  the   j 
right,  to  interfere  when  the  dangerous    I 
and  palpable  exercise   of   powers   not   j 
granted  by  the  Constitution  is  sought. 


The  Twelfth  Amendment. 
To  prevent  a  recurrence  of  these 
difficulties  an  amendment  was  added 
to  the  Constitution,  by  which  a  candi- 
date for  each  of  the  offices  of  President 
and  Vice  President  was  thenceforth 
voted  for.  This  precluded  the  possi- 
bility of  two  candidates  put  forth  Dy 
the  successful  political  party  receiving 
the  same  vote  for  the  one  office,  and 
thus  making  an  election  by  Congress 
necessary. 


Jefferson   was   elected. 


UNION. 


289 


With  the  close  of  the  eighteenth  century  the  capital  of 
the  United  States  was  removed  to  its  permanent  location.  A 
site  on  the  Potomac  River  had  been  donated  by  Virginia 
and  Maryland,  but  only  that  portion  tendered  by  the  latter 
was  used.  A  district  ten  miles  square  was  laid  out  and 
named  Columbia,  the  city  receiving  the  name  of  the  first 
President,  Washington. 


BLACKBOARD    FORM 


PRINCIPAL  EVENTS. 


ADAMS' 
ADMINISTRATION. 


[Inauguration. 
1797  ^  Troubles  with 
I       France 


1797  Commissioners  sent 

1798  Quasi  War  begins. 

1799  Constitution  captures  L'insurgent. 


(Navy  Department  created. 

1798  <  Alien  and  Sedition  Lows. 

I  Kentucky  and  Virginia  Res  , 

1799  Death  of  Washington. 
Washington  City  made  Capital. 


1800 


Presidential 
Election 


Democ ratio- Republican  j  Jefferson. 
Candidates.  |  Burr. 


Federalist  Candidates 


j  John  Adams. 
\  Pinckney. 


I  Treaty  with  France. 


QUESTIONS. 

What  differences  existed  in  political  parties  after  the  adoption  of  the  Con- 
stitution ?  What  were  the  parties  now  called?  Who  were  the  presidential 
candidates  of  each?  Which  was  successful?  Mow  was  the  Vice-President 
elected  in  those  days?  What  effect  had  Jay's  English  treaty  upon  France? 
What  hostile  steps  were  taken  by  France  against  the  United  States  ?  Why  ? 
What  three  commissioners  were  sent?  What  was  the  result  of  their  mission  ? 
What  war-like  measures  did  the  United  States  now  adopt?  What  do  you 
know  of  the  quasi  French  War?  What  treaty  was  concluded?  By  whom? 
What  can  you  say  of  the  death  of  Washington?  What  unpopular  laws  were 
passed  while  Adams  was  President?  What  do  you  know  of  the  Alien  Law? 
Sedition  Law  ?  What  do  you  know  of  the  Kentucky  and  Virginia  Resolutions  ? 
What  was  the  effect  of  the  Alien  and  Sedition  Laws  upon  the  presidential 
election?  What  do  you  know  of  the  election  of  Jefferson?  What  do  you 
know  of  the  Twelfth  Amendment  ?  What  do  you  know  of  the  permanent 
location  of  the  Federal  Capital  ? 


THOMAS    JEFFERSON. 


29O  PERIOD    OF    INDEPENDENCE. 

CHAPTER  III. 
Expansion   of   Territory. 
Thomas  Jefferson  was  preeminently  a  man  of  the  people, 
and  believed  in  a  government  "  for  the  people,  by  the  peo- 
ple."     His  inauguration  was  attended 
by  no  display  of   pomp  or  ceremony. 
In  his  opinion  the  Chief   Executive  is 
but  the  servant,  not  the  ruler  of  those 
who  confer  upon  him  the  office,  and  he 
should  set  an  example    of    republican 
simplicity. 

In  plain  attire  he  rode  unattended  to 
the  government  building,  entered,  and 
was  sworn  in  to  office  (March  4,  1801).  The  Federalists 
looked  upon  his  ascendancy  to  power  with  grave  fears,  but 
the  popularity  of  his  administration  increased  as  the  years 
wore  on.  He  was  triumphantly  elected  to  a  second  term, 
and  declined  a  third,  following  the  precedent  established  by 
Washington. 

The  progress  of  the  country  while  Jefferson  was  President 
was  marked,  notwithstanding  the  difficulties  that  arose  with 
several  foreign  powers.  One  new  State,  Ohio,  was  admit- 
ted into  the  Union  (Februrary  19,  1803).  The  greatest  event 
connected  with  his  administration  was  the  purchase  of  Louis- 
iana. It  will  be  remembered  that  this  province  passed  to 
the  possession  of  Spain  by  the  treaty  that  ended  the  French 
and  Indian  War.  It  comprised  a  vast  region  west  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi, together  with  that  peninsula-like  portion  of  the  present 
State  of  Louisiana  lying  on  the  left  bank  of  the  river  south 
of  Lakes  Maurepas,  Pontchartrain  and  Borgne,  and  upon 
which  Bienville  had  established  New  Orleans  (1718). 


UNION. 


29I 


War  With  Tripoli. 
American  commerce  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean  suffered    very   much    from    the 
piratical     practices     of     the     IJarbary 
States    of    Africa.     American    vessels 
were  captured,  and  their  crews  either 
held  for  ransom  or  sold  into  captivity. 
Immunity   from   these   outrages   could 
be   secured    by    the 
payment  of  an  an- 
nual   tribute,     as- 
se  ver  al  European 
nations  were  doing; 
but    t  h  e    United 
States    declined    to 
submit  to  such  ex- 
tortion.      The    Ba- 
shaw    of     Tripoli 
haughtily   declared 
war  (1S01).     A  lleet 
was   sent   under 
Commodore  Preble 
(1803),    who,    after 
bringing    the    Em- 
peror   of    Morocco 
to  terms,  blockaded 
and  bo  m b  a  r  d  e  d 
Tripoli,  until   its 
piratical   ruler    was 
glad    to    s  u  b  m  i  t 
(1S04).       Incidental 
to   the    blockade   a 
daring  exploit   was 
performed        by 
Lieutenant   De- 
catur. The  frigate 
Philadelphia      run- 
ning  aground    had 
fallen    into    the  decatu* 

hands  of  the  Tripolitans.  To  prevent 
her  being  used  by  the  enemy  it  was 
determined  to  de.  troy  her.  Decatur, 
with  a  chosen  band  in  a  small  vessel, 
succeeded  in  reaching  the  frigate 
without  exciting  suspicion,  and  before 
resistance  could  be  made,  leaped 
aboard,  cleared  the  deck  of  the  enemy, 
set  the  vessel  on  fire,  and  returned 
without  the  loss  of  a  single  man, 
though  a  fierce  cannonade  was  direct- 
ed upon  him  from  the  shore. 


In   1800   Spain   was   compelled   by  Napoleon  to  retrocede 
Louisiana  to   France,  which   she  did  by  the  secret  Treaty 

of  Ildefonso.  Spain  had 
conceded  the  free  navigation 
of  the  Mississippi  to  the  United 
States,  but  the  retrocession 
made  it  necessary  to  again 
contend  for  this  privilege. 

The  nav- 
igation of 
the  Missis- 
sippi  was 
essential 
to  the  pros- 
perity of 
the  west- 
ern people. 
Monroe 
and  Liv- 
ingstone 
were  sent 
to  France 
to  negoti- 
ate for  the 
purchase 
of    a   site 


IURNINQ    THE    PHILADELPHI 


near  the  mouth  of  the  river, 
upon  which  to  establish  a 
depot  for  the  commercial 
benefit  of  the  United  States. 
They  were  surprised  to  receive 
an  intimation  from  Napoleon 
that  the  whole  province  could 
be  purchased.      The  price  de- 


292 


PERIOD    OF    INDEPENDENCE. 


manded  seemed  enormous  in  those  days,  but  the  sagacity  of 
Jefferson  enabled  him  to  foresee  what  an  important  bearing 
the  full  possession  of  the  Mississippi  and  its  tributaries  would 

have  upon  the  welfare  of  this  country ; 

so  the  purchase  was  made  (1803). 
The  terms  agreed  upon  were  that  the 

United  States  should  pay  eleven  million 

two  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dollars 
to  France,  and  as- 
sume a  debt  of  some 
three  million  seven 
hundred  and  fifty 
thousand  dollars, 
14 Spoliation 
Claims,"  held  bj 
citizens  of  the  United 
States  against  French 
government.  Thus 
was  a  domain  con- 
taining more  than 
one  million  square 
miles  and  more  than 
ninety  thousand  in- 
habitants    added     to 


CROSSING    THE    ROCKY    MOUNTAINS. 


the  territory  of  the  United  States.  Immediately  after  its 
purchase,  Meriwether  Lewis  and  William  Clarke  were 
sent  to  explore  it  (1804).  Proceeding  westward  from  the 
Missouri  River  these  explorers  crossed  the  Rocky  Mount- 
ains, reached  the  Pacific  coast,  and  returned,  after  having 
been  engaged  three  years  in  the  undertaking. 

The  purchase  of  Louisiana  made  Jefferson  very  popular 
in  the  West,  and  he  was  reelected  by  an  overwhelming 
majority.     The  complications  with  foreign   powers,  which 


TERRITORIAL  CHANGES 

1800. 

(After  the  Treaty  of  Tdlcfonao.) 
SCALE   OF   MILES 

o"=io6~20b  abo  46o~5(x 


ENGRAVED  FOR  HANSELL'S  HIGHER  HISTORY  OF  THE  U.S. 


UNION. 


'93 


Aaron   Burr. 
A.iroii  Burr,  who  was  Vice  President 

during  Jefferson's  first  term,  was  re- 
placed by  George  Clinton.  Burr 
was  a  man  very  ambitious,  and  ever 
actuated  by  motives  of  self  aggrandize- 
ment. When  associated  with  Jefferson 
on  the  Democratic-Republican  ticket, 
and  the  election  devolved  upon  Con- 
gress, he  manifested  every  willing- 
ness to  make  an  alliance  with  the 
Federalist  members  to  secure  the  posi- 
tion. While  Vice-President  he  became 
a  candidate  for  governor  of  New  York 
(1S04),  and  woidd  have  been  supported 
by  a  sullicient  number  of  Federalists 
to  insure  his  success  had  it  not  been 
for  Hamilton's  influence.  As  it  was, 
he  was  defeated,  and,  stung  by  disap- 
apointment,  lie  seized  upon  some  ex- 
pressions employed  by  Hamilton  in 
the  heat  of  political  debate  as  a  pre- 
text for  a  duel.  His  challenge  was 
accepted.  The  duel  took  place  at 
Wechawken,  X.  J.  (July  u,  1S04), 
and  Hamilton  was  killed.  The  news 
was  received  with  profound  regret, 
and  the  event  gave  a  death  blow 
to  Burr's  political  preferment.  He 
was  afterwards  engaged  in  a  treason- 
able scheme  to  invade  Mexico,  and, 
with  as  much  of  the  southwestern 
territory  of  the  United  States  as  he 
could  win  to  his  cause,  establish  such 
an  empire  as  would  realize  his  dreams 
and  desires  for  power.  He  was  ar- 
i  rested  in  Alabama  and  taken  to  Rich- 
mond for  trial,  but  was  acquitted  for 
want  of  sufficient  proof. 


began  in  the   administrations   of   Washington   and   Adams, 
and  which  were  destined  to  culminate  in  open  war,  continued 

during  the  administration  of 
Jefferson,  and  reached  a 
critical  point  during  his  second 
term. 

France  and  England  were 
still  at  war.  The  policy  of  the 
United  States  was  one  of  strict 
neutrality.  In  their  war  with 
each  other,  England  issued 
several  Orders  in  Council, 
and  France,  retaliatory  De- 
crees, that  interfered 
seriously  with  American  com- 
merce, and  made  it  the  prey 
of  both  the  hostile  nations. 
The  Orders  in  Council  de- 
clared all  vessels  carrying  pro- 
duce from  the  West  Indies  to 
Europe  to  be  legal  prizes,  and 
all  French  ports  to  be  in  a 
state^  of  blockade.  The  first 
French  Decree  was  issued  by 
Napoleon  from  Berlin,  and 
forbade    the     introduction    by 


any  neutral  vessel  of  English  goods  into  any  port  of  Europe. 
The  second  was  issued  at  Milan,  and  decreed  the  confisca- 
tion of  all  vessels  violating  the  Berlin  Decree,  or  submitting 
to  English  search. 

Great  Britain,  moreover,   had  long  viewed  with  jealousy 
the   growing   commerce    of   the    United   States,     She  now 


294 


PERIOD    OF    INDEPENDENCE. 


manifested  great  vindictiveness  in  the  execution  of  the  Orders 
in  Council.  International  law  was  by  her  ignored.  Her 
ships  of  war  infested  the  Atlantic  seaboard,  intercepting  and 
searching  American  vessels,  and  seizing  American  seamen. 
Even  in  the  harbors  the  ships  of  the  United  States  were  not 
safe  from  British  guns.  Outrages  upon  the  high  seas 
became  more  and  more  numerous,  and  the  patience  of  the 
American  people  was  tested  to  its  utmost. 

One  of  the  most  flagrant  of  these  outrages  was  that 
upon  the  American  frigate  Chesapeake,  which,  sailing  under 
Captain  Barron  from  Norfolk  for  the  Mediterranean,  was 
stopped  by  the  British  ship-of-war  Leopard  (June  22,  1807). 
The  British  commander  claimed  several  of  the  Chesapeake's 
crew  as  deserters  from  the  English  navy,  and  demanded 
their  surrender.  On  being  refused,  the  Leopard  opened 
fire.     The  attack  was  a  surprise,  and  the  Chesapeake  in  her 

unprepared  state  soon  _   

lowered  her  flag. 
Great  indignation  fol- 
lowed. Jefferson  is- 
sued a  proclamation 
ordering  all  British 
vessels  out  of  Amer- 
ican ports. 

Reluctant  to  involve 
the  country  in  war 
with  England,  Jefferson  pursued  a  policy  which,  in  his 
judgment,  would  avoid  hostilities,  and  at  the  same  time  bring 
England  to  terms.  Trade  with  America  was  an  important 
consideration  with  English  merchants  and  manufacturers; 
so  an  Embargo  Act  was  passed  (December  22,  1807), 
forbidding  American  vessels  to  leave  and  British  vessels  to 
enter  the  ports  of  the  United  States.      This  virtually  sus- 


FULTON'S    FIRST    STEAMBOAT. 


UNION. 


295 


pended  all  commerce,  and  bore  heavily  upon  that  section  of 
the  country  whose  principal  interest  was  commerce.  Mur- 
murs of  discontent  soon  arose  from  New  England.  Here 
was  the  machinery  of  government  bearing  oppressively 
upon  a  sectional  interest. 

The  Embargo  Act  was  followed  by  an  act  to  enforce  its 
provisions.  It  was  now  the  turn  of  Massachusetts  to  object, 
as  Kentucky  and  Virginia  had  previously  done.  I  Ter  legisla- 
ture condemned  these  measures  of  the  United  States 
Government  as  unconstitutional.  The  Governor  of  Con- 
necticut refused  to  comply  with  their  provisions,  and  by 
his  words  and  acts  strengthened  the  political  doctrine  of 
Nullification.  The  Federalist  party  was  dominant  in 
New  England,  and  the  opposition  to  the  president's  course 

almost  crystalized  into  seces- 
sion from  the  Union.  To  har- 
monize matters,  the  Embargo 
Act  was  modified  and 
the  Non-Intercourse 
Act  passed,  permitting 
commerce  with  all 
nations  except  England 
and  France. 

In   the  presidential 
canvass   towards  the 
close  of   Jefferson's  adminis- 
tration, the  Democratic-Republican  party  nominated  James 

Madison   of    Virginia   for    President,    and    George    CLIN- 
CH 7 

ton  of  New  York  for  Vice-President.  The  Federalists 
nominated  Charles  C.  Pinckney  of  South  Carolina,  and 
Rufus  Kino  of  New  York,  The  Democratic  candidates 
were  elected, 


Fulton's  First  Steamboat. 
The  application  of  steam  to  naviga- 
tion was  successfully  made  during 
Jefferson's  second  term  by 
Robert  Fulton.  His  first 
boat  was  called  the  Cler- 
mont. It  was  clumsily  built, 
and  its  progress  was  much 
slower  than  steam  vessels  of 
the  present  day.  Neverthe- 
less it  was  a  great  improve- 
ment upon  the  mode  of 
transit  employed  at  the  time. 
The  first  trip  was  made  on 
the  Hudson  River  from  New 
York  to  Albany  (September 
2,  1S07). 


ROBERT    FULTON 


296 


PERIOD    OF    INDEPENDENCE. 


BLACKBOARD  FORM. 


o 

CO 


CO 

o 

CO 

St 


1801, 


1803, 


1804, 


1807, 


PRINCIPAL    EVENTS. 

Inauguration. 

(1803,   Preble  sent. 

{  War  with  Tripoli  1804,  (  Ij0'!  "iTTit   *      * 

r  j  <uu^>  )  Frigate  Philadelphia  burned. 

1 1805,    Treaty  of  Peace. 
Ohio  admitted,  February  19. 

(  ionn    [Retrocession  to  France, 
\  1800,  j  ndefonse  Treatyi 

Louisiana  Purchased!  !8q^  U  April  30)  Purchased  by  u.  s. 

'  I  ( Dec,  20)  Possession  taken. 

^Explored  by  [^ 
[1807,]       H  J    [Clarke. 

{Re- Election  of  Jefferson. 
\  Death  of  Hamilton. 
(First  Steamboat. 

(  Orders  in  Council. 
<j  f  \  Chesapeake  affair. 

}  England.  {  President's  Proclamation. 
I  Embargo  Act. 
[  Non-Intercourse  Act. 


Troubles  with 


France. 


j  Berlin  Decree. 


Mi  Ian  Decree. 


1808,    Presidential  Election 


Democratic  Candidates 


Federalist  Candidates 


Madison, 

Clinton. 
Pinckney. 

King. 


QUESTIONS. 

"What  do  you  know  of  Jefferson's  inauguration  ?  Of  his  popularity? 
What  State  was  admitted  while  he  was  President?  What  is  the  greatest 
event  connected  with  his  administration  ?  What  do  you  know  of  the  pur- 
chase of  Louisiana  ?  What  did  the  province  of  Louisiana  comprise?  By 
what  treaty  had  France  regained  this  province?  Why  was  the  free  naviga- 
tion of  the  Mississippi  desirable?  What  was  the  price  paid  for  Louisiana? 
What  do  you  know  of  the  war  with  Tripoli?  Of  Decatur?  Of  Lewis  and 
Clarke's  expedition  ?  Of  Aaron  Burr?  What  were  the  British  "Orders  in 
Council  "  ?  The  "  Berlin  Decree  "  ?  The  "  Milan  Decree  "  ?  1  low  did  Eng- 
land show  her  animosity  against  the  United  States?  What  outrages  were 
committed  by  her  upon  American  commerce?  What  do  you  know  of  the 
Chesapeake  affair?  What  proclamation  followed?  What  effect  had  it 
upon  New  England  ?  Why  was  it  passed  ?  By  what  was  it  substituted  ? 
Who  were  the  candidates  to  succeed  Jefferson?     Who  was  elected? 


UNION. 


297 


PREPARATORY    NOTES. 

TO     CHAPTERS     IV,     V     AND     VI. 

Geography. — Upon  the  accompanying  map  note  the  location  of  Detroit. 
Where  is  Frenchtown?  Niagara  River?  On  which  side  of  the  Niagara  is 
Queenstown?  Chippewa?  Lundy's  Lane?  Fort 
Erie?  Where  is  Buffalo?  Raisin 
the  relative  positions  of  Fort  Meigo  « 
Stephenson.     In  what  part  _. 

1  j^  Chyrslers  Fieldy*^  J§|| 

did   a  naval  battle  occur?     Whei 
Fort  Maiden?     Note  the  positioi 
of  the  battleground    on  tht 
Thames    River.      Where 


is    Plattsburg? 

c  k  e  1 1 '  s    Harbor? 

race  the  course  of  a  fleet 

ickett's    Harbor    to 

Fort  George.     What 

Sackett's    Harbor    is 

Where  is  St.   Regis i 

La  Colle? 

Definition  of  Words.  —  Perfidy,  impeded,  cope,  armament,  revelation, 
uniformly,  inglorious,  impetuous,  exhortation,  compensation,  ravage, 
prostrate,  inopportune,  diverting,  mediate. 

PARALLEL  READINGS. 

Reference. — Schurz's  "Henry  Clay,"  Lossing's  "Field  Book  of  the  War  of  1S12," 
Roosevelt's  "  War  of  iSi2,"  Rives'  "  Madison,"  Sumner's  "  Andrew  Jackson." 

GENERAL* — Rossiter  Johnson's  "  History  of  the  War  of  1S12,"  Ahhott's  "  Blue  Jackets  of 
1S12,"  Ilemans'  "To  the  Memory  of  General  Sir  Edward  Pakenham  "  (poem),  Gay's 
"Madison,"  "The  Second  War  of  Independence"  (Harper's  Magazine,  April,  1SS4), 
Andrew  Jackson's  "Account  of  the  Battle  of  Horseshoe  Bend"  (Magazine  of  American 
History,  January,  iSSS). 

TOPICAL. — "Impressment  of  American  Seamen,"  "War  with  Tecumseh,"  "The 
Prophet,"  "Henry  Clay,"  "James  Madison,"  "Hartford  Convention,"  "War  of  1S12, 
Land  Battles  of,"  "  War  of  1S12,  Naval  Battles  of,"  "  Battle  of  New  Orleans,"  "  War  of 
1S12,  American  Generals  of,"  "War  of  1812,  American  Naval  Commanders  of,"  "  Perry's 
Victory,"  "  Treaty  of  Ghent,"  "  Creek  War." 

SEARCH  QUESTIONS. 
Why  was  "Citizen"  Genet  so  called  ?      Who  eulogized  Washington  as  "  First  in  war, 
first  in  peace,  and  first  in  the  hearts  of  his  countrymen"  ?      Who  drew  up  the  Virginia 
Resolutions  ?     Kentucky  Resolutions  ?       What  was  the   "Sun  prophecy  "  of  Franklin  ? 
What  is  the  derivation  of  the  word  Tariff? 


2QH 


PERIOD   OE   INDEPENDENCE. 


JAMES    MADISON. 


CHAPTER  IV. 

The   Spirit   of  Young   America. 

The  efforts  of  the  United  States  to  avoid  hostilities  only 
brought  upon  it  the  contempt  of  foreign  nations.  The  outrages 
of  England  and  the  confiscations  of 
France  continued.  Nine  hundred 
American  vessels  had  been  taken  by 
England  since  difficulties  began,  and 
more  than  six  thousand  American  sea- 
men pressed  into  English  service. 
Five  hundred  and  fifty  vessels  had 
fallen  prey  to  France.  Every  remon- 
strance was  unheeded  by  both  nations. 
The  position  of  the  United  States  was  indeed  humiliating. 

The  Americans  were  slow  in 
coming  to  a  determination  to 
command  by  force  of  arms 
an  honored  place  for  their 
country  among  the  nations  of 
earth .  They  had  won  political 
independence  by  the  War  of 
the  Revolution,  and  with  this 
achievement  they  seemed  for 
a  long  while  disposed  to  rest 
content.  But  the  United 
States  was  fast  being  forced 
into  a  condition  of  commercial 
subserviency,  and  this  condi- 
tion could  not  long  exist  with- 
out calling  into  action  the  spirit 
of  resistance  characteristic  of 
Americans. 

A  new  generation  was  com- 
ing to  the    front  and   making 


The  Shawnee  War. 
The  population  of  the  United  States 
now  numbered  eight  million.  The 
Indians  of  the  northwest  met  the  en- 
croachment of  the  whites  in  the  usual 
manner,  and  were  incited  to  their 
deeds  of  atrocity  by  the  British  upon 
the  Canadian  frontier.  Tecumseii, 
chief  of  the  Shawnees,  assisted  by  his 
brother,  the  Prophet,  determined  to 
make  a  final  stand.  Both  were  chiefs 
of  great  influence.  They  were  joined 
by  many  of  the  western  and  southwest- 
ern tribes,  Tecumseh  even  visiting  the 
Indians  of  Tennessee  and  Alabama 
(1810),  and  winning  them  to  his  pur- 
pose. To  arrest  depredations,  William 
Henry  Harrison,  Governor  of  that 
portion  of  the  northwest,  organized  as 
the  Indiana  Territory,  marched  upon 
the  large  Indian  village  of  the  Prophet 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Tippecanoe  River. 
When  near  his  destination,  he  was  at- 
tacked at  night  by  overwhelmingnum- 
bers,  but  being  on  the  alert,  was  not 
surprised  (November  7,  1S11).  He 
succeeded  in  administering  a  crushing 
defeat  to  the  savages,  and  on  the  next 
day  advanced  to  their  town  and  laid  it 
in  ashes. 


UXioN, 


299 


itself  felt  in  American  affairs.  These  younger  citizens  beheld 
their  country  insulted  and  humiliated  upon  every  side,  and 
they  grew  restive,  as  outrage  after  outrage  was  reported.  The 
honor  of  America  was  at  stake,  and  the  spirit  of  young  Amer- 
ica was  eager  to  defend  it.  War  was  demanded.  Both 
England  and  France  had  been  aggressors ;   but  the  conduct 

of  England  had  been  the  more 
offensive,  particularly  as  she 
had  added  another  provoca- 
tion to  her  many  vindictive 
acts  upon  the  sea,  by  again 
inciting  the  Indians  of  the 
northwest  to  hostilities. 

Congress  was  not  unani- 
mous in  its  desire  for  war. 
The  elder  members  counseled 
peace;  the  younger  would  ac- 
cept no  peace  at  the  expense 
of  national  honor.  The  war 
party  was  led  by  Henry  Clay 
of  Kentucky,  John  C.  Cal- 
houn, William  Lowndes  and 
Langdon  Cheves  of  South 
Carolina,  and  Felix  Grundy 
of  Tennessee,  all  young  men, 
just  beginning  to  appear  in 
American  politics.  Their  eloquence  resounded  through  the 
land,  arousing  the  national  spirit,  as  the  eloquence  of  Henry 
and  Otis  had  done  just  before  the  Revolution. 

The  impulse  to  avenge  injury  and  insult  soon  prevailed 
over  the  counselings  of  those  more  conservatively  disposed. 
By  the  time  that  Madison  was  renominated  (May,  181 2)  it  was 
pretty  well  understood  that  war  was  to  be  entered  into  with 


President  and  Little  Belt. 
The   war  feeling  steadily  increased 
in  strength.     Strange  to  say,  the  West 
and  South,  the  sections  least  affected 
by    the    commercial    interferences    of 
England,    were    the     most     eager    to 
begin  hostilities;  while  New  England, 
the  section  whose  interests  had  suffered 
the   most,    and   in    whose    behalf   war 
was     advocated,     was     averse.      An 
event    occurred    toward    the   close   of 
Madison's   first   administration   which 
did  much  to   hasten    the    approaching 
conflict.     The    United    States    frigate 
President,  commanded  by  Commo- 
dore Uodgeks,  sailing  out   of   Nor 
folk,    bound    for    the    Mediterranean, 
hailed   a   vessel    near  the   coast,   and 
in   reply  received  a  shot.     The  vessel 
proved  to  be  the  British  sloop-of-war 
LITTLE    Belt.      Instead   of   lying  to 
and     tamely     submitting     to     search, 
Rodgers  cleared  his  decks  for  action, 
and  gave  the  Little  Belt  a  number  of 
broadsides  which    soon    disabled    her 
(May  11,  181 1 ).     The  news  of  the  pun-    I 
ishment  of  British  insolence  upon  the    ' 
high  seas  was  received  with  exultation   j 
in  America,  and  the  event  gave  great   i 
significance  to  the  cry,  Free  Trade   • 
and  Seamen's  Rights,  that  soon  re-    J 
sounded  throughout  the  land. 


3oo 


PERIOD    OF    INDEPENDENCE. 


England.  Preliminary  to  general  hostilities,  an  embargo  to 
continue  ninety  days  was  laid  (  April 4) .  No  intimation  having 
been  received  that  England  would  revoke  her  Orders  in 
Council,  the  President  sent  a  "war  message"  to  Congress 

(June  1)  in  accordance  with 
which  a  bill  was  passed,  and 


The  Cause  of  the  War  of  i8i2> 
Five  days  before  the  declaration 
England  decided 
to  revoke  the 
Orders  in  Council, 
not  through  any 
consideration  for 
this  country,  but 
in  compliance  with 
the  general  de- 
mand of  her  mer- 
chants and  manu- 
facturers, whose 
trade  was  suffering 
greatly  from  the 
non-inte  rcourse 
policy  of  the 
United  States. 
Had  the  intelli- 
gence reached 
America     it     is 

doubtful  whether  the  war  would  have 
been  averted;  for  the  right  to  search 
American  vessels  and  impress  Ameri- 
can seamen  was  not  relinquished,  and 
for  this  cause,  it  may  be  said,  the  war 
was  fought. 


IMPRESSING   AMERICAN   SEAMEN. 

on   June    19,    181 2,    war   was 
formally  declared. 

QUESTIONS. 
What  did  the  efforts  of  the  United 
States  to  avoid  hostilities  bring?  How  many  American  vessels  were  taken 
by  England?  Seamen?  How  many  by  France?  What  had  the  Americans 
won  by  the  Revolution?  Into  what  condition  were  they  being  forced? 
What  was  now  making  itself  felt?  Which  of  the  two,  between  England 
and  France,  was  the  greater  aggressor?  What  do  you  know  of  the  Shawnee 
War?  By  whom  were  the  Indians  defeated?  How  was  Congress  divided? 
Who  led  the  party  in  favor  of  war?  What  sections  were  in  favor  of 
war?  What  section  wras  averse?  What  do  you  know  of  President  and 
Little  Belt  affair?  How  was  news  of  it  received  in  America?  What  cry 
resounded  through  the  continent?  What  events  led  up  to  the  declaration 
of  war?  When  was  war  declared?  What  was  the  principal  cause  of  the 
War  of  1812?     Whv  did  the  British  revoke  their  "  Orders  in  Council  "  ? 


UNION.  3d 

CHAPTER  V. 
The   War  for   Maritime   Independence. 

The  United  States  was  inadequately  prepared  to  enter 
into  hostilities  with  so  powerful  a  nation  as  England.  Its  navy 
consisted  of  but  twenty  or  thirty  vessels,  while  that  of  Eng- 
land comprised  a  thousand.  But  preparations  were  hastily 
pressed  forward.  Measures  were  passed  for  the  enlistment 
of  twenty-five  thousand  regular  and  fifty  thousand  volunteer 
troops.  The  States  were  recommended  to  levy  one  hundred 
thousand  militia  for  local  defense.  A  loan  of  eleven  million 
dollars  was  authorized  to  defray  the  expense  of  carrying  on 
the  war.      Provision  was  made  to  increase  the  navy. 

General  Henry  Dearborn  of  Massachusetts,  an  old 
officer  of  the  Revolution,  was  appointed  Commander-in- 
chief  of  the  Army.  An  aggressive  campaign  against  the 
British  Dominion  of  Canada  was  planned,  and  operations  to 
that  end  were  directed  upon  the  Michigan  and  Niagara 
frontiers. 

The  first  engagements  of  the  war  resulted  disastrously  to 
the  American  arms.  General  William  Hull,  governor 
of  Michigan  Territory,  with  fifteen  hundred  men,  advanced 
into  Canada,  but  hearing  that  the  fort  at  Mackinaw  had  been 
taken  by  the  British,  fell  back  to  Detroit.  A  detachment  of 
his  army,  under  Major  Van  Horne,  was  ambushed  and 
defeated  near  Brownstown,  Michigan,  by  the  Indian  allies  of 
the  British  under  Tecumseh  (August  5 ),  but  the  savages  were 
routed  by  another  detachment  under  Colonel  Miller,  near 
a  place  called  Maguaga,  Michigan  (August  9). 

General  Brock,  Governor  of  Canada,  advanced  from 
Maiden  to  lay  siege  to  Detroit.  His  forces  were  inferior  to 
those  of  Hull.  The  Americans  were  easier  for  the  combat 
But  with  a  baseness  almost  unparalleled    Hull  hoisted  the 


}04 


vmuub  op'  tst)£PtititomcM* 


white  flag  of  surrender  before  a  shot  was  fired,  and  his 
chagrined  army  was  delivered  up  as  prisoners  of  war 
(August  16). 

Shortly  after  Hull's  surrender,  the  brave  General 
Stephen  Van  Renssellaer  crossed  the  Niagara  River, 
and  with  one  thousand  men  gallantly  assaulted  Queens- 
town  Heights.  The  heights  were  carried  (October  13), 
and  in  the   engagement   General   Brock,  who  had  arrived 


CROQHAN'S    DEFENSE    Of    FORT    STEPHFNSON. 


from  Detroit,  was  mortally  wounded.  Van  Renssellaer  re- 
turned to  the  American  side  of  the  river  for  reinforcements, 
but  the  rest  of  his  army  refused  to  cross  the  river,  and  their 
comrades  at  Queenstown,  left  to  their  fate,  were  overpow- 
ered and  captured.     Van  Renssellaer  resigned  his  command 


UNION.  303 

and  was  succeeded  by  General  Alexander  Smyth,  who, 
proving  incompetent,  was  soon  deposed. 

The  military  operations  for  the  next  year  (1813)  were 
more  systematically  planned.  Three  armies  were  organized ; 
the  first  to  operate  in  the  West,  about  the  shore  of  Lake 
Erie ;  the  second  to  operate  upon  the  Niagara  frontier,  and 
the  third  to  operate  in  northern  New  York.  General 
Harrison  was  placed  in  command  of  the  Army  of  the  West, 
General  Wade  Hampton  of  the  Army  of  the  North, 
and  the  commander-in-chief  himself  directed  the  operations 
of  the  Army  of  the  Center. 

Harrison  pushed  forward  to  recover  the  ground  Hull  had 
lost.  An  advance  division  of  his  army  under  General 
Winchester,  after  gaining  an  advantage  over  the  enemy  at 
Frenchtown,  on  the  River  Raisin,  was  attacked  and  defeated 
by  the  British  and  Indians  under  Proctor  and  Tecumseh 
(January  22,  1813).     Proctor  then  advanced  and  besieged 

Harrison  at  Fort  Meigs  (Au- 
gust 5),  but  failing  to  effect  its 
capture,  proceeded  to  Fort 
Stephenson,  upon  the  San- 
dusky. This  fort  was  defend- 
ed by  one  hundred  and  sixty 
men  under  Major  Croghan, 
a  young  man  of  twenty-one, 
who  employed  the  limited 
means  of  defense  at  his  dis- 
posal with  such  skill  that  the 
enemy  was  thoroughly  re- 
pulsed (August  2). 


Massacre  oi  the  River  Raisin. 
During  the  engagement  Winchester 
was  captured.  Perceiving  the  superior 
forces  of  the  enemy,  and  receiving  a 
solemn  pledge  from  Proctor  that  the 
surrender  of  the  detachment  would  in- 
sure its  safety,  Winchester  advised  his 
men  to  lay  down  their  arms,  which 
they  did.  With  a  perfidy  that  has  at- 
tached to  his  memory  never-ceasing 
odium,  Proctor  ignored  all  pledges 
and  turned  the  unarmed  Americans 
over  to  the  mercy  of  the  savages.  The 
sick  and  wounded  were  butchered  in 
cold  blood.  The  able-bodied  were 
either  tortured  or  taken  into  captivity. 
This  event  nerved  the  Americans  in 
many  an  encounter  that  afterward  took 
place,  and  they  often  went  into  battle 
with  the  war  cry,  M  Remember  the 
Rivek  Raisin." 


Shortly  after  a  glorious  victory  was  won  over  the  enemy's 
fleet  on  Lake  Erie  by  Commodore  Perry  (September  10), 


3<H 


PERIOD    OF    INDEPENDENCE. 


and  the  British  land  forces  were  thus  compelled  to  fall  back 
to  Canada.  Harrison  followed  and  landed  his  troops  near 
Maiden.  A  battle  was  fought  near  the  River  Thames,  and 
the  gallant  conduct  of  some  Kentucky  riflemen,  under 
Colonel  Richard  M.  Johnson,  turned  the  tide  of  victory 
in  favor  of  the  Americans.  The  British  defeat  was  thorough. 
The  Indian  chief,  Tecumseh,  was  slain  in  this  battle. 

Meanwhile    General    Dear- 
born   had   crossed   a    force 
under    General    Zebulon 
Pike  from  Sackett's  Harbor, 
New  York,  to  York  (Toron- 
to), Canada  (April  27,  1813). 
The  British  were  driven  from 
their  batteries,   and 
the  town,  with  many 
valuable  stores,  was 
taken.      During  the 
engagement      the 
powder  magazine  of 
the  enemy  blew  up, 
causing    much    loss 
in    the     American 
ranks.      General 
Pike    himself   was    mortally 
wounded.       From    York    the 
victorious  troops,  now  led  by 
Generals  Winder  and  Chand- 
ler, crossed  over  to  the  mouth 


COMMODORE    PERRY 


Perry's   Victory. 
The   British  were  in  full  possession 
of   Lake    Erie,  and  nothing  could    be 
done  towards  the  successful   invasion 
of  Canada  until  this  lake  was  cleared 
of   the   enemy's  fleet.     Captain    Perry 
was   sent   to   cooperate   with   General 
Harrison  and  take  charge  of  operations 
upon   the   water.     With   great  energy 
and    perseverance     he    succeeded    in 
building   nine   small  vessels. 
Sailors   were    sent    overland 
from  the  sea  coast  to  man  the 
little  fleet,  and  though  poorly 
equipped  with  the  appliances 
of  war,  Perry  sailed  out  into 
the  lake  to  meet   the  British 
squadron  under   the   veteran 
Commodore      Barclay,    a 
pennant   with    the    immortal 
words  uttered  by  Lawrence, 
"  Don't  give  up  the  ship,"  fly- 
ing at  the  mast  head  of  his 
flagship.       The     battle     was 
desperate.       Perry's  vessel 
engaged  two  of  the  enemy's 
and  was  soon  badly  disabled. 
Only   eight    of    his  men   re- 
mained,  but  with  these  he   crossed    in 
an  open  boat  to  another  of  his  ships, 
and  continued  the  engagement  so  suc- 
cessfully that   the  whole   English  fleet 
surrendered      (September      10,      1S13). 
"  We  have  met  the  enemy  and  they  are   ' 
ours,"  was  the  laconic  message  Perry 
sent    to    Harrison    to    announce    the 
victory. 


of  the  Niagara  River,  and 
drove  the  British  from  Fort  George  (May  27).  Thinking 
Sackett's  Harbor  defenseless  after  the  departure  of  these 
troops,  the  British,  under    General  Prevost,  descended 


UNION.  305 

upon  it,  but  were  repulsed  by  militia  under  General 
Brown  (May  29). 

General  Dearborn  was  succeeded  as  commander-in-chief 
by  General  James  Wilkinson.  An  attack  on  Montreal 
was  planned.  An  army  of  seven  thousand  men  embarked 
near  Sackett's  Harbor,  and  proceeded  down  the  St. 
Lawrence.  They  found  their  progress  impeded  by  the 
enemy,  and  a  force  under  General  Brown  was  landed. 
The  battle  was  fought  at  Chrysler's  Field  (November  11), 
and  the  army  advanced  to  a  place  called  St.  Regis,  where 
Hampton  was  expected  to  join  them  with  the  army  of  the 
North,  from  Plattsburg  on  Lake  Champlain.  The  junc- 
tion, however,  was  not  made,  and  the  Montreal  expedition 
was  abandoned,  Wilkinson's  army  going  into  winter 
quarters  at  Fort  Covington.  In  the  spring  the  Americans 
proceeded  to  the  Sorrel  River  and  were  defeated  at  La  Colle 
(March  30,  1814),  after  which  they  turned  south  and  joined 
the  troops  at  Plattsburg. 

New  York  was  now  formed  into  one  military  district 
of  two  divisions.  That  of  the  right  was  placed  under  the 
command  of  General  Ralph  Izard,  with  Generals 
Windsor,  Macomb,  Smith  and  Bissel  as  subordinates. 
That  of  the  left  was  commanded  by  General  Brown,  with 
Generals  Scott,  Ripley  and  Gaines  as  subordinates. 

Izard  was  a  thoroughly  trained  soldier,  and  proceeded 
to  put  the  American  army  at  Plattsburg  in  a  condition  of 
perfect  discipline,  as  Steuben  had  done  in  the  War  of  the 
Revolution  at  Valley  Forge.  He  realized  the  necessity  of 
this  on  being  apprised  that  experienced  veterans  of  England, 
fresh  from  the  successful  battlefields  of  Europe,  were  about 
to  be  sent  to  America. 

Meanwhile  General  Brown,  upon  the  Niagara  frontier, 
was  actively  engaged  with  the  enemy.     Generals  Scott  and 


306 


PERIOD    OF    INDEPENDENCE. 


Ripley  crossed  the   river,    and   defeated  the   British  under 

Riall    in     a    battle    near  the   Chippewa   River    (July   5). 

At   Lundy's    Lane,    near   the 

Falls   of  Niagara,    Scott    and 

Riall    again    met    (July    25). 

This   was    one   of   the  hottest 

engagements  of  the  war.    The 

British   far    outnumbered    the 

Americans,  but  Scott  not  only 

held  his  ground,  but  captured 

General    Riall,    wounded   his 

successor,  General  Drummond,  and  drove  the  British  from 

the  field. 


"I'll  Try,  Sir." 
American  success  in  the  battle  of 
Lundy's  Lane  depended  upon  the  cap- 
ture of  a  British  battery  upon  a  neigh- 
boring- height.  General  Brown  arriv- 
ing upon  the  scene  as  the  engagement 
was  drawing  to  a  close,  called  to 
Colonel  Miller,  and  asked  him  if 
he  could  take  it.  "I'll  try,  sir,"  was 
Miller's  response.  Leading  his  men 
steadily  up  the  ascent,  Miller  secured 
the  battery  and  held  it  against  the 
repeated  assaults  of  the  enemy . 


SltlO 


THE    CREEK   WAR. 

at  Fort  Erie,  near 
the  head  of  the  Niagara  River. 
Drummond  having  received 
reinforcements,  advanced  and 
laid  siege  (August  4).  The 
Americans  under  General 
Gaines  made  a  brilHant  sortie, 
carried  the  enemy's  works, 
and  Drummond  was  compelled  to  retreat  (September  17). 
Fort  Erie  was  then  destroyed,  and  the  Americans  crossed 
to  their  own  side,  where  they  went  into  winter  quarters. 


The  Creek  War. 
The  result  of  Tecumseh's  visit  to  the 
Indians  of  Alabama  was  soon  seen. 
Weathersford,  chief  of  the  Creeks, 
deeming  the  time  opportune,  took  up 
arms,  and  surprising  Fort  Minis,  near 
Mobile,  massacred  more  than  four 
hundred  of  its  inhabitants.  Forces 
from  neighboring  States  soon  reached 
the  scene.  General  Coffee  arrived 
from  Tennessee  and  destroyed  the 
town  of  Tallasehatche,  slaying  more 
than  a  thousand  Creeks.  GENERAL 
Floyd  of  Georgia  burnt  the  Indian 
town  of  Autosse  (November  24,  1S13), 
while  General  Claiborne  of  Mis- 
sissippi and  PuSHAMATAHA,  a  friend- 
ly Choctaw  chief,  won  a  victory  over 
Weathersford  at  Eccanachaca  (De- 
cember 23,  1S13).  General  Andrew 
Jackson  of  Tennessee,  who  com- 
manded in  this  district,  defeated  the 
Indians  at  Talladega  (November  9, 
1813).  Emucfaw  (January  22,  1S14), 
and  Tohopeka  or  Horseshoe  Bend 
(March  27).  With  this  last  battle  the 
power  of  the  Creeks  was  utterly 
crushed. 


MACDONOUQH. 


UNION.  307 

These  active  operations  upon  the  Niagara  frontier  rendered 
it  advisable  that  General  Izard  with  troops  from  Plattsburg 
reinforce  General  Brown.  Leaving  Macomb  in  command, 
Izard  set  out  upon  a  long  journey  overland,  impeded  by 
many  difficulties,  and  he  arrived  shortly  after  the  successful 
sortie  of  the  Fort  Erie  garrison.  After  the 
departure  of  Izard,  a  large  force  under  General 
Prevost  descended  from  Canada  upon  Platts- 
burg, but  with  greatly  inferior  numbers 
Macomb  won  a  brilliant  victory,  and  Prevost 
was  compelled  to  retreat.  Macomb's  victory 
was  accompanied  by  the  naval  victory  of 
Macoonougii  over  Downie  on  Lake  Champ- 
lain,  near  by,  few  of  the  enemy's  vessels  escaping. 

QUESTIONS. 

What  preparations  were  made  for  war  ?  Who  was  appointed  commander- 
in-chief?  What  campaign  was  decided  upon?  What  do  you  know  of 
events  upon  the  Michigan  frontier?  Niagara  frontier?  The  surrender  of 
Hull?  How  was  the  American  army  organized  in  1S14?  What  were  the 
principal  events  connected  with  the  Army  of  the  West?  Army  of  the 
Center?  What  do  you  know  of  Perry's  victory?  Croghan's  defense? 
Battle  of  the  Thames?  Capture  of  York?  Defense  of  Sackett's  Harbor? 
Massacre  of  the  River  Raisin?  Capture  of  Fort  George?  Who  succeeded 
General  Dearborn?  What  do  you  know  cf  the  unsuccessful  Montreal 
expedition?  The  battle  of  La  Colle?  Into  what  two  divisions  was  the 
military  district  of  New  York  divided  in  1S14?  Who  was  placed  in  com- 
mand of  each  division?  What  were  the  principal  operations  of  the  Division 
of  the  Left?  Right?  What  do  you  know  of  the  battle  of  Chippewa? 
Lundy's  Lane?  Plattsburg?  Of  Macdonough's  victory?  Izard's  march? 
Miller's  gallantry  at  Lundy's  Lane?  Fort  Erie  sortie?  What  do  you  know 
of  the  Creek  War  ? 


3o8 


PERIOD    OF    INDEPENDENCE. 


TOPICAL    OUTLINE. 

OPERATIONS  ON  THE  NORTHERN  FRONTIER. 


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CHAPTER  VI. 

Sea   Triumphs    of   the   Young   Republic. 

When  the  United  States  Government  took  up  the  cause  of 
the  American  sailor,  it  was  little  expected  that  she  would 
be  able  to  cope  with  England  successfully  on  sea.  The 
English  navy  was  at  the  time  the  most  powerful  in  the  world, 
and  the  boastful  song  of  British  seamen  had  long  been, 
".Britannia  Rules  the  Waves,." 


UNION, 


3°9 


The  American  navy,  on  the  other  hand,  consisted  of  but 
few  vessels,  for  the  American  policy  had  been  to  discourage 
the  institution  and  support  of  an  expensive  naval  armament. 
Had  the  United  States  been  better  provided  in  this  respect 
she  would  have  been  able  to  maintain  her  rights  upon  every 
sea,  and  would  have  compelled  that  respect  from  all  nations 
that  was  to  be  hers  after  this  war. 

The  war  upon  the  ocean  was  a  revelation  to  the  naval 
powers  of  Europe.  The  deeds  of  American  commanders, 
from  first  to  last,  won  the  admiration  of  the  world.  Time 
after  time  American  and  English  war  vessels  met  in  combat, 
and  so  uniformly  successful  were  the  former  that  American 
ships  came  to  be  regarded  as  invincible. 

The  first  naval  engagement 
of  consequence  occurred  off 
Newfoundland,  between  the 
American  frigate  Essex,  Cap 
tain  Porter,  and  the  British 
sloop  Alert,  Captain  Lang- 
harne  (August  12,  1812),  the 
former  being  victorious.  A 
few  days  after  (August  19), 
off  the  coast  of  Massachusetts, 
the  Constitution,  under  Cap- 
tain  Hull,  vanquished  the 
Guerriere,  one  of  the  best 
equipped  frigates  of  the  Eng- 
lish navy.  Hull  was  a  nephew 
of  the  general  who  so  basely 
surrendered  Detroit,  and  his 
gallant  deeds  upon  the  sea 
contrasted    strongly   with    the 


The  Hartford  Convention. 
The  hostility  of  the  New  England 
Federalists  to  the  national  administra- 
tion continued  throughout  the  war. 
They  considered  it  unconstitutional  to 
require  the  militia  of  a  State  to  serve 
beyond  its  borders.  For  the  success- 
ful conduct  of  the  war  the  government 
passed  conscription  measures,  and  the 
Federalists  took  steps  to  resist.  The 
legislature  of  Massachusetts  issued  a 
call  for  a  convention,  and  delegates 
from  Connecticut,  Rhode  Island,  New 
Hampshire  and  Vermont,  with  those 
of  Massachusetts,  met  at  Hartford  | 
(December  14,  1814).  The  sessions  of  ! 
this  convention  were  held  in  secret, 
and  the  records  of  its  proceedings 
have  been  studiously  suppressed. 
Suspicion  has  always  existed,  however, 
that  measures  tending  to  the  secession 
of  the  New  England  States  from  the 
Union  were  contemplated  and  action 
postponed  only  by  ending  of  the  war. 
The  event  gave  a  political  death  blow 
to  the  Federalist  party,  the  spirit  of  j 
national  unity  having  been  greatly 
strengthened  by  the  war  then  in  course 
of  prosecution. 


inglorious  ones  of  his  relative  on  land,  and  did  much  to  wipe 
out  the  disgrace  attached  to  the  family  name. 


3io 


PERIOD    OF    INDEPENDENCE. 


Before  the  close  of  the  year  1812  important  victories  were 
won  by  the  Wasp  over  the  Frolic  (October  18)  off  the 
coast  of  North  Carolina ;  by  the  American  frigate  United 
States,  commanded  by  Decatur,  over  the  British  frigate 
Macedonia,  commanded  by  Carden,  near  the  Canary 
Islands  (October  25);  and  by  the  Constitution,  now  com- 
manded by  Bainbridge,  over  the  British  frigate  Java,  near 
San  Salvador  (Decem- 


ber 20).     The  Consti- 
tution did  magnificent 
service  throughout  the 
war,  becoming  one  of 
the  most  historic  ves- 
sels    ever      connected 
with  the  Amer- 
ican navy.     In 
181 5,      com- 
manded    by 
Stewart,    she 
captured       at 
one    time    the 
British    ships 
Cyane     and 
Levart  (Feb-    Ij 
ruary  20 ) ,  near 
the  Madeira  Islands. 

Among  the  many  gallant  naval  commanders  of  the  war 
there  will  always  be  remembered  Captain  Lawrence.  In 
the  Hornet  he  captured,  off  Demarara,  the  British  brig 
Peacock  (February  24,  181 3).  He  was  then  called  to  the 
command  of  the  frigate  Chesapeake.  While  making  ready 
for  sea  in  the  port  of  Boston  the  British  frigate  Shannon, 
thoroughly  equipped  for  battle,  approached  the  harbor  and 
challenged  the  Chesapeake  to  combat. 


DON'T  GIVE    UP   THE   SHIP.' 


UNION. 


311 


the  English  channe 


The  impetuous  Lawrence  promptly  responded,  sailing  out 
to  meet  the  enemy  after  hasty  and  inadequate  preparations. 
The  engagement  was  hotly  contested  and  of  short  duration 
(June  1).  Heroism  availed  little  against  the  superior  arma- 
ment of  the  Shannon.  Lawrence  was  mortally  wounded, 
and,  true  to  his  heroic  instincts,  he  gave  the  parting  exhorta- 
tion to  his  crew,  "  Don 7  give  up  the  s/iifi,"  as  in  a  dying 
condition  he  was  carried  below. 

The  victoiy  of  the  Shannon  was  followed  by  that  of  the 
British  sloop  Pelican  over  the  brig  Argus  (August  14),  in 
but  American  successes  soon  made 
ample  compensation  for  the 
losses  sustained.  The  Enter- 
prise captured  the  Boxer 
(September  5),  near  the  coast 
of  Maine,  and  on  Lake  Erie 
the  greatest  naval  achievement 
of  the  war  occurred  shortly 
after  (September  10). 

Captain  Porter  in  the  Essex, 
the  ship  and  captain  that  had 
made  the  first  capture  in  the 
war,  after  a  brilliant  career 
came  to  grief  in  the  harbor  of 
Valparaiso.  Here  the  Essex 
was  overpowered  by  the  Brit- 
ish vessels,  Piicebe  and 
Cherub,  and  Porter  was  com- 
pelled to  surrender  (March  28, 
1814).  This  was  the  third 
and  last  important  British  naval  victory  of  the  war. 

The  American  sloop  Peacock,  commanded  by  Warring- 
ton r  won  a  victory  over  the  Epervier  off  the  coast  of  Florida 
(April  29,  1814),  and  the  engagements  between  the  Wasp 


British  Coast  Operations. 
During  the  progress  of  the  war  the 
whole  coast  from  Alaine  to  Delaware 
was  blockaded.  The  fisheries  and  | 
commerce ol  New  England  were  utterly 
destroyed  for  a  time.  Lewiston,  Me. 
(1S13)  and  Stonnington,  Conn.  (1S14) 
suffered  bombardment.  Admiral  Coch- 
rane, with  a  powerful  fleet,  entered  the 
Chesapeake  (1S14),  and  four  thousand 
veterans  under  General  Ross  landed, 
and  marched  to  Washington  alter  over 
coming  some  opposition  at  Bladcns- 
hurg,  Md.  (August  24).  All  the  public  j 
buildings  except  the  Patent  Office 
were  burned  by  the  enemy,  and  Ross 
proceeded  to  ravage  Baltimore  in  a 
similar  manner.  Militia  were  gathered 
in  defense  of  the  city.  In  a  skirmish 
Ross  was  killed.  The  fleet  of  the 
British  advanced  up  the  Patapsco  to 
cooperate  with  the  army,  and  began  a 
bombardment  of  Four  McHenry. 
The  fort  gallantly  responded,  and  for 
eighteen' hours  maintained  a  spirited 
contest.  The  enemy's  fleet  was  com- 
pelled to  abandon  the  fight;  the  army, 
unsupported,  withdrew,  and  Baltimore 
was  saved. 


312 


PERIOD    OF    INDEPENDENCE. 


and  Reindeer  (June  28,  1814),  and  between  the  Hornet  and 
Penguin  (March  23,  1815),  resulted  in  American  victories. 


BATTLE    OF    NEW    ORLEANS. 


The  war  of  181 2  had  come  at  a  very  inopportune  time  for 
England.      The  great  Napoleon  had  almost  succeeded  in 


UNION 


313 


The  Battle  of  New  Orleans. 

General  Jackson,  in  command  at  the  j 
South,was  indefatigable  in  his  exertions 
to  defend  that  portion  of  the  country  J 
from  invasion.  Marching  upon  Pensa- 
COla,  where  the  British  had  been  permit- 
ted by  the  Spaniards  to  establish  quart- 
ers, he  drove  the  enemy  from  the  place 
and  took  possession  of  the  forts.  The  j 
coast  operations  of  the  British  extend- 
ing as  far  as  Louisiana,  Jackson  has- 
tened to  the  defense  of  New  Orleans. 
Here  he  was  joined  by  some  riflemen 
from  Tennessee  and  Kentucky,  and 
bv  many  citizens  of  Louisiana.  In 
the  southern  part  of  Louisiana  is  a 
bay  called  Barataria.  ^Along  the 
shores  of  this  bay  dwelt  a  people  in  a 
state  of  partial  outlawry,  engaged  in 
smuggling  or  questionable  enterprises. 
Their  leader  was  a  man  of  great  dar- 
ing named  Laeitte.  Though  out- 
lawed by  his  country,  this  smuggler 
could  not  turn  against  her.  Offered 
tempting  bribes  by  the  British  to  join 
them  in  their  attack  upon  the  city,  he 
rejected  their  proposals,  and  proffered 
instead  the  services  of  his  men  to 
Jackson,  who  promptly  accepted  them. 
For  their  brilliant  actions  in  the  battle 
thai  ensued  the  United  States  Govern- 
ment granted  a  full  pardon  to  such  of 
these  men  as  would  settle  down  as 
law-abiding  citizens,  which  many  of 
them  did. 

Forts  were  erected  to  oppose  the  ad- 
vance of  the  enemy  by  river.  The  ad- 
vance was  made,  however,  by  way  of 
the  lakes  back  of  the  city,  so  Jackson 
threw  up  fortifications  on  the  plains  of 
Chalmette,  just  beyond  the  suburbs, 
and  awaited  their  approach.  The 
English  army  was  composed  of  veteran 
troops,  many  of  whom  were  fresh  from 
the  victorious  battlefields  of  Europe. 
It  was  led  by  Sik  Edward  Pakenham. 
The  British  advanced  through  the 
swamp,  and  reaching  the  field,  charged 
upon  the  fortifications  of  the  Ameri- 
cans. The  battle  raged  all  day,  but 
the  riflemen,  citizen  soldiery  and 
Baratanans  stood  their  ground,  and 
drove  the  enemy  back  with  terrible 
slaughter  (January  S,  1S15).  More 
than  two  thousand  of  their  number 
were  lost.  Pakenham  himself  was 
killed.  The  loss  of  the  Americans  was 
but  eight.  The  battle  was  a  needless 
one,  tor,  unknown  to  the  combatants, 
peace  had  already  been  declared. 


laying  all  Europe  prostrate  at 
his  feet,  and  the  remaining 
great  powers  of  Europe  had 
combined  against  France. 
The  American  war  was  divert- 
ing some  of  the  energy  of  the 
British  nation.  So  Russia, 
one  of  the  allied  powers, 
sought  to  mediate  a  peace 
between  England  and  the 
United  States.  Her  first  at- 
tempt was  unsuccessful 
(March,  1813),  but,  renewing 
her  efforts,  she  succeeded  in 
bringing  commissioners  from 
the  two  countries  together  to 
treat  for  peace. 

Those  appointed  by  the 
United  States  were  Henry 
Clay,  Albert  Gallatin, 
James  Bayard,  Jonathan 
Russell  and  John  Quincy 
Adams.  The  commission 
met  at  Ghent,  Belgium  (July 
6,  1814).  The  attitude  of 
England  was  haughty  and  ex- 
acting, and  for  a  long  time  it 
seemed  impossible  to  reach  a 
satisfactory  conclusion ;  but 
after  five  months  of  negotia- 
tion the  treaty  was  signed 
(December  24,  1814).  The 
news  of  peace  took  some  time 


314  PERIOD    OF    INDEPENDENCE. 

crossing  the  ocean,  as  there  were  no  ocean  cables  in  those 
days.  Before  it  reached  America  the  greatest  land  battle 
of  the  war  had  been  fought  (January  8,  1815),  near  New 
Orleans. 

QUESTIONS. 

What  difference  in  naval  strength  existed  between  the  United  States  and 
England?  What  success  had  the  United  States  on  sea?  What  was  the  first 
naval  engagement?  Where,  when  and  by  whom  fought?  What  do  you 
know  of  Hull's  victory  ?  Name  other  naval  battles  of  1812.  What  do  you 
know  of  Captain  Lawrence?  What  were  his  last  words?  What  other 
British  victory  was  won  in  1S13?  What  three  American  naval  victories 
were  won  this  year?  What  do  you  know  of  Captain  Porter  and  the  Essex  ? 
What  American  victories  were  won  in  1814?  1815  ?  What  do  you  know  of 
the  peace  mediation  of  Russia?  What  do  you  know  of  the  British  coast 
operations?  The  burning  of  Washington?  The  bombardment  of  Fort 
McHenry?  The  Hartford  Convention?  Wrho  were  the  American  peace 
commissioners?     What  do  you  know  of  the  Treaty  of  Ghent? 

TOPICAL   OUTLINE. 


NAVAL    BATTLES— WAR    OF   1812. 


BRITISH   VICTORIES  IN  ITALICS. 


00 
00 


Aug.  12. ..ESSEX (Porter) ..  Over  ..ALERT (Langharne), 

Aug.  19  ..CONSTITUTION (Hull) Over ...GUERRIERE  (nacres). 

<;  Oct.  1S...WASP (Jones) Over..  FROLIC (Muyates;. 

Oct.  25. ..UNITED  STATES (Decatur) Over.  .MACEDONIA (Carden). 

Dec.  20.. .CONSTITUTION (Bainbridge)  ...Over.  JAVA (Lambert). 

Feb.  24... HORNET (Lawrence) Over. .PEACOCK (Peake). 

June  I SHANNON (Broke) Over...  CHESAPEAKE (Lawrence), 

Aug.   14....  PELICAN (Maples) Over ARGUS (Allen), 

Sept.  5. ..ENTERPRISE.. (Burrows) ...Over.. .BOXER  (Blythe). 

LSept.  io.AMERICAN  FLEET.   (Perry)  Over.  .BRITISH  FLEET. ..(Barclay). 


/  PHCEBE (Hillyar) 1 

-\CHERUB (Tucker) j 


Mar.  28..1  nucDIID ,_     ,     ' }0ver ESSEX (Porter). 

I  CHERUB (Tucker) j  ' 

Oo  1  April 29.PE ACOCK  (Warrington).    Over   .EPERVIER (Wales). 

June  sS...WASP (Blakely) Over. ..REINDEER  (Manners). 

Sept.  ii..  AMERICAN  FLEET.  ..(McDonough)  ..Over    BRITISH  FLEET.  (Downie). 


(  Feb.  20.  CONSTITUTION (Stewart) Over/  f^L. £*!^ 

\  \  LEVANT ,. ...(Douglas). 

I  MAR.    23  H0J*:ET    (BUlclle) Over. ..PENGUIN  (Dickenson) 


UNION.  315 

PREPARATORY    NOTES. 

TO    CHAPTERS    VII,    VIII   AND    IX. 

Definition  of  Words. —  Summary,  arbitrary,  complications,  cession,  re- 
linquished, internal,  interpose,  fanatically,  extension,  restriction,  projected, 
prestige,  minority,  semblance,  era,  perpetrate,  fiscal,  stability,  incumbency, 
corporation,  depose,  predecessor,  embodied,  nullify,  tariff,  inter-depend- 
ence, pronouncedly,  domestic,  exorbitant,  inoperative,  precipitate,  repeal, 
accession,  revolutionize,  civil,  extortionate,  incidentally,  discrimination, 
secession,  enactments,  ordinance. 

PARALLEL   READINGS. 

Reference.  —  Schurz's  "Henry  Clay,"  Gilman's  "Monroe,"  Sumner's  "Andrew 
Jackson,"  Taussig's  "Tariff  History  of  the  United  States,"  Von  Hoist's  "Constitutional 
History  of  the  United  States,"  Von  Hoist's  "  Calhoun." 

General.— "The  Era  of  Good  Feeling"  (Harper's  Magazine,  May,  18S4),  "Character 
of  Jackson"  (Magazine  of  American  History,  February,  1SS5),  "The  Acquisition  of 
Florida"  (Id.,  April,  18S8),  Laughlin's  "  Political  Economy"  (Chapter  xxvi). 

Topical.— "  Florida  Cession,"  "Internal  Improvements,"  "Monroe  Doctrine,"  "  Mis- 
souri Compromise,"  "  Rotation  in  Office,  Institution  of,"  "First  Steamship,"  "First  Rail- 
road," "Seminole  War,"  "Black  Hawk's  War,"  "United  States  Bank,"  "Tariff," 
"Nullification,  Ordinance  of,"  "  Cotton  Gin,  Invention  of,"  "  Clay'  s  Compromise  of  1S33," 
"  The  American  System,"  "  Eli  Whitney,"  "  Samuel  Slater,"  "Protection,"  "Free  Trade." 

CHAPTER  VII. 

The   Era   of   Good   Feeling. 

The  opposition  of  the  Federalists  to  the  war  of  1812   had 

reduced  their  party   to   a   condition  of   political  weakness. 

The     Democratic-Republican    candidate,    James    Monroe, 

was,  with  but  little  opposition,  elected  to  succeed  Madison; 

and  so  free  was  his  administra- 


Two  States  had  heen  admitted  while 
Madison  was  President.  These  were 
Louisiana  (April  S,  1S12),  and  Indiana 
(December  11,  1816).  The  Algerines 
had  again  been  punished  by  Commo- 
dore Decatur  for  renewing  their  depre- 
dations in  the  Mediterranean  (1815). 
The  candidates  to  succeed  Madison 
were  James  Monroe  of  Virginia  and 
Rufus  King  of  New  York.  The 
former  was  successful. 


tion  from  party  contests  that 
it  is  often  referred  to  as  the 
Era  of  Good  Feeling. 

Monroe  served  two  terms. 
During  his  first  term  troubles 
arose  with  the  Seminole  In- 
dians of  the  South.  These 
Indians  were  joined  by  some  Creeks  and  runaway  slaves, 
and  it  was  strongly  suspected  that  the  Spaniards  of  Florida 
were  encouraging  them  in  their  uprising. 


316 


PERIOD    OF    INDEPENDETsX'E. 


General  Andrew  Jackson  was 
soon  overran  their  country  and 

Jackson  was  a  man  of  great 
decision  and  firmness  of  char- 
acter, and  did  thoroughly 
whatever  he  undertook.  De- 
termined to  inflict  summary 
punishment  upon  the  hostiles, 
he  invaded  the  Spanish  terri- 
tory, and  not  only  broke  the 


sent  against  them,  and  he 
drove   them   into   Florida. 


JAMES    MONROE. 


power  of  the  Seminoles,  but 
drove  their  Spanish  sympa- 
thizers from  the  country.  lie 
took  possession  of  Pensacola 
and  St.  Marks  and  forced  the 
Spanish  authorities  to  seek 
refuge  in  Havana,  Cuba. 

Jackson's  invasion  of 
Florida  .  was  considered  un- 
warranted and  arbitrary  by 
many,  as  it  furnished  to  Spain 
a  just  cause  of  controversy. 
Others,  however,  saw  much  to 
admire  in  his  prompt  and  determi 


The  State  of  West  Florida. 
The  Florida  that  passed  into  the  pos- 
session of  the  English  by  ;ict  of  Spanish 
cession  (1763),  extended  to  the  Missis- 
sippi River,  and  was  divided  into  East 
and  West  Florida,  the  line  of  division 
being-  the  Perdido  River.  While  Eng- 
land was  wholly  occupied  with  her 
revolting  American  colonies,  the 
Spaniards  of  the  neighboring  province 
of  Louisiana  seized  the  opportunity  to 
pass  into  West  Florida  some  troops, 
who  took  forcible  possession  (1779), 
In  17S3  both  of  the  Floridas  were 
ceded  to  Spain,  and  in  treaty  with  the 
United  States  (179S),  their  northern 
boundary  was  fixed  as  the  thirty -first 
degree  of  latitude.  The  larger  por- 
tion of  what  was  then  West  Florida 
forms  a  part  of  what  is  now  the  State 
of  Louisiana,  but  constitutes  no  part 
of  the  territory  embraced  within  the 
Louisiana  purchase,  the  limits  of 
which  have  already  been  described 
(see  page  290).  Spain  maintained  her 
authority  in  West  Florida  until  the 
year  1S10,  but  Spanish  ride  was  thor- 
oughly unsatisfactory  to  the  many 
Americans  who  had  settled  in  the 
province.  A  revolt  was  planned  and 
skillfully  executed.  A  force  was  col- 
lected at  St.  Francisville  under  Gene- 
ral Philemon  Thomas,  who  marched 
to  Baton  Rouge,  the  most  important 
post  in  the  province,  and  captured  the 
Spanish  garrison  (September  23, 1S10). 
A  convention  was  held,  independence 
declared,  and  the  State  of  West  Florida 
was  organized,  with  Fulwak  Skif- 
with  as  Governor.  Application  was 
then  made  to  the  United  States  for  pro- 
tection, upon  which  President  Madison 
issued  a  proclamation  ordering  Gov- 
ernor C.  C.  Claiborne  of  the  Louisi- 
ana Territory  to  take  possession  ;  and 
thus  the  jurisdiction  of  the  United  States 
was  extended  over  the  province  that 
had  been  wrested  by  American  valor 
from  the  dominion  of  Spain. 


ned  course  in  dealing  with 


UNION.  317 

affairs  entrusted  to  him,  and  both  Congress  and  the  Presi- 
dent sustained  him. 

The  foreign  complications  that  might  have   arisen   were 
obviated  by  the  purchase   of  the  invaded  province.     The 

treaty  of  cession  was  signed 
at  Washington  (February  22, 
1821).  By  its  terms  Florida 
passed  into  the  possession  of 
the  United  States  in  considera- 
tion of  the  sum  of  five  million 
dollars;  Spanish  claims  to 
Oregon  were  relinquished, 
and  the  Sabine  River  was 
made  the  boundary  between 
the  United  States  and  the 
Spanish  possessions  in  the 
southwest. 

Mexico  and  a  number  of 
South  American  provinces 
were  endeavoring  about  this 
time  to  throw  off  the  yoke  of 
Spain  and  establish  their  in- 
dependence. The  people  of 
the  United  States  were  in 
warm    sympathy    with    the 


Internal  Improvements. 
The  West  was  rapidly  filling-  up 
with  settlers,  and  it  was  becoming 
evident  that  the  material  development 
of  the  country  depended  upon  the  es- 
tablishment of  easy  means  of  commu- 
nication between  the  various  sections. 
The  South  and  West  were  connected 
by  the  magnificent  Mississippi  system 
of  waterways,  but  the  Alleghanies, 
interposed  between  the  West  and  East, 
rendered  travel  and  domestic  com- 
mercedifhcult.  Thequestion  of  internal 
improvements  was  agitated.  Several 
States  engaged  in  the*constructing  of 
public  works.  New  York,  at  an  ex- 
pense of  eight  million  dollars,  opened 
a  canal  from  Buffalo  to  New  York. 
There  were  those  who  thought  that 
the  United  States  Government,  de- 
signed as  it  was  to  promote  the  general 
welfare,  was  empowered  by  the 
Constitution  to  appropriate  money  for 
internal  improvements.  These  were 
termed  Loose  Constructionists, 
and  foremost  among  them  was  Henry 
Clay.  An  appropriation  was  made  to 
construct  a  road  from  Cumberland, 
Md.,  to  Wheeling,  W.  Va.,  and  as 
there  were  no  railroads  in  those  days, 
the  Cumberland  road  proved  of  great 
service. 


movement.  The  President  sent  to  Congress  a  remarkable 
message,  in  which  his  opinions  upon  the  subject  were 
pointedly  expressed  (1823).  He  declared,  "that  the 
American  continents,  by  the  free  and  independent  position 
which  they  have  assumed  and  maintained,  are  henceforth 
not  to  be  considered  as  subjects  for  future  colonization  by 
any  European  power."  This  is  known  as  the  Monroe 
Doctrine. 


3i8 


PERIOD    OF    INDEPENDENCE, 


The  principal  events  that  marked  Monroe's  administration 
besides  those  that  have  been  given,  were  the  admission  of 
five  new  States  into  the  Union,  the  succcessful  application 
of  steam  to  seagoing  vessels,  and  the  memorable  visit  of 
Lafayette  to  this  country.  The 
States  admitted  were  Missis- 
sippi (December  10,  1817), 
Illinois  (December  3,  1818).. 
Alabama  (December  14, 
1819),  Maine  (March  15, 
1820),  and  Missouri  (August 
10,  1821).  The  first  steam- 
ship to  cross  the  Atlantic  was 
the  Savannah,  owned  and 
projected  in  the  city  of  that 
name  (1819). 

The  visit  of  Lafayette 
(1824)  recalled  many  patriotic 
memories.  He  was  now 
seventy  years  of  age.  Great 
was  the  pride  with  which  he 
beheld  the  rapid  advance 
made  by  the  young  republic, 
whose  early  destinies  his 
youthful  hands  had  helped  to 
shape;  pathetic  was  his  visit 
to  the  tomb  of  his  old  com- 
mander, Washington,  at 
Mount  Vernon.  He  was 
everywhere  treated  with  the 
respect  due  him  as  the  nation's 
guest,  and  many  of  the  States 
were  visited  by  him. 


The  Beginning  of  Sectional  An- 
tagonism. 
Slavery  was  gradually  dying  out  in 
the  North,  and  with  its  decay  there 
was  growing  up  a  sentiment  of  opposi- 
tion to  it.  At  first  this  opposition  was 
directed  against  the  further  extension 
of  the  system  ;  in  time  it  came  to  be 
fanatically  directed  against  the  system 
itself.  The  attainment  of  Missouri  to 
statehood  awakened  a  bitter  controver- 
sy as  to  whether  or  not  slavery  should 
be  permitted  within  its  borders.  The 
States  previously  admitted  to  the 
Union  had  occasioned  no  issue  upon 
the  restriction  or  extension  of  slavery. 
Ohio,  Indiana  and  Illinois  were 
formed  from  the  Northwest  Territory  in 
which  slavery  had  been  prohibited 
under  the  Ordinance  of  1787.  Ken- 
tucky, Tennessee,  Mississippi  and 
Alabama  were  formed  from  territory 
originally  belonging  to  States  in  which 
slavery  was  legally  recognized.  They 
were,  therefore,  admitted  without  re- 
striction. With  the  exception  of 
Louisiana,  in  which  slavery  had  long 
existed  prior  to  its  passing  into  posses- 
sion of  the  United  States,  Missouri 
was  the  first  State  formed  from  the 
Louisiana  purchase.  The  territory  of 
which  it  constituted  a  part  previous  to 
its  admission  was  the  joint  possession 
of  all  the  States.  Its  population  had 
been  drawn  from  both  slave  and  free 
States.  In  many  cases  the  settlers 
from  the  former  had  brought  their 
slaves  with  them.  By  the  time  it  was 
eligible  for  admission  to  the  Union  the 
opponents  of  slavery  were  powerful 
and  numerous  enough  to  influence 
Federal  legislation.  The  restriction 
of  slavery  by  the  Federal  government 
was  regarded  as  unconstitutional,  and  a 
bitter  controversy  arose.  Several  deter- 
mined efforts  were  made  in  Congress 


UNION. 


319 


to  pass  a  bill  admitting  Missouri  with- 
out slavery  (1819).  At  length  an 
amendment,  proposed  by  Senator 
Thomas  of  Illinois  (January  iS,  1S20), 
compromised  matters,  by  admitting 
Missouri  as  a  slave  State,  but  prohibit- 
ing the  extension  of  slavery  to  any  other 
State  formed  out  of  the  Louisiana 
purchase  north  of  the  line  that  forms 
the  southern  boundary  of  Missouri 
(36°  30').  This  was  the  celebrated 
Missouri  Compromise  of  1820.  The 
slavery  question  was  slowly  arraying 
the  slave  and  free  States  against  each 
other,  but  the  Missouri  Compromise, 
for  a  time,  settled  all  differences. 


In  the  presidential  election 
that  occurred  towards  the  end 
of  Monroe's  administration 
(1824),  there  was  but  one 
political  party  to  place  candi- 
dates in  the  field.  John 
Quincy  Adams  of  Massachu- 
setts, Henry  Clay  of  Ken- 
tucky, Andrew  Jackson  of 
Tennessee,  and  William  H. 
Crawford  of  Georgia  were 
voted  for.  The  military  prestige  of  Jackson  had  rendered 
him  a  great  favorite  with  the  people, 
and  he  received  a  greater  number  of 
electoral  votes  than  any  of  the  other 
candidates,  but  not  sufficient  to  elect 
him.  The  choice  of  a  president, 
therefore,  fell  to  Congress.  Adams, 
a  minority  candidate,  was  chosen, 
chiefly  through  the  influence  of  Clay. 

The  result  of  the  election  occasioned  much  ill-feeling,  and 
friends  of  the  defeated  candidates  accused  Clay  of  having 
made  a  corrupt  bargain  with  the  successful  one.  Clay's 
appointment  to  the  highest  office  within  the  gift  of  the  new 
president  gave  a  semblance  of  truth  to  the  accusation,  but 
ample  testimony  has  since  proved  he  was  thoroughly  con- 
scientious and  disinterested  in  his  support  of  Adams. 

The  principal  events  of  John  Quincy  Adams'  administra- 
tion were  the  deaths  of  John  Adams  and  Thomas  Jefferson, 
both  occurring  on  the  4th  of  July  (1826);  the  treaty  with 
the  Creeks,  by  which  much  valuable  land  in  West  Georgia 
was  relinquished  by  its  Indian  occupants,  who  were  removed 
beyond  the   Mississippi   (1826);    the   building  of  the   first 


JOHN    QUINCY    ADAMS. 


320  PERIOD    OF    INDEPENDENCE. 

railways  at  Quincy,  Mass.,  and  Albany,  N.  Y.  (1827),  on 
which  cars  were  propelled  by  horse  power;  and  the  passage 
of  the  high  tariff  measures  of  1828. 

The  popularity  of  Jackson  had  steadily  increased  since 
his  defeat  in  the  election  of  1824.  The  selection  of  Adams, 
and  the  manner  of  his  election  had  caused  general  dis- 
satisfaction. The  party  to  which  both  belonged  soon 
became  divided.  Those  who  supported  Jackson  retained 
the  name  of  Democratic-Republicans.  Those  who  supported 
Adams  for  reelection  were  known  as  National  Republicans. 
Jackson  was  elected,  and  with  him  was  chosen  as  Vice- 
President,  John  C.  Calhoun,  of  South  Carolina. 

QUESTIONS. 

What  were  the  principal  events  of  Madison's  administration?  By  whom 
was  he  succeeded?  What  do  you  know  of  the  Era  of  Good  Feeling?  What 
were  the  principal  events  of  Monroe's  administration?  What  do  you  know 
of  the  Seminole  War?  Jackson's  invasion  of  Florida?  What  do  you 
know  of  the  Florida  cession?  Of  the  State  of  West  Florida  ?  Internal  Im- 
provements ?  Who  were  "  Loose  Constructionists"?  What  do  you  know 
of  the  "Monroe  Doctrine"?  What  States  were  admitted  while  Monroe 
was  President?  What  controversy  arose  in  connection  with  the  admission 
of  Missouri?  What  do  you  know  of  the  "  Missouri  Compromise"?  What 
do  you  know  of  Lafayette's  visit  to  this  country?  First  steamship?  What 
candidates  were  voted  for  in  the  election  of  1824?  What  do  you  know 
of  the  result  of  this  election?  What  was  the  so-called  Clay  bargain? 
What  were  the  principal  events  of  John  Quincy  Adams'  administration  ? 
What  do  you  know  of  the  Creek  treaty?  First  railroad?  How  many 
terms  did  Adams  serve?  Who  succeeded  him?  What  do  you  know  of  the 
rise  of  the  National  Republican  party? 


UNION. 


321 


BLACKBOARD    FORM 


PRINCIPAL  EVENTS. 


James 
Madison. 


CO 


James 
Monroe, 


1809 
18/i 


1812 

1813 
1814 

18I5< 
il8l6< 


18171 
18181 
1819 

!820 


1821 
1823 


Inauguration. 

Shawnee  War. 

Louisiana  Admitted  {April  8). 

War  with  England  {Declared  June  14). 

DEMOCRATIC- j JAMES  MADISON. 

REPUBLICANS)  ELDRiDGE  GERRY. 
Presidential  Election  {  ),     ,„__,.  „ 

be  Witt  Clinton. 

Federalist <    ,       .  .  ,, 

I  dared  lngerso/1. 

Creek  War. 

Washington  Burned  {August  24). 

Hartford  Convention  {December  15). 

Treaty  of  Ghent  {December  24). 

Battle  of  New  Orleans  {January  8). 

War  with  Algiers. 

Indiana  Admitted  {December  II). 

DEMOCRATIC- j  ^MES  MONROE. 
REPUBLICANS]  DANIEL  D.    TOMPKINS. 

Presidential  Election  {  )  „  _     „, 

J  Rufus  King. 
I  John   Howard. 

Inauguration. 

Mississippi  Admitted  (December  10). 

Jackson  's  Invasion  of  Florida. 
Illinois  Admitted  {December  3). 
Florida  Purchased  {February  22). 
First  Steamship. 
Alabama  Admitted  {Dec.  14). 
Maine  Admitted  {March  15). 

(  DEMOCRATIC- j  JAMES  MONROE. 

I  REPUBLICANS  !  DANIEL  D.  TOMPKINS. 

Presidential  Election  < 

Federalists No  Candidates. 

Missouri  Admitted  {August  10). 
Monroe  Doctrine  Formulated. 

j  Andrew  Jackson. 

JOHN  QUINCY  ADAMS. 

William   H.   Crawford. 

Henry  Clay. 


J 824     Presidential  Election  {Candidates)- 


John  Quincy 
Adams. 

(Mass.) 


1825 
I826{ 

1827 

r 
1828) 


(July  4): 


Inauguration. 
Creek  Treaty. 

faafh  nf  I  ^ohn  Adams 

\  Thomas  Jefferson 

First  Railway. 

High  Tariff  Act. 

f  DEMOCRATIC   (ANDREW  JACKSON. 
I  CANDIDATES.\JOHN  C.   CALHOUN. 
Presidential  Election  \         Ngtional        (  John  Quincy  Adams. 
[      Republican    ^  Richard  Rush. 


322  PERIOD    OF    INDEPENDENCE. 

CHAPJER  VlII. 

The   Rise  of   Modern   Political   Methods. 

The  accession  of  Andrew  Jackson  to  the  presidency 
marked  an  era  in  the  political  history  of  the  United  States. 
The  eight  years  during  which  he  served  were  years  of  un- 
usual prosperity  to  the  country,  and  two  new  States  were 
added  to  the  Union.  These  were  Arkansas  (June  15,  1836) 
and  Michigan  (January  26,  1837).  The  development  of  the 
West  was  rapidly  progressing.  Inventions  and  improve- 
ments were  contributing  to  the  general  advancement.  Steam 
was  applied  to  railroads  (1831),  and  with  the  application 
there  sprang  up  the  gigantic  railway  system  of  the  present 
—  _  _,  day.  The  screw 

propeller  w  a  s 
invented  by 
Captain    John 

EARLY  AMERICAN   RAILROAD  TRAIN.  ~p*       j>      f    C    S     S     O     N 

(1836),  and  by  means  of  this  invention  ocean  commerce 
has  been  revolutionized.  McCormick's  Reaper,  one  of  the 
greatest  labor-saving  agricultural  implements  ever  invented, 
was  devised  (1834),  rendering  possible  the  cultivation  of 
larger  fields  of  grain  and  breadstuff's,  and  thereby  building 
up  the  great  agricultural  interests  of  the  Northwest.  Im- 
migrants from  Europe  were  pouring  steadily  into  the 
country,  and  the  population  of  the  United  States  had 
increased  to  thirteen  millions.  By  1835  tne  public  debt 
incurred  by  the  war  of  181 2  was  paid   in  full. 

The  tide  of  population  flowing  towards  the  Northwest 
again  encountered  a  savage  check;  this  time  at  the  hands 
of  the  Sac  and  Fox  Indians  of  Wisconsin.  These  Indians, 
after  ceding  their  territory,  had  declined  to  give  it  up,  and 
under  a  celebrated  chieftain  named  Black  Hawk,  resisted  the 


UNION.  323 

encroachments    of     the     whites.    (1832). 

Black    Hawk    was    defeated    and    taken 

prisoner    by    Generals    Atkinson    and 

Scott,  and  the  Indians  were  removed  west 

of   the  Mississippi.     The   Indians  of  the 

South    also   became   troublesome.        The 

Cherokees  of  Georgia  had    by  this  time 

attained    to    some  degree  of  civilization; 

but    complications     arose     between    them  Black~ha^ 

and  the  State  government,  and  it  became  necessary  for  the 

United  States  Government  to  adjust  the  difficulty.        This 

was  done  by  the  payment    of    five    million    dollars    to    the 

Cherokees,    who    relinquished     their     lands    and     removed 

(  i837-'8)  to  a  region  beyond  the  Mississippi,  that  had  already 

been  organized  (1834)  as  the  Indian  Territory. 

It  was  attempted  to  remove  the  Seminoles  to  this  region ; 
but  these  Indians  resisted  so  violently  that  war  ensued  and 
lasted  for  four  years.  The  hostiles  were  led  by  Micanopy  and 
Osceola.  Among  the  atrocities  perpetrated  were  the  mas- 
sacre of  Major  Dade  with  one  hundred  and  seventeen  men, 
and  the  murder  of  General  Thompson.  During  the  course 
of  the  war  the  Indians  were  defeated  by  General  Clinch, 
near  the  Withlacoochie  (December  31,  1835);  Dy  General 
Gaines,  near  the  same  spot  (February  29,  1836);  by  Gov- 
ernor Call  in  the  Wahoo  Swamp,  not  far  from  Tampa  Bay 
(October,  1836),  and  by  Colonel  Zaciiary  Taylor,  near 
Okeechobee  Lake  in  the  Everglades.  In  this  last  battle  the 
defeat  was  so  crushing  that  nothing  remained  but  to  hunt 
down  the  different  bands  of  Indians  that  scattered  them- 
selves through  the  swamp.  Osceola  died  a  prisoner  at  Fort 
Moultrie,  and  many  of  the  Seminoles  wrere  finally  removed. 

Although  Jackson's  administration  was  marked  by  the  in- 
creased prosperity  of  the  country,  it  was  remarkable  for  the 


324 


PERIOD    OF    INDEPENDENCE. 


many  heated  contests  in  which  the  President  was  engaged. 
The  President  of  the  United  States  and  the  party  to  which 
he  belongs  are  held  responsible  to  the  American  people  for 
the  proper  administration  of  affairs.  In  order  that  the  policy 
of  an  administration  be  efficiently  carried  out,  it  is  necessary 
that  the  leading  officials  of  the  government  be  in  full  accord 
and  of  the  same  party  with  the  chief  executive.  Jackson  was 
the  first  President  to  recognize 
this  principle.  Those  who  pre- 
ceded him  had  made  but  few 
removals  from  office.  The  con- 
troversies in  which  Jackson 
was  engaged  during  his  ad- 
ministration made 
it  absolutely  neces- 
sary that  he  sur- 
round himself  with 
advisers  and  subor- 
dinates upon  whom 
he  could  place  per- 
fect  dependence. 
Consequently  he  deposed  from 
office  many  government  em- 
ployes who  had  been  appointed 
by  his  predecessor.  Every 
President  since  has  adhered  to 
this  principle.  In  opposition, 
what  are  termed  the  Civil  Service  Reform  measures  of  the 
present  day  have  been  instituted,  whereby  appointments  to 
minor  offices  are  sought  to  be  determined  by  fitness  as  ascer- 
tained by  Civil  Service  Examinations,  held  at  regular  inter- 
vals in  various  parts  of  the  country. 

QUESTIONS. 
What  was  the  condition  oi  the  country  during  Jackson's  administration? 
What  can  you  say  of  the  Western  States?     Inventions  and  improvements? 
What  resulted  from  the  application  of  steam  to  railroads?     What  do  you 


ANDREW    JACKSON 


The  Bank  oi  the  United  States. 
A  second  National  Bank,  similar  to 
the  one  designed  by  Hamilton,  had 
been  established  at  Philadelphia  under 
a  charter  for  twenty  years  (1S16).  Its 
capital  stock  was  thirty-five  million 
dollars,  of  which  amount  the  United 
States  Government  held  seven  million 
dollars.  It  had  branch  in- 
S'.itutions  at  different  points, 
and  its  purpose  was  to 
regulate  the  currency  and 
serve  as  the  fiscal  agent  of 
the  government.  At  first  its 
affairs  were  badly  managed, 
but  LANGDON  Curves  of  | 
South  Carolina  becoming 
President  of  the  Board  of 
Directors  (1S19),  it  attained 
in  the  three  years  of  his  in- 
cumbency a  condition  of  sta- 
bility and  usefulness, 
In  1S32  the  question  of  renewing  the 
Bank  charter  came  up  in  Congress.  A 
bill  favoring  it  was  passed,  but  the 
President  vetoed  it.  The  veto  was  1 
sustained.  In  1S36  the  charter  expired, 
and  the  funds  belonging  to  the  United 
States  were  distributed  among  several 
State  banks. 


UNION.  325 

Jtnow  of  the  screw  propeller?  McCormick's  Reaper?  Increase  of  popula- 
tion? What  Indians  obstructed  the  tide  of  Northwestern  emigration? 
What  do  you  know  of  Black  Hawk's  War?  What  Southern  Indians  became 
troublesome?  How  were  the  difficulties  with  the  Cherokees  adjusted? 
What  do  you  know  of  the  Seminole  War?  Dade?  What  do  you  know 
of  the  United  States  Bank  ?  What  useful  purpose  did  it  serve  ?  For  what  is 
Jackson's  administration  remarkable  ?  What  political  principle  did  Jack- 
son recognize?  What  of  the  Civil  Service  Reform  measures  of  the  present 
day? 

CHAPTER  IX. 

The   American   System. 

The  most  important  of  the  political  controversies  that 
characterized  Jackson's  administration,  was  that  which 
arose  between  the  government  of  the  United  States  and 
the  State  of  South  Carolina.  It  was  occasioned  by  the 
measures  adopted  by  this  State  to  nullify  what  to  her  was  an 
oppressive  and  extortionate  tariff  act  passed  by  Congress  in 
1832.  Before  we  consider  this  controversy  let  us  understand 
something  of  the  nature  of  a  tariff. 

Every  citizen  is  interested  in  the  maintenance  of  a  good 
government,  and  should  contribute  to  its  support  in  propor- 
tion to  his  means.  To  this  end  he  pays  taxes,  and  the 
manner  in  which  a  government  levies  these  taxes  is  either 
direct  or  indirect.  The  former  is  that  employed  by  local 
and  State  government;  the  latter  is  that  by  which  the  Federal 
Government  derives  most  of  its  revenues. 

The  principal  method  of  taxing  indirectly  is  by  levying  a 
tariff  upon  imports,  collected  by  customs  officers  at  what 
are  called  ports  of  entry.  When  a  tariff  is  levied  solely  for 
the  support  of  the  government  it  is  called  a  Tariff  for 
Revenue.  Thus,  if  a  tariff  of  twenty-five  cents  be  levied  on 
a  yard  of  cloth  sold  for  one  dollar  in  England,  its  selling 
price,  when  imported  to  this  country,  is  increased  to  one 
dollar  and  twenty-five   cents,   and  the   citizen  who  buvs  it 


326 


PERIOD    OF    INDEPENDENCE. 


practically  pays  one  dollar  for 
the  cloth  and  twenty-five  cents 
tax  to  the  general  government. 

A  tariff  upon  foreign  goods, 
besides  yielding  revenue  to 
the  government,  may  encour- 
age incidentally  the  manufac- 
ture of  such  goods  at  home; 
for  if  the  cost  of  production 
be  the  same  at  home  and 
abroad,  the  domestic  manu- 
facturer is  enabled  either  to 
undersell  his  foreign  compet- 
itor in  the  American  market, 
or  to  sell  at  the  same  price  and 
increase  his  profits  to  the 
amount  of  the  tariff  that  the 
foreign  maker  is  compelled  to 
pay  to  pass  his  goods  into  this 
country.  When  a  tariff  is 
levied  solely  for  the  encour- 
agement of  American  manu- 
factures, it  is  called  a  Pro- 
tective Tariff,  and  the 
American  industry  in  whose 
favor  a  discrimination  is  made 
against  foreign  competition  is 
said  to  be  protected. 

England  has  always  been 
one  of  the  greatest  of  manufac- 
turing nations,  and  her  goods 
are  to  be  found  in  every  market 
of  the  world.      We  have  seen 


Tariff  Classification. 

Originally  instituted  us  a  means  of 
revenue,  it  has  come  to  be  considered 
that  tariff  may  have  for  its  object  either 
revenue  or  protection.  Strictly  speak- 
ing, a  tariff  for  revenue  can  be  levied 
only  upon  such  goods  and  materials  as 
are  not  produced  in  this  country  ;  other- 
wise protection  will  form  an  incidental 
feature  of  it.  A  tariff  whose  sole  ob- 
ject is  protection  must  be  high  enough 
to  render  unprofitable  the  importation 
of  such  goods  as  compete  with  those  of 
domestic  make  ;  otherwise  there  will  be 
incidental  revenue.  Sheet-tin  is  not 
manufactured  in  this  country,  there- 
fore, the  tariff  upon  it  is  purely  a  rev- 
enue one;  but  the  duty  on  stamped 
or  manufactured  tinware  is  so  high  as 
to  prohibit  importation,  and  is,  there- 
fore, a  strictly  protective  tariff.  Sugar 
is  imported  in  large  quantities.  It  is 
also  manufactured  in  this  country  to  a 
limited  extent.  The  tariff  on  sugar  is, 
therefore,  one  for  revenue  with  inci- 
dental protection.  The  import  tax  on 
manufactured  iron  is  comparatively 
high,  but  not  too  high  to  prevent  im- 
portation whenever  the  demand  for  it 
is  greater  than  home  production.  The 
tariff  on  iron  is,  therefore,  a  tariff  for 
protection  with  incidental  revenue. 
According  to  the  object  they  subserve 
tariffs  may  be  classified- then  under 
four  headings:  Tariff  for  Rev- 
enue; Tariff  for  Revenue,  with 
Incidental  Protection;  Tariff 
for  Protection;  and  Tariff  for 
Protection,  with  Incidental 
Revenue. 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  largest 
revenue  to  the  government  from  tariff 
is  derivable  from  the  duty  on  goods 
not  manufactured  in  this  country,  and 
largely  imported,  embracing  luxuries 
and  articles  not  producible  here.  On 
the  other  hand,  the  principal  articles 
of  necessity  are  made  here,  and  they 
are  generally  protected — resulting  in 
small  importations  and  consequent 
decrease  in  revenue  to  the  government. 
The  practical  application  of  these  two 
principles  is  the  difference  existing 
between  the  two  great  political  parties 
of  the  present  day:  one  claiming  that 
high  tariff  on  articles  of  necessity  is  a 
tax  and  burden  on  the  people  individ- 
ually, the  other  insisting  it  is  a  benefit 
to  the  country  at  large  and  therefore 
to  the  people  as  a  whole. 


UNION* 


327 


Development   of    Cotton   Manu- 
factures. 

The  invention  of  cotton  spinning  by 
machinery  had  been,  to  a  great  extent, 
perfected  in  England  by  Arkwright 
and  Ilargreaves.  Several  attempts  to 
introduce  improved  machinery  into 
the  United  States  and  establish  the 
cotton  manufacturing  industry  failed. 
One  of  these  was  made  as  early  as 
17^7  at  Beverly,  Mass.  Pawtucket, 
R.  I.,  secured  the  services  of  Samuel 
Slater,  a  skilled  machinist,  who,  in 
171)9,  established  there  the  first  success- 
ful cotton  in ili.  In  1S03  there  were 
lour  in  operation. 

Eleven  million  dollars  of  English- 
made  cotton  goods  were  being  import- 
ed annually  into  this  country,  when 
commercial  intercourse  with  Great 
Britain  was  cut  off  (1S0S).  The  year 
following  the  number  of  American 
mills  in  operation  suddenly  sprang  to 
?ixty-two.  The  mills  first  established 
only  spun  cotton.  Weaving  was  done 
by  hand.  In  1S14  Lowell  devised  an 
improved  power  loom,  and  an  impetus 
greater  than  ever  was  given  to  the 
cotton  industry.  Manufacturing  towns 
rapidly  arose  and  became  centers  of 
population.  One  of  the  most  important 
of  these  was  built  on  the  Merimac 
River,  and  named  after  the  inventor  of 
the  power  loom. 

The  rapid  growth  of  cotton  manufac- 
tures was  rendered  possible  only  by  a 
proportionate  increase  in  the  supply  of 
raw  cotton  from  the  South.  Eli 
Whitney  had  given  to  the  world  his 
great  invention  of  the  cotton  gin 
(1797),  and  the  fleecy  staple  was  rapidly 
becoming  the  most  valuable  agricul- 
tural product  of  the  country.  Thus  was 
an  inter- dependence  established  be- 
tween the  industrial  prosperity  of  both 
sections.  Both  advanced  steadily,  and 
all  was  harmony  until  the  govern- 
mental policy  was  instituted  to  en- 
courage and  foster  the  interests  of 
the  manufacturing  section  at  the  ex- 
pense of  the  agricultural.  Ill-feeling 
and  strife  then  was  the  natural  result. 


how  her  policy  had  system- 
atically discouraged  manufac- 
turing enterprises  in  her 
American  dependencies. 
Long  after  the  Revolution,  the 
United  States  felt  the  effects 
of  this  early  discouragement, 
and  up  to  the  year  of  1807  was 
wholly  dependent  upon  Eng- 
land for  many  of  those  pro- 
ducts of  industry  that  go  to 
make  up  the 
necessaries, 
comforts, 
and  conven- 
iences of 
life. 

The  non- 
intercourse 
policy  of  the 

United  States  Government, 
prior  to  and  during  the  War  of 
181 2,  demonstrated  how  in- 
convenient was  this  industrial 
dependence.  With  the  exclu- 
sion of  English  goods  from 
American  markets,  domestic 
manufactures  arose.  The 
commercial  interferences  of 
France  and  England  had 
rendered  the  investment  of 
American  capital  in  shipping 
and  foreign  commerce  of  doubtful  profit.      Hence  this  capital 


ELI    WHITNEY. 


328 


PERIOD    OF    INDEPENDENCE. 


A    NEW    ENGLAND    FACTORY 


sought  other  channels,  and  that  section  whose  principal 
interest  had  been  commerce,  now  turned  its  attention  to 
manufactures. 

At  the  close  of  the  War  of  1812  commercial  relations 
with  England  were  resumed.  Years  of  manufacturing  ex- 
perience had  given  to  English  goods  and  wares  a  cheapness 
and  finish  that  American  enterprise  had  not  yet  attained. 
English  goods  flooded  the  American  markets,  and  domestic 
manufactures,  then  in  the  first  stages  of  growth,  found  it 
difficult  to  withstand  foreign  competition.  The  industrial 
development  of  New  England  was  arrested.  Mills  stopped 
work;   labor  became  idle,  and  capital  was  unemployed. 

It  is  good  that  a  country  should  be  industrially  independ- 
ent.    Many  realized  this,  and  the  idea  took  shape  to  place 


UNION. 


329 


The  American  System  of  Protection. 
Henry  Clay  was  the  leading  advocate 
of  these  measures.  The  dominant  idea 
!  of  this  great  statesman 
seemed  to  he  that  the  Fed- 
eral Government  should  pro- 
mote the  general  welfare. 
The  construction  of  internal 
improvements  and  the  en- 
couragement of  domestic 
manufactures  he  held  to  he 
within  its  province.  Pro- 
tective tariff  measures  were 
passed  by  Congress  chiefly 
through  his  eloquent  ad- 
vocacy of  them.  His  pro- 
tective policy  has  come  to 
be  known  as  The  American 
System. 


American  manufactures  upon  a  firm  basis,  so  that  the  United 
States  might  attain  this  independence.  The  feeling  to  pro- 
tect Infant  American  Industries  steadily  gained  ground. 
The  protective  principle  was  slightly  recognized  in  the  tariff 
act  of  18 16 — a  revenue  measure  rendered  necessary  by  the 
public  debt  incurred  in  the  War  of   1812.     In   1824  a  tariff 

act  was  passed  that  was  pro- 
nouncedly    protective     in    its 
features,  as    were 
also  acts  passed    in 
1828  and  1832. 

These  protective 
tariff  measures  were 
not  popular  in  those 
sections  of  the 
country  devoted  to 
agriculture.  The 
increase  of  prices  caused  by 
high  tariff  seemed  to  the  peo- 
ple of  these  sections  extortionate.  There  was  no  logic,  to 
them,  in  the  idea  that  the  general  welfare  of  the  country  was 
promoted  by  building  up  the  interests  of  one  section  at  the 
expense  of  another.  The  cotton  gin  and  slave  labor  had 
made  the  South  already  industrially  independent,  for  south- 
ern cotton  had  no  competitors,  and  was  everywhere  in 
demand.  In  return  for  much  of  this  cotton  they  received 
manufactured  goods  from  several  countries,  and  the  South- 
ern people  held  it  to  be  unjust  that  they  should  be  forced  to 
pay  the  exorbitant  prices  that  a  high  tariff  imposes,  for  no 
other  reason  than  that  a  distant  section  might  be  benefited. 
Protest  after  protest  went  forth,  all  of  which  were  ignored. 
When  the  tariff  act  of  1832  was  passed,  the  State  of 
South  Carolina  determined  to  oppose  its  enforcement.     She 


HENRY    CLAY 


33° 


PERIOD    OF    INDEPENDENCE. 


considered  herself  a  sovereign  State,   and   she  was  one  of 
the  original  parties  to  the  con- 
stitutional compact.      She  had 
delegated    certain    specified 
powers    to   the  Federal    Gov- 
ernment, no  one  of  which,  in 
her  opinion,  was  the  power  to 
levy     a     protective     tariff. 
When,  therefore,  the  general 
government  assumed  this  un- 
delegated    power, 
it     only     remained 
for  her  to  set  aside 
its  obnoxious  mea- 
sures   and    render 
them  inoperative  as 
far  as  her  own  ter- 
ritory was  concern-  J 
ed.      A  convention  I 
was  held  (Novem- 
ber, 1832)  and  a  Nullifica- 
tion Ordinance  adopted,  de- 
claring the  tariff  law  null  and 
void,  and  forbidding  the  col- 
lection of   duties   at  any  port 
in  the  State. 

In  taking  his  office  the  Pres- 
ident had  sworn  to  execute 
the  laws  of  the  United  States.  With  his  characteristic  firm- 
ness, Jackson,  though  personally  opposed  to  a  high  tariff, 
proceeded  to  overcome  the  opposition  to  the  authority  of  the 
Federal  Government.  The  attitude  of  South  Carolina, 
however,  was  a  determined  one,  and  preparations  were  made 


JOHN    C.    CALHOUN 


Secession  and  Nullification. 
The  idea  generally  prevailed  that 
the  Union  was  a  compact  between 
sovereign  States,  and  that  each  had  a 
right  to  withdraw  from  the  compact 
for  good  and  sufficient  cause.  The 
utterances  of  the  great  men  whose 
labors  and  eloquence  secured  the 
adoption  of  the  Constitution;  the 
Kentucky  and  Virginia  Resolutions; 
the  acts  and  deeds  of  the  New  England 
Federalists,  particularly  those  legisla- 
tive enactments  of  Massachusetts  and 
Connecticut  leading  up  to  the  Hart- 
ford Convention ;  all  testify 
how  generally  this  opinion 
prevailed.  But  national 
pride  and  love  of  the  Union 
had  been  growing  in 
strength,  and  a  school  of 
patriotic  statesmen  arose, 
led  by  John  C  Calhoun  of 
South  Carolina,  who 
sought  a  remedy  other 
than  secession  when  the 
compact  was  broken  in  re- 
L  gard  to  any  one  State. 
f  These  statesmen  held  that 
a  State  could  NULLIFY 
any  law  passed  by  Con- 
gress, if,  in  its  opinion,  the 
Federal  Government  under  cover  ot 
this  law  assumed  powers  not  delegated 
to  it  by  the  Constitution.  The  Con- 
stitution specifies  the  right  of  Congress 
to  levy  a  tariff  for  revenue,  but  makes 
no  mention  of  a  tariff  for  protection. 
Therefore,  South  Carolina,  perceiving 
how  oppressively  a  high  protective 
tariff  was  bearing  upon  her  interest, 
chose  what  to  her  appeared  to  be  the 
best  remedy  for  her  grievance — that  of 
nullification. 


UNION.  331 

to  resist  force  with  force.  For  a  time  it  appeared  as  if  a 
bloody  conflict  would  ensue,  but  before  such  a  catas- 
trophe was  precipitated,  Henry  Clay  came  forward  and  intro- 
duced a  compromise  measure  into  Congress.  It  was  sup- 
ported by  Calhoun,  and  became  a  law  (1833).  New  England 
strenuously  opposed  a  repeal  of  the  tariff;  South  Carolina 
was  opposed  to  its  enforcement.  The  compromise  provided 
for  a  gradual  reduction  of  duties,  which  satisfied  both. 
South  Carolina  then  repealed  the  Ordinance  of  Nullification, 
and  tranquillity  was  restored  without  the  sacrifice  of  a  prin- 
ciple on  the  part  of  either  side. 

QUESTIONS. 

What  was  the  greatest  political  controversy  of  Jackson's  administration  ? 
In  what  is  every  citizen  interested?  In  what  ways  may  taxes  be  levied? 
What  is  the  principal  method  of  indirect  taxation?  What  is  a  tariff  for 
revenue?  For  protection?  Illustrate.  What  effect  has  a  tariff  upon 
domestic  manufactures?  When  is  an  industry  said  to  be  protected?  What 
circumstances  led  to  the  industrial  dependence  of  the  United  States?  Under 
what  four  headings  may  Tariff  be  classified  ?  Illustrate  each  ?  What 
difference  of  opinion  exists  between  political  parties  of  the  present  day 
upon  the  subject  of  Tariff  ?  What  caused  American  manufacturing  enter- 
prises to  arise  ?  What  caused  the  transfer  of  capital  from  shipping  to  manu- 
factures? What  do  you  know  of  the  development  of  cotton  manufactures? 
Who  was  Samuel  Slater?  Lowell?  What  marked  the  rapid  development 
of  cotton  manufactures?  How  was  this  development  rendered  possible? 
What  invention  caused  a  great  increase  in  cotton  production?  What  inter- 
dependence was  established?  What  resulted  from  the  resumption  of  com- 
mercial relations  with  England?  What  idea  soon  took  shape?  Trace  the 
growth  of  the  protective  idea.  What  do  you  know  of  the  American  system  ? 
Why  were  not  protective  tariff  measures  popular  in  the  South?  What 
State  opposed  the  tariff  laws?  Why?  What  do  you  know  of  the  Nulli- 
fication Ordinance  ?  What  idea  upon  secession  generally  prevailed  at  that 
time?  What  testify  to  this?  Why  was  nullification  resorted  to  by  South 
Carolina  rather  than  secession?  Why  did  Jackson  determine  to  enforce 
the  laws  of  the  United  States?  I  low  was  a  conflict  averted?  What  do  you 
know  of  Clay's  Compromise  of  1833  ? 


332 


PERIOD    OF    INDEPENDENCE. 

BLACKBOARD   FORM. 


ANDREW 
JACKSON, 

(  Tenn. ) 


PRINCIPAL  EVENTS.— ADMINISTRATION  OF 

'  1829    Inauguration. 

(Black  Hawk  War. 
Bank  Charter  Vetoed. 
Tariff  Act. 
1832s  Nullification  Controversy. 

j  Democratic  C. 

Presidential  Election.  < 

National 
I    Republican   ( 

jooof  Clay  s  Tariff  Compromise. 

\  First  American  Locomotive. 
1884    McCormick  's  Reaper. 
1835    Seminole  War. 

Screw  Propeller  Invented. 
Arkansas  Admitted,  (June  15). 
{Michigan  Admitted,  (January  26). 
183/1 

{ Presidential  Election 


ANDREW  JACKSON. 
MARJiN  VAN  BUR  EN, 
Henry  Clay. 
John  Sergeant  j 


1836 


Democratic    Of 

National 
Republican  C. 
'Whig). 


{ma 
\r. 


MARTIN  VAN  BUREN. 
H.   JOHNSON. 
{  W.   H.   Harrison. 
]^Francis  Granger. 


SEARCH  QUESTIONS. 

Who  was  the  "  Pathfinder  of  the  Rockies  "  ?  What  was  the  Underground  Railroad? 
What  was  "  Wild  Cat  Banking  "  ?  Who  was  Dr.  Whitman  and  what  famous  ride  did 
he  make?  What  was  the  first  telegraphic  message?  When  did  the  saying  "Fifty- 
Four  Forty  or  Fight  "  become  current  and  why  ?  What  two  cabinet  officers  were  killed 
by  a  "peacemaker  "  ?  Who  said  "I  would  rather  be  right  than  President  "  ?  Who 
were  the  "  Locofocos  "  and  why  so  called?  Who  was  "Old  Rough  and  Ready"? 
What  was  the  case  of  Martin  Koszta  ?     What  was  the  "  Know-Nothing  Party, ' '  and  why 

■so  called  ? 

*+— 

PREPARATORY  NOTES. 

TO     CHAPTERS     X,     XI     AND     XII. 

Definition  of  Words. — Predecessor,  culminating,  panic,  stimulus,  policy, 
specie,  ascendancy,  consummated,  memorial,  policy,  compliance,  legacy, 
decisive. 

Pronunciation  of  Names. — Coahuila,  Saltillo,  San  Jacinto,  Conception, 
Colito,  Alamo,  San  Felipe,  Rio  Grande,  Nueces,  Arista,  Palo  Alto,  Resaca- 
de-la-Palma,  Chihuahua,  Santa  Fe,  Los  Angeles,  Monterey,  San  Gabriel, 
Bracito,  Ampudia,  Buena  Vista,  Jalapa,  Puebla,  Contreras,  Chapultepec, 
Cherubusco,  Guadalupe  Hidalgo. 


union.  333 

PARALLEL  READINGS. 

Reference. — McCulloch's  "  Men  and  Measures  of  Half  a  Century,"  Schurz's  "Henry 
Clay,"  Ripley's  "  War  with  Mexico,"  Thrall's  "  History  of  Texas." 

General. — Carr's  "Missouri  "  (Chapter  x),  Collin's  "  Building  of  the  Nation"  (Chapter 
XXXii),  "A  Chapter  of  the  Mexican  War"  (Magazine  of  American  History,  December, 
1SS5),  Whittier's  "Angels  of  Buena  Vista"  (poem). 

Topical. — "  Van  Buren,"  "  The  Mormons,"  "  Sub-Treasury  System,"  "  Texas,"  "  First 
Telegraph,"  "  Gadsden  Purchase,"  "  Texas  Cession,"  "  War  with  Mexico." 

CHAPTER  X. 

The   Panic   of   1837. 

The  political  opponents  of  Jackson  had  come  to  be  known 
as  the  Whig  party.  Although  Henry  Clay  was  the  acknowl- 
edged leader  of  this  party,  yet  his  efforts  in  behalf  of  the 
Compromise  of  1833  had  caused  him  to  lose  the  confidence 
of  many  of  his  followers  who  favored  protection.  It  was 
therefore  deemed  best  to  nominate  William  Henry  Harri- 
son, the  hero  of  Tippecanoe,  as  the  Whig  candidate  for 
President  to  succeed  Jackson. 

The  Jacksonian  or  Democratic  party  nominated  Martin 
Van  Buren  of  New  York.  Van  Buren  had  been  Vice- 
President  during  Jackson's  second 
term,  throughout  which  he  had  enjoy- 
ed the  full  confidence  and  friendship 
of  his  superior.  Van  Buren  was  elected 
(1836),  but  his  administration,  unlike 
that  of  his  predecessor,  was  shortened 
to  one  term.  The  cause  of  this  was 
the  unsatisfactory  state  of  affairs  into 
which  the  country  had  been  placed 
during  the  latter  years  of  Jackson's  administration,  culmi- 
nating in  a  Great  Business  Panic  in  the  second  year  of 
Van  Buren's  term  (1837). 

This  business  panic  was  due  to  a  number  of  causes,  and 
was  far  reaching  in  its  effects.     When  the  funds  were  with- 


MARTIN    VAN    BUREf 


334 


PERIOD    OF    INDEPENDENCE. 


The  Patriot  War. 
A  rebellion  against  the  British  Gov- 
ernment occurred  in  Canada  (1837) 
while  Van  Buren  was  President, 
Many  in  the  United  States  desired  to 
render  assistance  to  the  Canada 
patriots,  but  to  this  the  President  was 
averse,  not  wishing  to  involve  the 
United  States  in  difficulties  through 
any  act  of  its  citizens.  General  Scott 
was  dispatched  to  the  Niagara  frontier, 
where  preparations  were  being  made 
to  transport  a  number  of  Canadian 
sympathizers  to  the  opposite  shore. 
His  arrival  put  a  stop  to  further  pro- 
ceedings. 


drawn  from  the  United  States  Bank  by  Jackson,  they  were 
distributed,  as  we  have  seen,  among  a  number  of  State 
banks.  The  immediate  result 
of  this  distribution  was  a  cheap- 
ening of  money;  for  banks  are 
institutions  whose  business  it 
is  to  loan  money  on  interest. 
Money  became,  therefore, 
plentiful,  and  was  readily 
loaned.  The  business  of  the 
country  increased  rapidly. 
Credit  was  everywhere  given, 
and  many  debts  were  con- 
tracted. ^ 

With  this  artificial  stimulus  given  to  business,  the  number 
of  banks  multiplied.  Many  of  them  were  established  upon 
an  unsound  basis.  Some  were  fraudulent  in  their  business 
methods.  These  banks  issued  notes  and  bills  whose  circu- 
lation greatly  inflated  the  currency  of  the  country.  For  a  time 
everything  was  prosperous,  but  the  crash  soon  came. 

The  buying  of  public  land  and  reserving  it  until  its  natural 
increase  of  value  rendered  sale  of  it  profitable,  was  one  of 
the  speculative  enterprises  engaged  in  by  many.  Govern- 
ment agents  had  been  accepting  bank  bills  in  payment  for 
these  public  lands,  but  Jackson  issued  a  circular  prohibit- 
ing the  acceptance  of  anything  but  specie  in  payment.  The 
gold  and  silver  coin  of  the  country  thus  gradually  found  its 
way  into  the  public  treasury.  Much  of  it  also  went  abroad 
to  pay  for  the  expensive  importations  that  prosperity  and 
suddenly  acquired  riches  had  brought  into  demand. 

The  withdrawal  of  gold  and  silver  from  circulation  ren- 
dered it  impossible  for  many  of  the  banks  to  meet  their 
obligations  or  redeem  their  notes.     They  suspended  specie 


union.  335 

payments  (1837),  and  with  this  suspension,  their  notes  and 
bills  became  as  worthless  as  so  much  paper.  Thousands 
who  held  these  notes  were  ruined. 
Business  men  every-where  went  into 
bankruptcy.  In  New  York  city  alone, 
the  loss  in  the  first  two  months  amount- 
ed to  one  hundred  million  dollars. 
Even  States  were  affected — a  number 
of  them  could  not  pay  their  just  debts ; 
and  the  banks  in  which  the  funds 
of  the  United  States  had  been  placed  on  wluam  henry  harrison. 

deposit,  were  unable  to  return  them  to  the  government. 

Van  Buren  convened  Congress  in  special  session  to  con- 
sider measures  of  relief.  The  Whig  members  advocated 
the  establishment  of  another  United  States  Bank  to  regulate 
the  future  financial  affairs  of  the  country.  The  Democrats 
proposed  instead  a  Sub-Treasury  System,  by  which  the 
collections  of  the  government  were  to  be  made  by  special 
officers,  bonded  by  responsible  men,  and  the  amounts  collected 
were  to  be  deposited,  not  in  banks,  but  in  sub-treasuries. 
Three    years    elapsed    before    this    idea   was    accepted   by 

Congress  (1840),  and  although 
the  law  establishing  this  sys- 
tem was  repealed  by  the  Whigs 
(1841)  upon  their  ascendancy 
to  power,  it  was  reenacted  in 
1846  and  endures  to  this  day. 
The  business  calamities  of 
the  country  brought  no  popu- 
larity to  the  administration,  so 
that  when    a^ain  Van    Buren 


Sub-Treasury  System. 
The  establishment  of  the  United 
States  Sub  -Treasury  System  was 
perhaps  the  greatest  event  of  Van 
Huren's  administration,  for  before 
its  establishment  the  business  of  the 
United  States  Government  was  blended 
with  the  business  of  the  country,  both 
being  conducted  through  the  medium 
of  banks  of  some  kind.  The  financial 
affairs  of  the  government  have  since 
been  kept  separate  and  distinct,  thus 
rendering  their  administration  more  in 
accord  with  the  spirit  and  letter  of  the 
Constitution. 


and   Harrison  were  presented  to  the  people  as  presidential 
candidates  (1840)  the  choice  fell  on  the  latter.     Thus  after 


33$ 


PERIOD    OF    INDEPENDENCE. 


forty  years  of  uninterrupted  control  of  public  affairs  the 
Democratic  party  for  the  first  time  was  compelled  to  give 
place  to  a  successful  opponent. 

Harrison  served  but  little  more  than  a  month,  when  the 
suddenly  died  (April  6,  1841),  and  the  duties  of  his  office 
fell  to  the  Vice-President,  John  Tyeer  of  Virginia 
Although  elected  by  the  Whigs,  Tyler 
was  not  in  full  accord  with  the  princi- 
ples of  that  party,  and  upon  his  ascend- 
ancy to  power  used  the  veto  against  a 
number  of  their  measures.  This  veto 
power  was  directed  particularly  against 
the  establishment  of  another  United 
States  Bank,  and  no  attempt  has  ever 
been  made  in  this  direction  since. 

The  acts  of  the  President  incurred  for  him  the  hostility 
of  his  party,  and  his  administration  was  full  of  minor  con- 
troversies. At  one  time  all  the  members  of  his  cabinet 
resigned,  with  the  exception  of  Daniel  Webster,  his 
Secretary  of  State,  he  remaining  to  conclude  the  Northeast 
Boundary  Treaty  in  progress  of 
negotiation  at  the  time.  The  treaty 
was  successfully  consummated  (1842), 
Lord  Ashburton  acting  for  the  British 
Government,  and  by  it  the  boundaries 
between  the  United  States  and  the 
Canadian  possessions  of  England  were 
satisfactorily  established. 

A  number  of  local  disturbances  occurred  while  Tyler  was 
President.  In  Rhode  Island  an  effort  to  overturn  an  old 
law  that  restricted  the  right  of  voting  to  property  owners, 
resulted  in  what  is  known  as  Dorr's  Rebellion  (1842), 


DANIEL    WEBSTER. 


UNION. 


337 


so  named  from  its  leader.  The  rebellion  was  suppressed 
without  bloodshed,  its  leader  imprisoned,  but  the  principle 
contended  for  was  successfully  and   peaceably   established 

a  few  years  after.  In  New 
York  the  descendants  of  the 
old  Patroons  still  held  the 
great  estates  along  the  Hudson, 
inherited  from  their  ancestors, 
and  had  long  exacted  rents  of 
the  tenants.  Generations  of 
these  tenants  had  occupied  the 
same  land,  and  a  desire  for 
ownership  and  undisturbed 
possession  gained  strength. 
Willing  to  purchase,  they 
refused  to  pay  rent  any  longer, 
and  disturbances  became  so 
frequent  that  the  militia  of  the 
State  was  called  upon  to  pre- 
serve the  peace  (1844). 
These  Patroon  estates  were 
subsequently  divided  up  and 
sold. 

To  succeed  Tyler,  the 
Whigs  nominated  Henry  Clay, 
the  Democrats,  James  K. 
Polk  of  Tennessee.  The 
principal  event  of  the  campaign 
was  the  annexation  of  Texas — the  Whigs  opposing  it,  the 
Democrats  favoring  it.  This  question  will  be  considered 
in  the  next  chapter. 


The  Mormons. 
A  peculiar  religious  sect,  called  the 
Mormons, had  been  founded  by  Joseph 
Smith  of  Manchester,  N.  Y.  (1830). 
Smith  organized  his  first  congregation 
at  Kirtland,  Ohio  (1S31),  and  seven 
years  after  journeyed  westward  and 
e  ;tablished  himself  near  Independence, 
Mo.,  a  region  of  country  to  which 
many  of  his  believers  had  migrated. 
Here  the  practices  of  the  Mormons 
became  so  offensive  to  thei~  neighbors 
that  they  were  compelled  to  leave. 
They  next  established  themselves  in 
Illinois,  where  they  founded  a  city 
named  Nauvoo.  They  lived  here  for 
some  time  undisturbed.  But  troubles 
again  arose,  and  the  arrest  of  Smith 
was  sought.  The  Mormons  prepared  to 
offer  armed  resistance.  At  length 
Smith  surrendered  himself,  and  was 
taken  to  Carthage,  where  he  was  shot 
by  an  excited  mob  (1S44).  Another 
emigration  now  became  necessary, 
and  under  the  leadership  of  Rkigiiam 
Young,  more  than  sixteen  thousand 
crossed  the  western  plains  and  laid  the 
foundation  of  Salt  Lake  City  in  Utah. 
Here  they  have  increased  in  wealth 
and  numbers.  Mormon  missionaries 
visit  remote  rural  districts  of  different 
States,  as  well  as  different  countries  of 
Europe.  Such  converts  as  they  win  to 
their  faith  are  obtained  more  through 
promises  of  material  prosperity  than 
through  conviction  of  the  truth  of 
Mormon  belief.  Mormonism  has  been 
repeatedly  denounced.  Many  of  its 
practices  are  vicious  and  the  United 
States  government  has  made  several 
efforts  to  suppress  its  worse  character- 
istics. These  efforts  have  been  unsuc- 
cessful until  recently. 


133 


PERIOD    OF    INDEPENDENCE. 

BLACKBOARD   FORM. 


PRINCIPAL  EVENTS.— ADMINISTRATION  OF 


VAN  BUREN, 

(/V.   Y.) 


HARRISON, 

{Ohio). 

and 
TYLER, 

{Va.) 


(1836    Inauguration, 

;„„7  J  Business  Panic. 
\        _    [Patriot   War  (Canada). 

1840    Presidential    Election 
184-1    Death  of  Harrison. 


Principal    {  Van  Buren  {Dcm.). 


Candidates   \ 


{HARRISON  {Whig). 


{Dorr's  Rebellion,  (Rhode  Island). 
\  Webster- Ash  burton    Treaty. 
'Anti-Rent   Troubles,    (New   York). 

Mormon   Difficulties,    (Illinois). 

First   Telegraph,    (see  page  343). 

Presidential    Election 


i844{ 


1845 


J      Principal  J 
|  Candidates   | 


Texas  Annexed,    (March  I). 
Florida  Admitted,    March  3). 


JAMES  K.  POLK,{Dem.) 
Henry   Clay,  {Whig). 


QUESTIONS. 

Who  were  the  Whigs?  Who  was  their  acknowledged  leader?  Who  was 
the  Whig  candidate  to  succeed  Jackson?  Why  was  not  Clay  nominated? 
What  do  you  know  of  Van  Buren  ?  To  what  was  the  business  panic  of 
1837  attributable?  What  effect  had  the  distribution  of  the  government 
funds  among  the  State  banks?  What  multiplied  with  this  artificial  stimulus 
to  business?  What  was  the  character  of  some  of  these  banks?  What  was 
one  form  of  speculation  indulged  in?  What  was  the  effect  of  the  "  Specie 
Circular  "  ?  What  two  causes  produced  a  scarcity  of  coin  in  the  currency 
of  the  country?  What  effect  had  the  suspension  of  specie  payments  by  the 
banks?  What  do  you  know  of  the  Sub-Treasury  System?  Patriot  War? 
Who  succeeded  Van  Buren?  What  do  you  know  of  John  Tyler?  What 
measures  did  he  oppose?  What  do  you  know  of  the  "  Webster- Ashburton 
Treaty"?  Dorr's  Rebellion?  Anti-Rent  difficulties?  The  Mormons? 
Who  were  the  candidates  to  succeed  Tyler?  What  was  the  principal  issue 
of  the  campaign  ? 

CHAPTER  XL 


The   Annexation   of   Texas. 
Emigration  from  the  older  States  was  rapidly  peopling  the 
region  west  of  the  Mississippi,   and  at  an  early  day  it  was 


UNION. 


339 


manifestly  the   destiny  of  the  United  States  to  occupy  the 
broad  extent  of  territory  that  she  now  does. 

The  treaty  of  1819  had  defined  the  boundaries  between 
the  territorial  possessions  of  the  United  States  and  those  of 
Spain.*  By  this  treaty  the  United  States  relinquished  all 
claim  to  Texas,  and  Spain,  all  claim 
to  Oregon.  The  claims  of  the  United 
States  to  Texas  were  based  upon  the 
Louisiana  purchase;  those  of  Spain 
to  Oregon,  upon  original  discovery 
and  exploration. 

In  182 1  Mexico  obtained  its  inde- 
pendence, after  eleven  years  of  revo- 
lution. In  1824  it  adopted  a  consti- 
tution similar  to  that  of  the  United 
States,  under  which  a  federal  republic 
was  organized.  Under  this  constitu- 
tion Texas  was  united  with  the  Mexican  State  of  Coahuila, 
south  of  the  Rio  Grande,  although  the  former  had  pre- 
viously existed  as  a  separate  province  with  San  Antonio  as 
capital.     __ 

The  rich  soil  and  delightful  climate  of  Texas  had  early 
attracted  the  attention  of  settlers.  The  policy  of  the 
Mexican  authorities  at  first  was  one  to  encourage  immigra- 
tion. Liberal  grants  of  land  were  made  to  men  called 
Empressarios,  who  contracted  to  locate  a  certain  number 
of  families  upon  the  grant,  somewhat  after  the  manner  of 
the  Patroons  in  the  early  days  of  New  York. 

One  of  the  first  of  these  empressarios  was  Moses  Austin 
of  Missouri;  but  he  dying  before  his  colonization  plans 
were  matured,  the  execution  of  his  contract  fell  to  his 
son,  Stephen  F.  Austin.  Austin  located  three  hun- 
dred families  in  the  region  about  the  Brazos  River  (1821- 


GEN'L    SAM.    HOUSTON. 


*See  Page  317. 


340 


PERIOD    OF    INDEPENDENCE, 


1825)  according  to  the  terms 
of  the  grant,  and  subsequently 
entered  into  and  successfully 
carried  out  three  additional 
enterprises  of  the  same  kind 
(1825-1828).  This  was  the 
beginning  of  an  immigration 
from  the  States  of  the  Union, 
and  by  1830  the  English- 
speaking  residents  numbered 
thirty  thousand. 

The  uniting  of  Texas  and 
Coahuila  into 
one  State  was 
very  unsatis- 
factory to  the 
Americans, 
for  it  removed 
the  capital 
from  San  An- 
tonio to  the  distant  city  of 
Saltillo,  and  gave  the  Mexican 
authorities  of  Coahuila  unlimit- 
ed control  of  Texas  affairs; 
thus  depriving  the  Texans  of 
many  of  those  privileges  of 
self-government  to  which  they 
had  been  accustomed,  and  the 
continued  enjoyment  of  which 
they  had  been  led  to  expect 
under  the  form  of  government 
by  which  Mexico  was  supposed 
to  be  governed. 


The  Texas  Revolution. 

The  Lexington  of  the  Texas  Revolu- 
tion was  the  fight  at  Gonzales  (October, 
1S35)  between  General  Castenado 
and  Colonel  Mooke.  Its  York- 
town  was  San  Jacinto.  It  had  its 
minute  men,  its  committees  of  safety, 
and  its  Declaration  of  Independence. 
Its  heroes  were  Houston,  Fannin, 
Bowie,  Crockett,  Austin,  Milam, 
Tkavis,  Bonham,  and  hundreds  of 
others.  Its  principal  engagements 
besides  those  given  were  Concepcion, 
near  San  Antonio  (October  2S,  1S35); 
capture  of  San  Antonio  (December  5, 
1S35),  and  Colito  (March  19,  1S36)— all 
Texan  victories.  Its  progress  was 
marked  by  two  of  the  darkest  episodes 
that  have  ever  been  chronicled  among 
the  horrors  of  war. 
The  first  of  these 
was  the  fall  of  the 
Alamo  (March  6, 
1S36),  and  theother 
was  the  massacre 
of  brave  Colonel 
Fannin  and  his 
men,  near  Goliad 
(March  26,  1S36). 
After  the  capture 
of  San  Antonio, 
C  o  1  o  n  e  1  W .  B  . 
Travis  and  one 
hundred  and  forty 
men  were  left  in  charge  of  the  chy. 
With  him  were  Bowie,  Crockett  and 
Bonham.  The  approach  of  a  large 
army  under  Santa  Anna  caused  this 
historic  band  to  repair  to  a  pecu- 
liar fortress  nearby,  called  the  Alamo. 
Here  they  were  besieged  by  a  force  of 
four  thousand.  Day  by  day  the  Texans 
sustained  the  siege,  resisting  every 
attack,  and  anxiously  awaiting  rein- 
forcements. At  one  time  they  were 
joined  by  thirty-two  brave  fellows 
from  Goliad,  who  cut  their  way 
through.  The  Mexican  lines  were 
drawn  closer  and  closer,  and  the  can- 
nonading was  unceasing.  The  number 
of  Texans  slowly  dwindled,  as  one  by 
one  the  heroes  fell.  At  last  there  was 
but  a  handful  to  sustain  the  final  attack 
(March  6).     Only   three   persons  sur- 


UNION. 


34 1 


vived,  and  these  by  the  merest  acci- 
dent. Crockett  was  one  of  the  last  to 
fall,  hut  before  he  died  twenty  of  his 
enemies  lay  in  death  around  him.  The 
dead  hodies  of  the  Texans  were  muti- 
lated and  burned. 

Fannin  and  his  men  after  having  re- 
pulsed the  Mexican  General  URRBA 
at  the  battle  of  Colito,  were  surrounded 
by  an  overwhelming  force.  With  no 
chance  of  escape  they  accepted  honor- 
able terms  that  were  offered  them  and 
surrendered.  They  were  taken  to 
Goliad,  where  an  order  from  Santa 
Anna  arrived  for  their  execution.  All 
unsuspectingly  they  were  marched  out 
upon  a  neighboring-  prairie,  and  while 
the  bright  sun  of  a  Palm  Sunday 
morn  shone  kindly  upon  them,  they 
were  shot  down  in  cold  blood  and 
their  bodies  consigned  to  flames. 
Small  wonder  was  it  that  these  atro- 
cities nerved  the  men  of  Houston's 
army  to  deeds  of  prowess.  At  San 
Jacinto  the  battle  cry  was,"  Remember 
the  Alamo!  "  "  Remember  Goliad!  " 
and  when  the  Texan  onslaught  scat- 
tered the  Mexican  forces,  and  pursuit 
of  the  retreating  foe  was  entered  into, 
many  a  Mexican,  realizing  how  little 
was  his  claim  to  mercy,  would  fall  on 
his  knees  when  overtaken,  and  trem- 
blingly repeat,  "Me  no  Alamo!" 
"  Me  no  Goliad  !  " 


A  series  of  oppressions, 
begun  in  1830,  served  to  in- 
crease this  discontent.  Laws 
were  passed  that  in  every  way 
discriminated  against  the 
Americans.  Further  immi- 
gration from  the  United  States 
was  prohibited,  while  immi- 
grants from  other  countries 
were  welcomed  ( 1830).  This 
kept  back  many  relatives  and 
friends  of  those  who  had 
already  come.  Exorbitant 
taxes  wrere  levied,  ports  block- 
aded, and  the  least  manifesta- 
tion of  discontent  wras  followed 
by  the  declaration  of  martial 
lawr. 

A  convention  of  Texans  at 
last  assembled  at  San  Felipe 
(1833),  and  drew  up  a  strong 
memorial  to  the  Mexican  government,  praying  for  a  separa- 
tion from  Coahuila.  Stephen  F.  Austin  bore  this  memorial 
to  Mexico,  but  his  mission  proved  fruitless,  and  returning 
by  way  of  Saltillo  he  was  there  seized  and  remanded  to 
prison  without  trial,  remaining  in  close  confinement  nineteen 
months. 

The  determination  of  the  Texans  soon  changed  from  one 
of  separation  to  one  of  independence.  A  provisional  gov- 
ernment was  organized  (November  12,  1835),  wun  Henry 
Smith  as  Governor,  and  J.  W.  Robertson  as  Lieutenant- 
Governor.  Shortly  after  a  convention  assembled  at  Wash- . 
ington  (Texas)  and  formally  declared  Texas  to  be  a  "  Free, 


342 


FERIOD    OF    INDEPENDENCE. 


Independent  and  Sovereign  Republic"  (March  2,  1836). 
A  constitution  was  prepared,  and  David  G.  Burnet  and 
Lorenzo  de  Zavalea  assumed  the  duties  of  President  and 
Vice-President,  serving  until  the  close  of  the  year,  when  a 
popular  election  was  held,  resulting  in  the  choice  of  General 
Samuel  Houston  and  Mirabeau  B.  Lamar. 

Meanwhile  armed  hostilities  had  been  in  progress  between 
Texas  and  Mexico,  for  Texan  independence  was  won,  as 
American  independence  had  been  won,  by  revolution  and 
force  of  arms.  During  the  war  for  Texan  independence  a 
number  of  battles  were  fought,  in  which  Texan  valor  gained 
the  admiration  of  the  civilized  world.  The  last  and  most 
important  of  these  battles  was  that  of  San  Jacinto  (April 
21,  1836),  in  which  the  Texans 
under  General  Houston,  in  the 
face  of  overwhelming  num- 
bers, won  a  brilliant  victory, 
capturing  Santa  Anna,  the 
Mexican  commander-in-chief. 
A  treaty  with  Santa  Anna  was 
signed   at  Velasco    (May    14, 

1836). 

With  the  establishment  of  its 
independence,  the  desire  of 
Texas  to  enter  the  Union  soon 
manifested  itself.  A  treaty  of 
cession  between  the  Republic 
of  Texas  and  the  United  States 
was  presented  to  the  United 
States  Senate  toward  the  close 
of  Tyler's  administration,  but 
was  by  that  body  rejected  (June  8,  1844).  The  idea  of  Texas 
annexation  was  differently  received  by  the  American  people. 


The    Beginning    of    Sectional 
Inequality. 

The  division  of  the  sections  upon 
the  subject  of  slavery  was  becoming 
every  year  more  and  more  marked. 
Slave  and  free  States  were  rapidly 
growing  distrustful  of  each  other.  In 
numbers  they  were  about  equal,  for 
the  policy  had  been  followed  of  admit- 
ting a  free  State  whenever  a  new  slave 
State  joined  the  Union.  Arkansas  and 
Michigan  (1836)  were  the  last  States 
admitted  under  this  policy. 

With  the  admission  of  Arkansas 
there  remained  but  the  territory  of 
Florida  from  which  to  carve  a  slave 
State,  as  the  Missouri  Compromise  had 
restricted  slavery  to  south  of  the  36° 
30'  parallel,  and  the  region  west  of 
Arkansas  had  been  reserved  to  the 
Indians.  There  still  remained  much 
territory  north  of  the  line  from  which 
to  form  free  States.  So  the  ascendancy 
of  the  North  to  power  was  confidently 
anticipated,  but  was  deferred  by  the 
annexation  of  Texas,  which  restored 
for  the  time  the  balance  between  the 
two  sections. 


UNION, 


343 


JAMES    K.    POLK. 


The  anti-slavery  sentiment  of  the  North  bitterly  opposed 
it.  The  South  was  earnestly  in  favor  of  it.  The  question 
was  introduced  into  the  politics  of  the  country — the  Wh?gs 
opposing,  the  Democrats  favoring.  "Polk  and  Texas" 
and  "  Clay  and  no  Texas"  became  the  campaign  cries  of 
the  presidential  election  of  1844.  The 
result  showed  that  there  were  many  in 
the  North  whose  pride  in  the  growth  of 
our  common  country  was  as  strong  as 
the  desire  of  the  South  to  extend  its 
sectional  limits.  Polk  was  elected,  and, 
in  compliance  with  the  popular  verdict, 
measures  were  framed  by  Congress  to 
annex  Texas ;  one  of  the  last  acts  of  President  Tyler  being 
his  approval  of  the  measures  (March   1,  1845),  and  later  in 

the  year  the  State  was  consti- 
tuted and  admitted  into  the 
Union  (December  29,  1845). 
The  annexation  of  Texas 
involved  the  United  States  in 
a  war  with  Mexico,  which  will 
be  considered  in  another 
chapter.  The  events  connect- 
ed with  this  war  occupied  the 
greater  part  of  the  attention 
of  the  country  while  Polk  was 
President.  During  his  admin- 
istration Iowa  (1846)  and 
Wisconsin  (1848)  were  admit- 
ted into  the  Union,  making 
three    States    in    all.       James 


The  Progress  of  Invention. 
Three  important  inventions  were 
given  to  the  world  within  a  few  years 
of  each  other.  The  first  of  these  was 
the  Electric  Telegraph.  It  was 
invented  by  Professor  S.  F.  P.  Morse, 
who,  after  having  obtained  a  patent 
for  it  (1S37),  Pllt  t'ie  invention  into 
practical  use  by  building  a  line  be- 
tween Paltimore  and  Washington 
(1S44).  In  1S46  Elias  Howe  of  Massa- 
chusetts invented  the  sewing  machine, 
and  in  1S47  R.  M.  Hoe  of  New  York 
the  cylinder  printing  press.  The  value 
of  these  inventions  is  beyond  estimate. 
They  are  among  the  greatest  of  time 
and  labor-saving  devices  ever  designed 
by  man.  More  than  two  hundred 
thousand  miles  of  telegraph  lines  are 
now  in  operation.  The  improvements 
that  have  been  made  to  Hoe's  press 
render  it  now  possible  to  print,  cut, 
pas  e  and  fold  fifty  thousand  sheets  an 
hour. 


Smithson,  an  Englishman,  had  left  a  legacy  to  the  United 
States  for  the  purpose  of  establishing  an  institution  to  aid 


344  PERIOD    OF    INDEPENDENCE. 

in  increasing  and  disseminating  knowledge.  It  was  founded 
while  Polk  was  President  (1846),  and  is  known  as  the 
Smithsonian  Institution.  The  Northwestern,  or  Oregon 
treaty,  was  concluded  during  the  same  year  with  Great 
Britain,  the  parallel  of  forty-nine  degrees  being  decided  upon. 

QUESTIONS. 

What  was  the  "  manifest  destiny  "  of  the  United  States  ?  What  boundaries 
had  the  treaty  of  18 19  defined?  Upon  what  were  the  claims  of  the  United 
States  to  Texas  based?  Of  Spain  to  Oregon?  What  do  you  know  of  Mexi- 
can independence?  How  was  Texas  governed  under  the  Mexican  constitu- 
tion ?  Who  were  Empressarios  ?  What  do  you  know  of  Stephen  F.  Austin  ? 
What  did  the  English-speaking  population  of  Texas  number  in  1830? 
What  causes  for  dissatisfaction  had  the  settlers?  What  resulted  from  this 
dissatisfaction?  What  do  you  know  of  the  Texas  Revolution?  Its  first 
engagement?  Its  heroes?  Its  battles?  What  was  its  greatest  battle? 
What  do  you  know  of  the  Alamo  ?  The  massacre  at  Goliad?  Who  was 
the  provisional  Governor  of  Texas?  President?  Who  was  elected  President 
and  Vice-President  of  the  Texas  Republic?  What  do  you  know  of  the  con- 
vention of  San  Felipe?  Of  that  of  Washington  (Texas)?  When  was  a 
treaty  concluded  with  Santa  Anna?  What  desire  did  Texas  manifest  after 
gaining  independence?  How  was  this  desire  received  by  the  people  of  the 
United  States  ?  What  do  you  know  of  the  beginning  of  Sectional  Inequality  ? 
How  was  the  question  of  Texas  annexation  introduced  into  politics  ?  Who 
favored  it?  Opposed?  What  did  the  election  of  Polk  show?  When  did 
the  President  approve  the  measure  of  annexation?  What  were  the  princi- 
pal events  of  Polk's  administration?  What  do  you  know  of  the  invention 
of  the  sewing  machine?     Telegraph?    Cylinder  printing  press? 

CHAPTER  XII. 

War  With  Mexico. 
The  independence  of  Texas,  though  conceded  by  Santa 
Anna  after  the  battle  of  San  Jacinto,  had  never  been  offi- 
cially recognized  by  the  Mexican  government.  The  annex- 
ation of  this  territory,  therefore,  brought  the  United  States 
into  controversy  with  Mexico;  for  the  latter  country  had  re- 
peatedly declared  her  purpose  to  regard  Texan  annexation 
as  a  cause  of  war. 


union.  345 

Moreover  the  boundary  between  Texas  and  Mexico  was 
in  dispute.  The  former  claimed  the  Rio  Grande  River,  and 
the  latter  the  Nueces,  as  the  line  of  separation.  The 
admission  of  Texas  into  the  Union  rendered  it  incumbent 
upon  the  United  States  to  protect  the  newly  acquired  ter- 
ritory from  any  threatened  invasion.  General  Zachary 
Taylor  was  dispatched  to  the  Rio  Grande,  and  upon 
arriving  there,  erected  Fort  Brown,  opposite  the  Mexican 
city  of  Matamoras  (March  28,  1846). 

Taylor's  occupation  of  the  disputed  territory  was  soon 
resented  by  the  Mexicans.  A  force  crossed  to  the  east  side 
pf  the  river  and  surprised  a  detachment 
of  sixty-three  men  under  Captain 
Thornton,  killing  or  capturing  almost 
the  whole  number  (April  26).  Antici- 
pating further  hostilities,  Taylor  fell 
back  to  Point  Isabel,  to  make  prepara- 
tions. As  he  was  again  advancing  to 
Fort  Brown  he  found  opposing  his 
progress  an  army  of  six  thousand  Mexicans  under  GENERAL 
Arista,  near  Palo  Alto.  An  engagement  followed,  and  the 
Mexicans  were  driven  from  the  field  (May  8).  The  next 
day  another  battle  was  fought  at  Resaca-de-la-Palma,  and 
Taylor  was  again  victorious,  the  Mexicans  retreating  beyond 
the  Rio  Grande. 

When  news  of  the  state  of  affairs  upon  the  southwestern 
frontier  reached  Washington,  war  was  declared  to  be  in 
existence  "by  act  of  Mexico"  (May  11,  1846).  Money 
was  voted  by  Congress,  and  the  President  was  authorized  to 
issue  a  call  for  fifty  thousand  men.  The  position  of  General 
Taylor  was  regarded  as  critical,  and  volunteers  hastened 
forward  to  his  assistance  from  what  were  then  the  South- 
western States. 


GENERAL    ZACHARY    TAYLOR. 


346 


PERIOD    OF    INDEPENDENCE. 


With  the  formal  opening  of  war,  three  distinct  campaigns 
were  planned.  These  were  entrusted  to  Generals  Kear- 
ney, Wool  and  Taylor.  The  first  was  directed  against 
Santa  Fe,  New  Mexico;  the  second  against  Chihuahua;  and 
the  third,  against  the  Mexican  States  south  of  the  Rio 
Grande. 

Kearney's  expedition,  numbering  about  sixteen  hundred 
men,  started  from  Fort  Leavenworth,  Kansas  (June,  1846), 
and  after  journeying  nine  hundred  miles  over  the  old 
"  Santa  Fe  Trail,"  reached  and  took  possession  of  the  New 
Mexican  capital  with  but  little 
opposition  (August  18). 
Leaving  Colonel  Doniphan  in 
command,  Kearney,  after 
organizing  a  territorial  gov- 
ernment for  New  Mexico,  pro- 
ceeded to  California  (Septem- 
ber 25).  Doniphan,  receiving 
reinforcements  from  Missouri 
after  Kearney's  departure, 
determined  to  push  southward. 
Leaving  Colonel  Sterling 
Price  in  command,  he  set  out 
upon  a  memorable  march,  his 
object  being  to  join  Wool  at  Chihuahua  (December  14, 
1846).  Two  battles  were  fought  upon  the  march — Bracito 
(December  25,  1846),  and  Sacramento  Creek  (February  28, 
1847) — in  both  of  which  Doniphan  was  successful  in  the 
face  of  superior  numbers. 

General  Wool  finding  too  many  obstructions  in  his  path, 
had  relinquished  his  designs  upon  Chihuahua,  and  had 
turned  south  to  Saltillo.  Nevertheless  Doniphan  continued 
his  march,  and  the  day  after  the  battle  of  Sacramento  Creek 


Conquest  of  California. 
As  emigration  to  Oregon  had  al- 
ready begun,  Colonel  John  C 
Fremont  of  the  United  States  army 
had  been  engaged  for  some  time  in 
exploring  the  Rocky  Mountains  in 
search  of  a  pass  through  which  emigrant 
trains  could  make  their  way.  Fremont 
turned  south,  and,  hearing  that  war 
had  been  declared  against  Mexico,  he 
determined  to  wrest  California  from 
Mexican  rule.  In  this  he  was  aided 
by  the  American  residents  and  Com- 
modores Stockton  and  Sloat.  San 
Francisco,  Monterey  (Cal.)  and  Los 
Angeles  were  captured  without  much 
opposition,  and  by  the  time  Kearney 
arrived  from  New  Mexico,  the  conquest 
had  been  accomplished.  Early  in  1S47 
the  Mexicans  rose  in  revolt,  but  were 
defeated  in  the  battle  at  San  Gabriel, 
near  Los  Angeles. 


UNION. 


347 


took  possession  of  Chihuahua  (March  i,  1847).  From  this 
point  the  little  army  made  its  way  to  Saltillo,  where  it  arrived 
in  safety,  after  having  had  its  endurance  and  valor  tested  to 
the  utmost  (May  22). 


CAMPAIGN  OF  GEN.  TAYLOR 


General  Taylor's  operations  began  with  the  capture  of 
Matamoras  (May  19,  1846).  From  this  point  he  moved 
westward  upon  Monterey,  and  with  a  much  smaller  force 
compelled  the  Mexican  General  Ampudia  with  ten  thousand 
men  to  surrender  and  evacuate  that  city  (September  24). 
General  Worth,  of  Taylor's  command,  shortly  after  took 
possession  of  Saltillo. 

Taylor  soon  found  himself  confronted  by  the  experienced 
Santa  Anna,  who,  having  collected  an  army  of  twenty 
thousand  men,  confidently  counted  upon  victory,  as  the 
Americans  numbered  but  little  more  than  five  thousand. 
In  view  of  his  greatly  superior  force,  a  battle  seemed  useless 
to  the  Mexican  commander,  and  he  suggested  that  the 
Americans  surrender.  ' *  General  Taylor  never  surrenders, ' ' 
was  the  quiet  answer  made  him. 

The  opposing  forces  met  at  Buena  Vista  (February  23, 
1847).     No    battlefield    was    ever    more    hotly    contested. 


34« 


PERIOD    OF    INDEPENDENCE. 


Several  times  during  the  day  victory  was  within  the  grasp 
of  the  Mexicans.  At  one  of  these  times  the  day  was  saved 
for  the  Americans  by  the  intrepidity  of  Colonel  Jefferson 
Davis  and  his  regiment  of  Mississippi  riflemen ;  at  another  by 
Captain  Braxton  Bragg  and  his  artillery.  Valiant  service 
was  rendered  by  the  Arkansas  and  Kentucky  cavalry  under 


GENERAL    TAYLOR    NEVER    SURRENDERS.1 


Colonels  Yell  and  Marshall.  After  ten  hours  of 
fighting  the  Mexicans  withdrew  from  the  field,  and  by  day- 
light the  next  morning  were  in  full  retreat. 

As  the  war  progressed,  it  was  seen  that  to  be  decisive, 
military  operations  must  be  directed  against  the  Mexican 
capital.  These  operations  were  entrusted  to  General 
Winfield  Scott.  Landing  near  Vera  Cruz,  Scott  attacked 
that  city  with  a  force  of  twelve  thousand,  and  compelled  its 


UNION. 


349 


surrender  (March  27,  1847).  Marching  inland,  he  encoun- 
tered a  large  Mexican  army  under  Santa  Anna  at  Cerro 
Gordo,  and  administered  to  it  a  crushing  defeat  (April  18). 
The  next  day  he  took  possession  of  the  city  of  Jalapa,  from 
which  he  pushed  on  to  the  city  of  Puebla.  Scott  here 
waited  for  reinforcements.  These  soon  arriving,  he  again 
took  up  his  line  of  march  for  the  city  of  Mexico  (August  7). 


On  the   20th   of  August  a  series  of  attacks  upon  the  posi- 
tions  of  the  enemy  were  successfully  executed..    Generals 

Pillow  and  Twiggs  stormed 
Contreras,  driving  the  Mexi- 
can general,  Valencia,  from 
his  fortifications,  and  followed 
up  the  victory  the  same  day  by 
carrying  the  heights  of  Che- 
rubusco,  near  by,  defeating 
Santa  Anna. 

The  next  advance  was  upon 
Chapultepec.  Molino  del 
Rev,  one  of  its  outer  defenses,  was  gallantly  carried  by 
General  Worth  (September  7),  and  shortly  after  the  strongly 
fortified   citadel  of   Chapultepec    itself   was  brilliantly  and 


The  Success  of  Scott's  Army. 
The  defenses  of  the  city  were  many 
in  number,  and  Santa  Anna  was  a 
skilled  and  sagacious  commander,  with 
more  than  thirty  thousand  men  under 
his  direction.  The  successes  of  the 
American  army  were  therefore  remark- 
able, and  were  no  doubt  due  to  the 
great  array  of  military  talent  among 
the  subordinate  officers  in  command, 
many  of  whom  were  to  come  to 
the  front  as  commanding  generals  in 
another  war,  and  win  undying  fame 
by  their  achievements. 


35o 


PERIOD    OF   INDEPENDENCE, 


successfully  stormed  (September  13).     The  next  day  Scott 
entered  the  city  of  Mexico  in  triumph. 

The  Mexican  Government  now  gladly  acceded  to  terms  of 
peace.  The  treaty  was  signed  at  Guadalupe  Hidalgo 
(February  2,  1848).  By  the  terms  of  this  treaty  Mexico 
relinquished  all  claims  to  upper  California  and  New  Mexico, 
accepting  the  Rio  Grande  as  its  northeast  boundary.  In 
consideration  of  this  relinquishment  the  United  States  paid 
fifteen  million  dollars  to  the  Mexican  Government,  and 
assumed  all  debts  due  by  it  to  citizens  of  the  United  States. 

California  had  scarcely 
come  into  possession  of  the 
United  States  when  a  dis- 
covery was  made  that  brought 
a  rush  of  settlers  to  its  terri- 
tory. A  laborer  cutting  a  mill- 
race  for  Captain  Sutter's  mill, 
in  one  of  the  small  branches  of 
the  Sacramento  River,  found 
particles  of  gold  in  the  sand. 
The  news  spread  throughout 
the  country,  and  the  rush  of 
gold-seekers  and  fortune- 
hunters  began.  Those  who 
first  arrived,  alluded  to  them- 
selves with  pride  for  many 
years  after  as  "  Forty-niners ." 
In  1850  San  Francisco  had 
sprung  up  into  a  city  of  fifteen  thousand  inhabitants,  and  in 
the  same  year  the  State  of  California  was  admitted  into  the 
Union. 


The  Texas  Cession  and  the  Gadsden 
Purchase. 
The  territorial  claims  of  Texas  ex- 
tended to  the  Rio  Grande  River  and 
included  much  of  what  is  now  New 
Mexico.  In  1S4S  it  was  attempted  to 
extend  the  jurisdiction  of  Texas  over 
this  newly-acquired  territory.  Officers 
were  appointed  and  sent  to  take  pos- 
session, hut  these  found  the  territory 
already  organized,  for  Kearney  had 
instituted  a  form  of  government  im- 
mediately after  taking  possession  of 
Santa  Fe  (1S46).  A  conflict  of  author- 
ity thus  arose,  but  the  controversy  was 
settled  by  the  payment  of  $10,000,000 
by  the  United  States  (1S50).  Half  of 
this  amount  went  to  liquidate  the  debt 
of  the  old  Republic  of  Texas.  The 
bound  rv  line  established  by  the  Treaty 
of  Guau  '  -oe  Hidalgo  was  so  indefi- 
nite that  a  dispute  arose  between  the 
United  States  and  Mexico  over  the  ter- 
itory  south  of  the  Gila  River.  A  set- 
tlement was  effected  by  the  United 
States  paying  an  additional  ten  million 
dollars  for  the  territory  in  dispute, 
General  Gadsden  effecting  the  pur- 
chase (1S52). 


TERRITORIAL  CHANGES 
1845. 

^After  Texas  Annexation.) 

SCALE   OF   MILE8 
0      100    2<KT~300  400     500 


I-onsritude        10O 


fcNGK«VED  FOR  HANSELL'S  HIGHER  HISTORY  OF  THE  U.  8. 


UNION. 


351 


QUESTIONS. 

What  controversy  arose  with  the  annexation  of  Texas?  What  boundary 
was  in  dispute?  What  do  you  know  of  the  causes  of  the  Mexican  War? 
Taylor's  occupation  ot  the  disputed  territory?  Thornton's  massacre? 
What  two  battles  did  Taylor  fight  before  the  war  was  declared?  What 
campaigns  were  planned  ?  What  do  you  know  of  Kearney's  expedition  ? 
Doniphan's  march?  Conquest  of  California?  What  do  you  know  of 
Taylor's  operations?  Battle  of  Buena  Vista?  Who  particularly  distin- 
guished themselves  in  this  battle?  Who  led  the  expedition  against  the  city 
of  Mexico?  Where  did  it  land?  What  was  its  first  battle?  What  two 
battles  were  fought  in  one  day?  What  two  battles  caused  the  surrender  of 
Mexico?  To  what  was  the  success  of  Scott's  army  in  part  attributable? 
What  do  you  know  of  the  Treaty  of  Guadalupe  Hidalgo  ?  Texas  cession  ? 
Gadsden  purchase?     What  event  led  to  the  rapid  settlement  of  California? 


TOPICAL   OUTLINE. 


Q- 
^ 


Causes 


(Annexation  of  Texas. 
\  Disputed  Territory. 


I  I  Thornton's  Massacre  (April  26,1846). 

1  Mexican  Accessions}  BaWe  of  Pal°  Alt0  ^MaJ  8>  l846">- 
[Mexican  7\t,grcso,ons<  BaWe  of  Resgca  de  ,a  Pg/mg  ^M 

I     9,  1846). 
'Leaves  Leavenworth  {June  ,  1846). 
Arrives  at  Santa  Fe  (August  18,  1846). 
Kearney's    Campaign\  Departs  for  California  (September  25,  1846). 

{  March  begins  (December  14,  1846). 

BaWe  of  Bracito  (December 25,  1846). 
Doniphan's   March  <  Battle  of  Sacramento  (Feb.  28,  1847). 
1  Capture  of  Chihuahua  (March  I,  1847). 

Arrives  at  Saitillo  (May  22,  1847). 


Taylor's  Campaign 


Scott's  Campaign 


(Capture  of  Matamoros  (May  i9,  i846). 
I  Battle  of  Monterey  (September  24,  1846). 
'  Capture  of  Saitillo  (November  15,  1846). 

Battle  of  Buena  Vista  (February  23,  :847). 
(Capture  of  Vara  Cruz  (March  27,  1847). 

Battle  of  Cerro  Gordo  (April  i9,  1847). 

Battles  of [Controras- 


\Cherubusco,)Au^  20,1847. 

Battle  of  Molino  del  Rey  (September  8,  1847). 
Bottle  of  Chapulterec  (September  13,  1847). 
{Capture  of  Mexico  (September  .'4,  1847). 
-Result,  Accession  of  Territory. 


352  PERIOD    OF    INDEPENDENCE. 

CHAPTER  XIIL 

The   Development   of   Sectional   Antagonism. 

The  twelve  years  immediately  following  the  administration 
of  Polk  were  years  leading  up  to  a  crisis  in  American 
affairs.  This  crisis  was  the  terrible  sectional  conflict  known 
as  the  Civil  War,  which  began  in  1861,  lasted  four  years, 
and  resulted  in  the  abolition  of  slavery  and  the  preservation 
of  the  Union  from  the  evils  of  dismemberment.  The  causes 
which  led  to  this  war,  like  those  which  have  led  to  other 
great  conflicts,  were  of  slow  growth  and  long  standing.  It 
may  be  said  that  when  the  United  States  emerged  from  the 
gloom  of  the  Revolution,  it  entered  the  shadow  of  Civil  War. 

The  differences  between  North  and  South,  developed  in 
colonial  times,  had  become  more  and  more  marked  as  years 
wore  on.  As  these  differences  strengthened,  we  see,  with 
the  understanding  that  has  come  to  us  in  recent  years,  how 
there  grew  up  on  American  soil  two  distinct  peoples,  each 
evolving  a  civilization  of  its  own,  each  bound  to  the  other 
by  the  mutually  constituted  Federal  Government.  The  social 
institutions  and  characteristic  features  of  one  were  wholly 
unlike  those  of  the  other;  the  interests  of  both  were  not 
always  identical.  The  constituted  authority  governing 
them  was  at  times  in  position  to  wield  power  detrimental 
to  one  or  the  other.  The  control  of  national  affairs 
was  therefore  an  object  with  each  at  an  early  day,  and 
many  rivalries  and  discords  arose.  The  halls  of  Congress 
became  the  arena  where  representatives  of  North  and  South 
met  in  forensic  combat.  The  eloquence  of  these  representa- 
tives echoed  sectional  sentiments,  stirred  up  sectional  pride, 
and  strengthened  sectional  feeling.  We  have  seen  how  this 
feeling  became  at  times  one  of  bitterness,  threatening  the 
dissolution  of  the  Union,  but  disappearing  before  the  peace- 
makings of  a  pacific  policy  or  of  a  compromise. 


UNION. 


353 


The  sentiment  with  which  the  system  of  slavery  had  come 
to  be  regarded  by  the  North  and  South  divided  irreconcila- 
bly the  sections.     This  system,  as  we  have  seen,  was  closely 
interwoven  with  the  welfare   and    prosperity  of    the   South, 
1      and    the    four    million    slaves 

Opposition  to  Slavery.  r  i       .1  i 

...       ,.,.       ,    ,        a        found    there,     represented     a 

A  change    of   condition:;    had    come  * 

upon  the  country,    in  the  colonial        value   of    twenty-live  hundred 

days      conscientious       opposition      to 

slavery  had  heen  stronger  in  the  South    I  million     dollars.  The     System 

than  in  the  North. 
The  New  England 
colonists  had  tew 
scruple,  against 
selling  into  slavery 
the  captives  taken 
in  their  Indi  a n 
war  '. ;  and  the  pro- 
it. able  slave  trade 
th  it  aro  e  with  the 
general  introduc- 
tion of  slavery  into 
the  southern  colo- 
nies was  almost 
m  on  o  poli/.ed  by 
New  Kngi and  ves- 
sel.., manned  by 
New  Engla  n  d 
crews.  On  the 
other  hand,  t  h  e 
strongest  ndvo- 
cates  of  emancipa- 
tion    were     found 

amongthe  gentry  of  colonial  Virginia, 
the  colony  into  which  slavery  had  first 
been  introduced, the  voluntary  libera- 
tion of  slaves  being  of  frequent  occur- 
rence. 


A    SOUTHERN    COTTON    FIELD. 


was  expressly  recognized  by 
the  Constitution,  without  which 
recognition  the  Constitution 
would  not  have  been  ratified.  In  the  North  the  anti-slavery 
sentiment,  from  feeble  beginnings,  grew  to  such  proportions 
that  it  was  made  a  leading  issue  in  politics.  The  party  of 
anti-slavery  principles  became  in  time  dominant  in  the  affairs 
of  the  national  government.  The  coming  into  power  of  this 
party  caused  the  withdrawal  from  the  Union  of  the  slave 
States,  in  order  to  subserve  what  at  the  time  appeared  to  be 
their  best  interests,  their  interpretation  of  the  constitutional 
compact  justifying  them  in  the  act. 


354  PERIOD    OF    INDEPENDENCE. 

We  have  seen  how  the  development  of  agricultural  condi- 
tions in  the  South  at  an  early  day  rendered  profitable  the  em- 
ployment of  unskilled  labor,  if  such  labor  was  intelligently 
directed.  No  industrial  system  answered  the  conditions  of 
the  time  to  better  purpose  than  that  of  chattel  servitude — a 
system  in  which  the  interests  of  master  and  slave  were  iden- 
tical. However  objectionable  the  system  may  now  be 
generally  regarded,  no  facts  stand  out  clearer  in  American 
history  than  that  the  steady  and  directed  toil  of  the  Southern 
slave  first  placed  the  United  States  among  the  great  commer- 
mercial  nations  of  the  world;  and  that  the  systematic 
training  bestowed  upon  him  during  his  period  of  servitude, 
and  his  contact  with  higher  intelligence,  have  given  to  the 
negro  an  impulse  to  civilization  that  neither  his  inherent  in- 
clinations nor  his  native  environment  would  of  themselves 
have  bestowed. 

The  admission  of  Missouri,  as  we  have  seen,  brought  the 
North  and  South  into  direct  issue  with  each  other,  but  the 
differences  were  settled  by  compromise.  The  acquisition  of 
new  territory  after  the  war  with  Mexico,  renewed  the  slavery 
agitation  with  a  violence  that  revealed  how  far  apart  the  sec- 
tions had  drifted  in  feeling,  and  how  inevitable  was  the 
approaching  conflict.  At  the  first  intimation  that  new  terri- 
tory was  about  to  be  acquired,  David  Wilmot  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, moved  in  Congress  to  appropriate  money  to  purchase 
the  territory  in  question,  with  the  proviso  that  slavery  be 
not  permitted  therein  (1846).  The  measure  failed  to  pass, 
however,  and  the  territory  was  acquired  without  it. 

The  rapid  settlement  of  California,  after  the  discovery  of 
gold,  enabled  that  territory  to  apply  soon  for  admission  as  a 
State.  A  controversy  arose  which,  with  other  causes  of  dis- 
cord,  did  much  to  strengthen  sectional  antagonism.  The 
Missouri  Compromise  line  divided  the  proposed   State,  and 


UNION. 


355 


the  question  arose,  Was  California  to  be  a  free  or  a  slave 
State?  Henry  Clay,  who  had  retired  from  public  affairs, 
was  called  forth  from  his  Kentucky  home,  elected  to  the 
United  States  Senate,  and  again,  by  a  compromise  measure, 
did  the  great  pacificator  postpone  sectional  conflict.  This 
compromise  is  known  as  Clay's  Compromise  of  1850,  and 
from  the  number  of  features  embraced  in  the  one  measure 
it  is  frequently  referred  to  as  the  Omnibus  Bill. 

The  Omnibus  Bill  provided  for  the  admission  of  California 
as  a  free  State,  and  stopped  the  buying  and  selling  of  slaves 

within  the  limits  of  the  District 
of  Columbia.  This  was  to 
satisfy  the  demands  of  the 
North.  To  satisfy  the  South 
the  rest  of  the  Mexican  cession 
was  divided  into  two  territories 
— Utah  (including  Nevada) 
and  New  Mexico  (including 
Arizona) — and  no  stipulation 
was  made  prohibiting  slavery 
within  the  limits  of  either, 
although  the  former  lay  almost 
wholly  north  of  the  Missouri 


The  Dred  Scott  Decision. 
A  celebrated  case,  known  as  the 
Dked  Scott  Case,  that  had  been 
pending  in  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
United  States,  was  decided  in  1857, 
and  increased  the  slavery  excitement. 
Dred  Scott  was  a  slave  who,  having 
been  brought  by  his  owner  into  free 
territory,  sued  for  his  freedom.  The 
court  decided  that  slaves  were  property, 
that  under  the  Constitution  all  prop- 
erty must  be  protected,  that  the  taking 
of  a  slave  into  a  free  State  or  territory 
did  not  forfeit  ownership,  and  th:it 
Congress  had  no  power  to  forbid 
slavery  in  the  territories.  This  decision 
would  have  nullified  the  Missouri 
Compromise  had  not  the  Kansas- 
Nebraska  Hill  already  done  so. 


Compromise  line.  The  passage  of  a  more  efficient  Fugitive 
Slave  Law  than  the  one  of  1793  and 
the  settlement  of  the  claims  of  Texas 
to  new  Mexican  territory*  were  also 
provided  for.  But  the  bill  failed  of  its 
purpose.  There  were  many  who  ob- 
jected to  it,  and  where  approval  was 
expected  it  received  only  toleration. 

The  next  controversy  upon  the  ques- 
tion of  slavery  in  the  territories  arose  when  it  became  neces- 

*See  page  350, 


MILLARD    FILLMORE. 


356 


TERIOD    OF    INDEPENDENCE. 


sary  to  organize  the  territories  of  Kansas  and  Nebraska. 
For  this  purpose  a  bill  was  introduced  into  Congress  by 
Stephen  A.  Douglas  of  Illinois,  recognizing  the  principle 
of  what  has  been  termed  Squatter  Sovereignty. 
The  Kansas-Nebraska  Bill  authorized  the  people  of  those 
territories  to  decide  for  themselves,  as  soon  as  their  States 
were  organized,  whether  slavery  should  exist  within  their 
limits  or  not.  The  Compromise  of  1850  had  virtually  re- 
pealed the  Missouri  Compromise,  so  the  bill  passed  (1854), 
angering  intensely  the  anti- 
slavery  North.  For  many  years 
from  that  time  there  was  to  be 
an  absence  of  all  peace. 

The  beginnings  of  sectional 
conflict  took  place  upon  Kan- 
sas soil.  With  the  passage  of 
the  Kansas-Nebraska  Bill  it 
became  an  object  with  each  of 
the  sections  to  have  as  many 
representatives  among  the  emi- 
grants to  the  territory  as  pos- 
sible, so  that  one  could  outvote 
the  other  when  the  question  of 
slavery  came  up  for  decision. 
Two  separate  governments 
were  organized,  and  in  the 
conflict  of  authority  that 
ensued  much  blood  was  shed. 
General  lawlessness  prevailed 
until  1858,  when  the  opponents 
of  slavery  were  successful, 
although  Kansas  was  not  ad- 
mitted until  1 86 1. 


The  Anti-Slavery  Movement. 
The  Fugitive  Slave  Law  provided 
for  the  arrest  and  return  of  slaves 
escaping  from  their  owners  into  free  \ 
States,  and  empowered  United  States 
officers  to  make  the  arrest  and  return. 
This  measure  caused  intense  dissatis-  i 
faction  in  the  North.  PERSONAL 
LIBERTY  Bills  were  passed  by  several 
States,  in  direct  opposition  to  the  laws 
of  the  United  States,  and  these  bills 
placed  every  obstruction  possible  in  the 
way  of  the  United  States  officers,  who 
sought  to  perform  their  duty  under  the 
Fugitive  Law.  Many  of  the  Northern 
people  were  opposed  to  slavery,  but 
did  not  believe  that  the  national 
government  had  a  right  to  abolish 
it.  Others  believed  in  nothing  more 
nor  less  than  total  abolishment  of 
slavery  within  the  limits  of  the 
United  States.  These  were  termed 
Abolitionists.  At  first  the  Abolitionists 
were  few  in  number.  The  most  promi- 
nent founder  of  the  movement  was 
William  Lloyd  Gakkison,  who  in- 
stituted an  anti -slavery  society  as  early 
as  1S31.  For  a  long  time  the  Aboli- 
tionists were  regarded  in  the  North 
with  disfavor,  as  a  band  of  agitators, 
endangering  the  peace  and  tranquillity 
of  the  countrv.  Their  meetings  were 
often  broken  up,  their  halls  burned  to 
the  ground,  their  public  speakers 
mobbed.  But  in  later  years,  sectional 
animosity  and  the  passage  of  the  Fugi- 
tive  and   other  laws   caused  many  to 


UNION. 


357 


join  their  ranks.  In  r&jo  the  Aboli- 
tionists entered  the  domain  of  Ameri- 
can   polities    as    the    LlUEKTY    PARTY, 

I   and   nominated   for   President   James 

;    (i.   BlKNEY,    who  received   7,509  votes. 

Birney  was  again  a  candidate  in  iS-n, 
j  and  received  62,300  votes,  a  marked 
i  increase  for  the  short  space  of  time. 
i  In  iSjS  the  Abolitionists,  with  cer- 
;   tain     Anti-Slavery     elements    of    tlie 

Democratic  and  Wlii^  ]>arties,  tormed 
1  themselves  into  the  Fkee  Son. 
;    Party,  whose  motto  was  "  Free  Soil, 

Free    Speech,     Free   Labor    and    Free 

''    Afeft."     and     nominated     ex- President 

'    Van   Buren,  lie  receiving  291,263  votes. 

1    In  the  presidential  election  of  1S52  this 

.    party  lost  "round,   but    before  the  next 

!    (1S56)  the  slavery  agitation  had   drawn 

to    its    ranks     so     many,    that,    under 

name  of  the  Republican  party,  it  polled 

1,3-40.-264  vote   lor  its  presidential candi-    j 

date,  John  C.  Kkbmoot,  and  emerged 

from  the  succeeding  contest  with  sue- 

cess  (i860). 


The  four  Presidents  that  fol- 
lowed Polk  were  ZACHARY 
Taylor,  Millard  Fillmore, 
Franklin  Pierce  and  James 
Buchanan.  Taylor  was  elect- 
ed by  the  Whigs  (1848),  and, 
dying  the  next  year  after  his 
inauguration,  was  succeeded 
by  Vice-President  Fillmore. 
Pierce  and  Buchanan  were 
Democrats. 

The  events  that  character- 
ized the  administrations  of 
these  Presidents  were  for  the 
most  part  those  given  in  con- 
nection with  the  slavery  agita- 
tion. During  Pierce's  term  a  treaty  was 
successfully  established  between  Japan 
and  the  United  States  ( 1854),  anc^  during 
the  administration  of  Buchanan  the  first 
successful  ocean  cable  was  laid  across 
the  Atlantic  (1858),  though  a  series  of 
misfortunes  prevented  its  practical  and 
general  use  until  1866;  Minnesota  (  1858), 
Oregon  (1859)  iinc^  Kansas  (1861)  were  admitted;  and  the 
secession  of  seven  Southern  States  from  the  Union  occurred 
(1861  ). 

QUESTIONS. 
To  what  crisis  in  American  affairs  did  the  years  following  Polk's  adminis- 
tration lead?  What  can  you  say  of  the  difference  existing  between  the 
North  and  South?  How  were  they  unlike?  How  was  sectional  feeling 
strengthened?  How  had  sectional  bitterness  been  at  times  allayed?  What 
was  interwoven  with  the  prosperity  of  the  South?  How  was  slavery  regarded 
in  the  North?     What  happened  when  the  anti-slavery  party  attained  power? 


358 


PERIOD    OF    INDEPENDENCE. 


What  do  you  know  of  the  change  of  opinion  with  which  slavery  was 
regarded?  What  industrial  system  answered  the  conditions  of  the  South? 
Why?  What  placed  the  United  States  among  the  commercial  nations  of 
the  world?  Upon  what  is  our  industrial  structure  founded?  What  acquisi- 
tion of  territory  led  to  a  renewal  of  the  slavery  agitation  settled  by  the 
Missouri  Compromise?  What  was  the  "Wilmot  Proviso"?  What  con- 
troversy arose  with  the  admission  of  California?  How  was  it  settled? 
What  do  you  know  of  the  Omnibus  Bill  ?  Fugitive  Slave  Law  ?  Personal 
Liberty  Bills  ?  Trace  the  growth  of  the  anti- slavery  movement.  What  do 
you  know  of  the  Kansas-Nebraska  Controversy  ?  When  was  Kansas 
admitted?  What  four  Presidents  followed  Polk?  By  what  party  was  each 
elected?  What  events  characterized  their  administrations?  When  was  the 
Japan  treaty  consummated?     Minnesota  admitted?     Oregon?     Kansas? 

BLACKBOARD   FORM. 


PRINCIPAL  EVENTS— ADMINISTRATION  OF 


POLK, 

(  Tenn. ) 


TAYLOR, 

(La). 

and 
FILLMORE, 

(N.  Y.) 


PIERCE, 

(N.  H.) 


BUCHANAN, 

(Pa.) 


1845 
1846 

1848 


Inauguration. 
Texas  Admitted. 
Mexican  War  Begins. 
Iowa  Admitted. 
Smithsonian  Institution   Fou 
Oregon    Boundary   Treaty. 
Wisconsin   Admitted. 
Mexican  War  Ends,  (  Treaty 

signed  February  2). 
Gold  Discoverd. 
Presidential  Election 


Inauguration. 

Omnibus   Bill. 

Death  of  Taylor.  (July  9). 

California  Admitted. 


Presidential  Election. 


I  Democratic        j 
Candidates.  \ 

J  Free- Soil 
{       Candidates. 
(Anti-Slavery) 

Whig 
Candidates. 


Democratic 
Candida 


u 


1853 


I860 


1861 


Inauguration, 
Gadsden   Purchase. 

Japan    Treaty. 
Kansas- Nebraska   Bill. 

Presidential  Election 

Inauguration. 
Dred   Scott  Decision, 
Minnesota  Admitted, 
Atlantic  Cable. 
Oregon  Admitted. 

Presidential  Election 

Secession  of  South  Car- 
olina (Dec.  20). 


Anti-Slavery 
Candidates. 

Whig 
Candidates. 

Democratic 
Candidates. 

Republican 

Candidates. 
(Anti-Slavery) 


o  «5 

^  <u      Northern  Winq 
£  £      Southern  Winq 


Constitutional- Union 

Candidates. 
Republican 

Candidates. 


f  Secession  of 

<  Organization  of  Southern  Confederacy, 
[  Kansas  Admitted, 


Lewis   Cass. 
Wm.    0.    Butler. 
Martin  Van  Beuren. 
Chas.  Francis  Adams. 
ZACHARY   TAYLOR. 
MILLARD  FILLMORE. 
FRANKLIN    PIERCE. 
WM.    R.    KING. 
John   P.    Hale. 
Geo.    W.   Julian. 
Winficld  Scott. 
Wm.   A.    Graham. 

JAMES    BUCHANAN, 
J.  C.  BECKENRIDGE. 
John  C.   Fremont. 
Wm.  L.  Dayton, 
Stephen   A.    Douglass, 
H.   V.  Johnson. 
John  C.  Breckenridge. 
Joseph  Lane. 
Jchn  Fell. 
Edward  Everett. 
ABRAHAM  LINCOLN. 
HANNIBAL    HAMLIN. 
Mississippi,  Florida, 
Alabama,  Georgia, 
Louisiana,  Texa?, 


union.  359 

search  questions. 

What  was  the  "  Underground  Railroad  "  ?  What  political  party  was  deridingly  referred 
to  as  the  "  Locofocos  "  and  why  ?  What  is  meant  by  naturalizing  a  foreigner  ?  What 
was  the  "Kitchen  Cabinet"?  What  was  the  "Pony  Express"?  What  cavalry 
regiment  of  the  regular  army  of  the  United  States  is  remarkable  for  having  been 
officered  by  some  of  the  most  celebrated  generals  that  America  has  produced  ?  Name 
some  of  these  officers. 


PREPARATORY  NOTES. 

Geography.— Upon  a  map  of  the  United  States  note  the  relative  position  of 
the  following  cities:  Washington,  Montgomery,  Charleston,  Richmond, 
St.  Louis,  Cairo,  Paducah.  In  what  part  of  Missouri  is  Carthage?  Spring- 
field? Lexington?  Belmont?  In  what  part  of  Kentucky  is  Columhus? 
Bowling  Green?  Mill  Springs?  Mumfordsville?  Richmond?  Perrvville? 
In  what  part  of  Arkansas  is  Bentonville?  Batesville?  Des  Arc?  Fort 
Smith?  Little  Rock?  Helena?  In  what  part  of  Mississippi  is  Corinth? 
Iuka?  Vicksburg?  Beginning  at  Norfolk  Va.,  trace  the  coast  line  of 
the  United  States  southward,  noting  the  following:  Hatteras  Inlet, 
Roanoke  Island,  Wilmington,  Charleston,  Port  Royal,  Savannah,  Jackson- 
ville, Pensacola,  Mobile,  Ship  Island,  New  Orleans,  Sabine  Pass,  Galveston. 
In  what  part  of  Tennessee  is  Murfreesboro?  Chattanooga?  Knoxville? 
Nashville?     Franklin?     In  what  part  of  Georgia  is  Dalton?     Atlanta? 

Definition  of  Words. — Preclude,  crisis,  erroneously,  rancor,  discrimina- 
tion, imbued,  allegiance,  recipient,  convictions,  colleagues,  interpretation, 
subsequent,  apprised,  concentrate,  transcendently,  aggressive,  incendiary, 
tenacity,  obliterated,  emancipation,  irreparable,  strenuously,  impeachment. 

tenure. 

PARALLEL  READINGS. 

Reference-  Stephens'  "War  between  the  States,"  Davis'  "Rise  and  Fall  of  the  Con 
federate  Government,"  "Rattles  and  Leaders  of  the  Civil  War"  (Century  War  Hook). 
Soley's  "  The  Blockade  and  the  Cruisers,"  Ammen's  "  The  Atlantic  Coast,"  Mahan's  "  The 
Gulf  and  the  Inland  Waters,"  Draper's  "History  of  the  American  Civil  War,"  Greeley's 
"American  Conflict,"  J.  E.  Johnston's  "Narrative  of  Military  Operations,"  "Southern 
Historical  Papers." 

General, — Johnston's  "Life  of  Alhert  Sidney  Johnston,"  Cooke's  "  Life  of  Robert  E. 
Lee"  and  "Life  of  Stonewall  Jackson,"  Grant's  "Memoirs,"  Sherman's  "Memoirs," 
Hood's  "Advance  and  Retreat,"  Taylor's  "Destruction  and  Reconstruction,"  McCulloch's 
"  Men  and  Measures  of  Half  a  Century,"  Pollard's  "  Lost  Cause  "  and  "  Lee  and  his 
Lieutenants." 

Topical. — "Secession  of  the  Southern  States,"  "The  Blockade,"  "Confederate 
Cruisers,"  "The  War  in  Virginia,"  "The  War  in  Tennessee,"  "The  War  in  Missouri," 
"  The  War  in  Kentucky,"  "  The  War  in  Arkansas,"  "  The  War  in  Mississippi,"  "  The  War 
in  Louisiana,"  "The  War  in  Texas,"  "The  War  in  Alabama,"  "The  War  In  Georgia.'* 
"The  War  in  South  Carolina,"  "The  War  in  North  Carolina,"  "  The  War  in  Florida," 
**  The  War  on  the  Coast,"  "  Gunboat  Operations," 


36o 


PERIOD    OF    INDEPENDENCE. 


MONTGOMERY,    ALA, —NIGHT   OF    DAVIS*    INAUGURATION. 


DISUNION. 


\6x 


Disunion. 

CHAPTER   I  . 
The   Secession   of   the   Southern    States. 
The  question  of  slavery,  as  we  have  seen,  had  become  the 
principal    issue    before    the     country.     It    had    caused    the 

organization  of  a  powerful 
political  party,  whose  avowed 
purpose  was  the  prohibition  of 
slavery  in  the  territories  by 
act  of  Congress.  This  party 
had  assumed  the  name  Re- 
publican. It  had  already  suf- 
fered one  defeat  (1856),  but 
by  the  close  of  Buchanan's 
administration  it  had  increased 
greatly  in  strength  and  num- 
bers.   In  the  election  of  a  suc- 


John  B.-own's  Raid. 
An  ardent  advocate  of  slavery  aboli- 
tion named  John  Brown  took  a  promi- 
nent part  in  the  Kansas  troubles,  and 
as  "  Ossawatomie M  Brown  attained 
some  notoriety  in  connection  with  the 
many  deeds  of  violence  committed 
daring  the  agitation  of  the  slavery 
question  in  that  territory.  In  October, 
1850,  Brown,  with  twenty  friends,  in- 
vaded Virginia  with  the  avowed  pur- 
pose of  arming-  the  slaves  and  inciting 
them  to  insurrection.  The  arsenal  at 
Harper's  Ferry  was  surprised  and 
taken  (October  16),  but  Virginia  mili- 
tia and  United  States  marines  appeared 
promptly  upon  the  scene  and  took 
most  of  the  party  prisoners.  Brown 
i  was  found  guilty  of  treason  and  hanged 
December  _>,  1S50. 


cessor  to  Buchanan  (i860)  its 
candidates  were :  for  President,  Abra- 
ham  Lincoln,  of    Illinois;    for  Vice- 
President,     Hannibal     Hamlin,    of 
Maine. 

The  nominating  convention  of  the 
Democratic  party  assembled  at  Char- 
leston (April  23,  i860).  In  this  con- 
vention were  Northern  Democrats  and 
Southern  Democrats ;  but  they  enter- 
tained different  opinions  relative  to  slavery  in  the  terri- 
tories. The  former  regarded  it  as  a  domestic  institution 
to  be  regulated  by  each  State,  and  believed  that  "squatter 
sovereignty"    should  decide  whether  slavery,   after  having 


JAMES    BUCHANAN. 


%6i 


PERIOD    OF   INDEf  ENDfiXCE. 


been  introduced  into  a  territory,  should  cease  or  continue, 
when  that  territory  became  a  State.  The  latter  desired 
to  meet  more  squarely  the  issue  presented  by  the  Repub- 
licans, and  insisted  that  Congress  should  not,  by  prohibiting 
slavery  in  the  territories,  discriminate  between  northern 
and  southern  settlers  in  the  protection  of  property  guaranteed 
to  both  under  the  Constitution. 

Unable  to  agree,  the  Demo- 
cratic Convention  adjourned, 
and  finally,  two  separate  Dem- 
ocratic conventions  were  held 
at  Baltimore.  One  conven- 
tion, in  which  Southern  mem- 
bers predominated,  nominated 
John  C.  Breckenridge,  of 
Kentucky,  and  Joseph  Lane, 
of  Oregon.  The  other  nom- 
inated Stephen  A.  Douglas, 
of  Illinois,  and  Benjamin 
Fitzpatrick,  who,  declining, 
was  substituted  by  Herschee 
V.  Johnson,  of  Georgia. 
Meanwhile  a  remnant  of  the 
old  Whig  party  had  nominated 
John  Bele,  of  Tennessee, 
and  Edward  Everett,  of 
Massachusetts,  as  Constitu- 
tionae  Union  Candidates;  and  thus  four  presidential  tick- 
ets were  presented  to  the  consideration  of  the  American 
people. 

Although  a  majority  of  votes  was  cast  against  Lincoln  he 
received  more  than  any  one  of  his  three  opponents,  and  was 
consequently  declared  elected.     The  South  now  found  itself 


The  Cause  of  Secession. 
As  union  did  not  assure  domestic 
tranquillity,  it  was  by  many,  regarded 
as  a  failure.  The  North  wished  to 
right  the  so-called  wrong-  of  slavery; 
the  South  to  protect  an  interest. 
Slavery  existed  when  the  constitutional 
compact  was  entered  into,  and  was  by 
it  recognized.  It  could  not  he  forcibly 
abolished  without  a  violation  of  this 
compact.  Breach  of  compact  was 
cause  for  dissolution  of  the  Union ; 
and  the  South  had  long  insisted  upon 
strict  adherence  to  the  terms  of  the 
Constitution.  When  events  indicated 
that  these  terms  relative  to  slavery 
were  becoming  more  and  more  dis- 
regarded by  the  North,  the  South  de- 
cided to  withdraw.  South  Carolina, 
shortly  after  the  election  of  Lincoln, 
held  a  convention,  as  she  had  done  in 
the  days  of  the  nullification  controver- 
sy, and  passed  the  Ordinance  of 
Secession.  Had  some  "great  pacifi- 
cator" arisen  in  Congress  as  in  the 
past,  it  is  believed  by  some  that  an 
adjustment  of  difficulties  could  have 
been  reached  without  war.  But  this 
is  doubtful,  as  antagonism  had  grown 
so  strong  between  the  sections  as  to 
preclude  all  hope  of  harmonious  com- 
promise. The  issue  was  made,  and 
the  greatest  crisis  in  American  affairs 
had  arrived. 


MsVStOX. 


3<>3 


confronted  by  an  alarming  state  of  affairs.  The  election  of 
Lincoln  was  a  purely  sectional  one,  the  vote  making  him 
President  having  been  cast  solely  by  the  Northern  States. 
The  party  coming  into  power  with  his  inauguration  was  that 
into  which  all  the  elements  of  the  North  antagonistic  to  the 
interests  of  the  South  had  been  drawn.  The  domestic 
tranquillity  guaranteed  by  the  Constitution  had  not  been  en- 
joyed for  many  a  day,  and  an  interminable  continuance  of 
strife  and  discord  seemed  to  be  in  store  for  all. 

The  idea  had  been  slowly  shaping  itself  in  the  Southern 
mind  that,  notwithstanding  the  affection  for  the  Union  that 
the  South  had  felt  and  manifested  since  the  founding  of  the 
government,  tranquil  existence  without  the  Union  was  pre- 
ferable to  continued  disturbance  within.  The  election  of 
Lincoln  stirred  the  South  to  action.  South  Carolina  took  the 
first  step.  A  convention  of  her  sovereign  people  passed  an 
Ordinance  of  Secession,  dissolving  the  bonds  existing  be- 
tween the  State  of  South  Carolina  and  the 
rest  of  the  Union  (December  20).  Com- 
missioners were  dispatched  to  Washing- 
ton to  adjust  the  new  relations  between  the 
two  governments  upon  an  equitable  basis. 
Ordinances  of  secession  were  also  passed  by 
Mississippi  (Jan.  9,  1861 ),  Florida  (January 
10),  Alabama  (January  11), 
Georgia  (  January  19  )  and 
Louisiana  (January  26). 
Delegates  from  the  seceded 
States  then  met  in  convention, 
presided  over  by  Howell 
Cobb  of  Georgia,  at  Mont- 
gomery,   Alabama    (Feb.  8). 


HOWELL    COBB. 


The  First  Confederate  Cabinet. 
President  Davis'  cabinet,  as  first  con- 
stituted, consisted  of  KOHEKT  TOOM  US, 
of  Georgia,  Secretary  of  State;  LXROY 
P.  Walker,  of  Alabama,  Secretary  of 
War;  STEPHEN  B.  Malloky,  of 
Florida,  Secretary  of  I  he  Xavy;  Ciias. 
G.  Memmingkk,  of  South  Carolina, 
Secretary  of  the  Treasury;  JfDAH  P. 
BENJAMIN,  of  Louisiana,  Attorney- 
General;  J.  II.  REAGAN  of  Texas, 
Postmaster  General. 


3<H 


PERIOD   OF    INDEPENDENCE. 


^M& 


A  provisional  government  for 
The  Confederate  States 
of  America  was  organized, 
and  Jefferson  Davis,  of 
Mississippi,  was  elected  Pres- 
ident and  Alexander  II.  Ste- 
phens, of  Georgia,  Vice- 
President  (February  9).  The 
inauguration  of  Davis  and 
Stephens  occurred  amid  scenes 
of  the  wildest  enthusiasm,  and 
demonstrations  of  loyal  sup- 
port of  the  new  government 
were  everj^where  manifested 
(February  18). 

Texas  adopted  the  Ordi- 
nance of  Secession  (February 
23,  1861),  and  was  admitted 
to  membership  in  the  Confed- 


Jefferson  Davis. 
Jefferson     Davis    was     among     the 
greatest  exponents  of  the  principles  of 
State    Sovereignty    whose    voices 
have  been    heard   in  the  halls  of  Con- 
gress.    Born  in  Christian  County,  Ky. 
(1S0S),  he   graduated  from  West  Point 
(1S2S)  and    served  seven    years  in  the    ! 
regular  army  of  the  United  States.    In 
1S35  he  took  up  his  abode  as  a  planter 
in  Warren  County,  Miss.,  and  his  sub- 
sequent    career    is    closely     identified 
with  the  history  of  that  .State.     He  en- 
tered   public    life    in    1S45,   serving   as    | 
member  of   Congress,    U.  S.  Senator, 
member  of  the  President's  Cabinet  and   ! 
again    U.  S.  Senator    until    the    with-    j 
drawal  of   his   State    from    the  Union 
caused  him  to  cast  his  destiny  with  that   | 
of  his  people.     As  Colonel  of  the  First   j 
Mississippi    Regiment    of    Volunteer   I 
Killes  in  the  Mexican  War  lie  won  dis-    ! 
tinguished     honor    at     Monterey     and 
saved  the   day   at    Buena   Vista.      As   i 
Secretary  of  War  during  Pierce's  ad- 
ministration  he  increased  the  strength 
and     efficiency    of    the  regular    army, 
brought  the  U.  S.  Naval  Academy  up 
to  a  high  standard  and  instituted  most 
important  measures  in  connection  with 
the  Coast   Survey.     At  the  opening 


DISUNION. 


365 


of  the  Civil  War  no  statesman  stood 
higher  in  the  estimation  of  the  intelli- 
gent than  hu-.  None  had  more  to  hope 
for  in  the  way  of  political  preferment, 
and  none  made  crcateT  sacrifices  For 
the  cause  he  embraced.  With  the  tall 
of  the  Confederacy  his  public  career 
closed.  Hi.:  last  days  were  spent  .11 
his  beautiful  country  home,  Beauvoir, 
in  southern  Mississippi,  near  the  gulf 
shore.  Here  a  number  of  works  of 
great  literary  and  historic  value  were 
produced  by  him.  Upon  a  journey  to 
another  part  of  the  state  he  was 
stricken  with  his  lust  illness,  and  was 
brought  to  New  Orleans,  where  he 
died  (December  6,  1SS9).  His  last 
words  were  "Pray  excuse  me."  The 
news  of  his  death  was  received  with 
profound  sorrow.     All   realized  that  a 

!  man  whose  lite  and  character  were 
spotless  had  passed  away.     His  funeral 

;  was  attended  by  large  delegations  of 
leading  citizens  from  every  Southern 
State,  and  while  the  remains  reposed 
in  state  in  the  City  Hull  of  New 
Orleans,  they  were  viewed  by  more 
than  one  hundred  thousand  who  had 
assembled  from  far  and  near  to  obtain 
a  last  look  at  the  dead  chieftain. 
Respected  by  the  uged  and  reverenced 
by. the  youth  of  that  South  whose  past 
is  linked  with  his,  and  whose  future  he 
and  his  generation  have  filled  with 
memories  undying,  he  was  laid  at  rest. 
With  his   death    the    last    link   binding 

i  the  South  of  to-day  with  the  conflict  of 
the  past  is  severed. 


city.  It  was  therefore 
mined  to  insist  upon  a  withdrawal 
of  the  United  States  troops.  Bat- 
teries were  erected  at  various 
points,  and  General  P.  G.  T. 
Beauregard  assumed  command. 
The  steamer  Star  of  the  West 
arriving  with  supplies  for  the 
garrison,  was  fired  upon  by  these 
batteries  and  compelled  to  return. 


eracy  (March  2).  Meanwhile 
the  authorities  of  the  seceded 
States  had  been  taking  pos- 
session of  forts,  arsenals,  and 
government  property  within 
their  limits.  The  garrisons 
of  Fort  Sumter,"  in  Charleston 
Harbor,  and  Fort  Pickens, 
near  Pensacola,  Florida,  how- 
ever, refused  to  give  up  these 
fortifications  when  the  demand 
was  made.  "Die  former  was 
commanded  by  Major  An- 
derson; the  latter  by  Lieu- 
tenant Slemmer. 

The  refusal  of  Anderson  to 
surrender  Fort  Sumter  placed 
South  Carolina  in  the  position 
of  having,  without  her  consent, 
a  foreign  power  domiciled 
within  her  borders,  and 
within  threatening  distance 
of  her 
largest 
deter- 


.  ALEXANDER 


3« 


PERIOD  OF  iNDfiPUNDENCfi. 


BOMBARDMENT    OF    FORT    SUMTER. 


Expecting  reinforcements, 
Anderson  persisted  in  his 
refusal  to  surrender.  The 
authorities  at  Washington  had 
given  a  verbal  pledge  that 
reinforcements  would  not  be 
sent,  and  that  the  troops 
would  be  withdrawn  from  Fort 
Sumter.  As  long  as  the  pledge 
was  kept  there  was  nothing 
done  by  the  besiegers  in  the 
way  of  offensive  military  ope- 
rations. The  Washington 
authorities,  however,  soon 
changed  theix  mind,  and  dis- 
patched troops  by  sea  to  the 
assistance  of  the  fort.  Upon 
the  approach  of  these  it  became 
-ecessary  for    Beauregard  to 


War  Preparations. 
The  secession  of  the  Southern  States 
was  differently  regarded  in  the  North. 
There  were  some  who,  in  preference 
to  an  armed  controversy,  were  willing 
to  let  the  Southern  States  go  in  peace. 
There  were. others  who  denied  the 
right  of  a  State  to  secede,  but  who 
held  that  the  United  States  Govern- 
ment had  not  the  right  to  coerce  a 
State  back  into  the  Union.  Of  this 
number  was  Buchanan.  But  by  far  the 
greater  number  believed  that  the  Union 
should  be  preserved  at  any  cost,  and  as 
the  time  to  inaugurate  Lincoln  drew 
near,  it  soon  became  evident  that  a 
determination  of  this  kind  was  form- 
ing. In  anticipation  of  the  use  of 
force,  the  Confederate  States  began 
to  prepare  for  resistance.  Several 
efforts  were  made  by  commissions  and 
peace  congresses  to  bring  about  an 
amicable  adjustment  of  affairs  between 
the  two  governments;  but  the  authori- 
ties at  Washington  held  the  people  of 
the  Southern  States  to  be  in  rebellion, 
and  would  extend  no  official  recogni- 
tion to  the  Confederate  Government. 
Events  therefore  hastened  on  to  an 
armed  conflict. 


DISUNION.  367 

take  prompt  action.  A  bombardment  was  begun.  At 
4:30  a.  M.,  April  12,  1861,  the  first  gun  was  fired  from 
the  battery  on  James  Island.  This  proved  to  be  the  first  gun 
of  the  great  Civil  War  that  was  to  continue  for  four  years. 
For  thirty-four  hours  the  bombardment  continued,  the 
garrison  making  a  defense  so  gallant  as  to  win  the  respect 
and  admiration  of  their  assailants.  At  length  Anderson  was 
compelled  to  surrender,  and,  without  the  loss  of  a  single  man 
on  either  side,  the  contest  ended  (April  14,  1861). 

QUESTIONS. 
What  was  the  avowed  purpose  of  the  political  party  called  into  organiza- 
tion by  the  anti-slavery  feeling?  What  candidates  did  this  party  put  forth 
for  President  and  Vice-President?  What  occasioned  a  division  in  the 
Democratic  party?  What  candidates  were  nominated  by  each  division? 
Who  were  the  candidates  proposed  by  the  Constitutional  Union  party? 
What  do  you  know  of  Lincoln's  election  ?  What  action  did  the  Southern 
States  take  upon  Lincoln's  election?  Why?  What  State  first  seceded? 
When?  How?  What  five  States  followed?  When  did  Texas  join  the 
Confederacy?  What  do  you  know  of  the  organization  of  the  Confederate 
Government  ?  Who  were  its  officers?  How  was  the  secession  of  the 
Southern  States  regarded  in  the  North?  How  did  the  authorities  at  Wash- 
ington regard  it?  Why  did  South  Carolina  insist  upon  the  surrender  of 
Fort  Sumter?  What  followed  Major  Anderson's  refusal  to  withdraw? 
Why  was  Fort  Sumter  bombarded  ?  When  was  the  first  gun  fired?  What 
do  you  know  of  Anderson's  surrender?  What  do  you  know  of  John 
Brown's  raid?     The  cause  of  Southern  secession? 

CHAPTER  II. 

The   Advance   on    Richmond. 

The  fall  of  Fort  Sumter  occasioned  intense  excitement 
throughout  the  country.  Congress  not  being  in  ses- 
sion at  the  time,  President  Lincoln,  impelled  by  the  rapidly 
rising  war  feeling  of  the  North,  took  immediate  steps  to 
assert  by  force  the  power  of  the  Union.  A  call  for  seventy- 
five  thousand  men  was  issued  by  him,  and  to  this  call  the 
governors  of  the  Northern  States  promptly  responded,  rais- 
ing, equipping,  and  sending  forward  their  quotas  of  men  to 
Washington  with  rapidity. 


368 


PERIOD    OF    INDEPENDENCE. 


JtFFERSON    DAVIS. 


As  soon  as  it  became  evident  that  force  was  to  be  em- 
ployed to  bring  the  Gulf  States  back  to  the  Union,  four 
more  States  seceded  and  cast  their  destinies  with  the  Con- 
federacy. These  were  Virginia  (April  17),  Arkansas  (May 
6),  Tennessee  (June  8),  and  North  Carolina  (May  20). 
The  people  of  Maryland,  Kentucky  and  Missouri  were 
divided  in  their  sympathies,  and  prompt  action  upon  the 
part  of  the  Federal  authorities  prevented  these  three  States 


DISUNION". 


;09 


from  following  the  examples  of  the  other  four.      The    Con- 
federate   eapital   was    now   removed    from    Montgomery   to 

Richmond,  where  the  perma- 
nent organization  of  the  Con- 
federate  Government  was 
completed. 

The  Confederate  authorities 
were  soon  as  busy  preparing 
for  war  as  the  Federal.  Had 
the  American  people  foreseen 
the  horrors,  strife,  and  waste 
of  resources  that  were  to  fol- 
low in  the  approaching  con- 
flict, they  might  well  have 
paused  before  meeting  one 
another  upon  the  first  battle- 
field in  fratricidal  strife.  But 
the  destiny  of  the  nation  had 
to  be  fulfilled.  The  causes 
had  long  been  sown,  and  the 
reaping  of  the  effects  was  to 
inevitably  follow.  The  old 
American  spirit  of  resistance  Was  now  born  again.  North 
and  South,  divided  in  their  opinion  as  to  what  was  right, 
were  ready  to  fight  for  it  as  their  forefathers  had  done. 
The  patriotism  of  the  Southern  people  impelled  them  to 
contend  for  the  principles  of  local  self-government  and  to 
defend  their  States.  The  people  of  the  North  were  as  earn- 
est in  their  desire  to  rally  to  the  assistance  of  the  govern- 
ment held  by  them  to  be  superior  to  that  of  the  States,  and 
to  preserve  the  Union.  There  can  be  no  questioning  of  the 
motives  of  either  without  impeaching  the  integrity  of  a  now 
'united  people, 


The  Call  for  Troops. 
The  call  for  troops  Diet  with  a  differ-  i 
enl  re  ponse  from  the  Southern  States 
thai  still  remained  in  the  Union. 
These  States  recognized  the  right  of 
any  State  to  secede,  and  denied  the 
right  of  the  general  government  to 
coerce.  GOVERNOR  RECTOR  of  Ar- 
kansas. (  Jovi.k  nor  Harris  of  Tennes- 

I  see.  Governor  Magoffin    of   Ken- 

I  rucky,  Governor  Ellis  of  North 
Carolina,    Governor     Letcher    of 

:  Virginia,  and  Governor  Jackson  of 
Missouri  declined  to  furnish  troops. 
Their  refusals  showed  the  general 
opinion  held  in  the  South  relative 
to  the  right  of  a  State  to  leave 
the  Union;  for,  after  all  that  may  ! 
be    s  lid,  the   contention   for  this  right 

1  on  the  part  of  the  South  was  the 
direct    cause    of    the     Civil    War,    and 

!  not  slavery,  as  has  been  frequently 
and  erroneously  given.  Slavery  and 
tariti  agitation  were  incidental  to  that 
sectional    antagonism     whose    steady 

i   development    rendered     possible    the 

i  settlement  of  differences  only  by 
tinned  conflict,  and  not  by  pacific 
measures  and  compromises,  as  in  the 
past. 


37o 


PERIOD    OF    INDEPENDENCE. 


After  seceding,  Virginia  took 
immediate  steps  to  organize 
her  forces,  and  General 
Robert  E.  Lee  was  called  to 
the  command.  When  Virginia 
joined  the  Confederacy  these 
troops  were  transferred  to  the 
Confederate  Government. 

In  response  to  Lincoln's  call 
for  troops,  bodies  of  men 
be<ran  to  assemble  near  Wheel- 
ing,  W.  Va.,  under  General 
George  B.  McClellan;  at 
Chambersburg,  Pa.,  under 
General  Patterson;  and  at 
Washington,  under  General 
Winfield  Scott.  A  body  of 
Massachusetts  troops,  on  their 
way  to  Washington,  passing 
through  Baltimore  against  the 
remonstrances  of  its  inhabit- 
ants, encounted  some  resist- 
ance in  the  streets,  during  the 
course  of  which  a  number  of 
citizens  and  soldiers  were 
killed  (April   19,  1861). 

The  Confederates  hastened 
to  establish  a  line  of  defense. 
Troops  had  been  sent  for- 
ward into  Western  Virginia  to 
repel  McClellan's  advance; 
while  forces  were  collected 
near   Harper's    Ferrv,    under 


The  Question  of  Loyalty. 
When  the  passions  and  prejudices 
awakened  by  the  war  between  the 
States  were  still  fresh  in  the  minds  of 
the  people  much  rancor  and  bitter- 
ness went  on  record  in  the  writings 
of  those  who  chronicled  the  events 
of  our  country's  history.  In  review- 
ing- these  chronicles  the  student 
will  find  his  powers  of  discrimination 
taxed  to  the  utmost.  As  the  years 
roll  on,  truths  become  more  and 
more  clear.  The  terms  rebels  and 
traitors,  once  applied  to  the  men  of 
the  Southern  armies,  are  now  no  longer 
current.  These  terms  cause  the  question 
of  loyalty  to  government  to  arise,  and 
here  again  North  and  South  were  hon- 
estly divided  in  their  opinions.  The 
North  had  received  a  great  tide  of 
immigration  from  Europe  since  tiie 
Revolution.  These  people  came  to 
the  "United  States,"  and  when  they 
and  their  descendants  became  imbued 
witli  the  spirit  of  American  institutions, 
their  patriotism  and  allegiance  were 
yielded  to  the  Government  of  the 
United  .States  rather  than  to  that  of 
any  particular  State.  The  South  had 
received  few  of  these  immigrants,  and 
had  preserved  intact  to  a  great  extent 
the  traditions  and  opinions  of  govern- 
mental allegiance  current  when  the 
Union  was  first  formed.  Its  spirit  was 
decidedly  that  of  Local  Self-gov- 
ernment, manifesting  itself  in  the  op- 
position of  the  colonies  to  the  rule  of 
England,  manifesting  itself  whenever 
the  functions  of  the  general  govern- 
ment seemingly  or  actually  overlapped 
those  of  a  sovereign  self-governing 
State.  The  State  was  the  recipient  of 
the  loyalty  and  patriotism  of  the 
Southern  people;  the  Union  shared 
with  it  their  affection.  Duty,  however, 
moved  them  when  choice  came  to  be 
made  between  the  two.  This  duty  was 
interpreted  according  to  convictions. 
With  those  officers  from  the  South  who 
held  positions  in  the  regular  army  of 
the  United  States,  before  the  secession 
of  the  Southern  States,  the  choice  was 
indeed  sorrowfully  and  thoughtfully 
made.  Some,  like  Houert  K.  Lt.e,  * 
of    Virginia,    an     officer    who    stood 


DISUNION. 


371 


the  highest  in  military  capacity  of  all 
in  the  United  States'  service,  feeling 
that  their  hands  could  only  he  raised 
in  defense  of  their  States,  resigned  their 
commissions  when  their  States  se- 
ceded. Others,  like  GEORGE  II. 
Thomas,  of  Virginia,— "the  general 
who  never  lost  a  battle" — found  the  ties 
attaching  them  to  the  government 
stronger  than  those  binding  them  to 
their  State.  The  Senators  and  Con- 
gressmen from  the  South  severed  their 
connections  with  the  United  States 
Government  in  sadness.  The  farewell 
address  of  Jefferson  Davis  of  Missis- 
sippi to  his  colleagues  in  the  United 
States  Senate  will  ever  stand  as  the 
grandest  expression  of  that  earne.  t 
conviction  entertained  in  the  South, 
that  the  step  taken  in  seceding 
was  legal ;  that  this  step  was  taken 
with  reluctance  and  for  no  purpose 
but  that  of  terminating  the  turmoil 
into  which  the  country  had,  for  a  long 
time,  been  plunged.  The  spirit  that 
animates  traitors  was  not  such  as  was 
displayed  by  Southern  men  upon  many 
an  historic  battlefield.  The  impulses 
of  a  causeless  rebellion  could  never 
have  sustained  them  through  the  weary 
years  of  conllict  and  suffering,  and 
when  from  physical  exhaustion,  they 
ceased  to  fight,  the  terms  of  peace  were 
accepted  in  good  faith,  and  nothing  can 
rob  them  of  the  glories  tliev  achieved  ; 
and  the  consciousness  that  they  did 
but  show  themselves  Americans,  con- 
tending for  their  interpretation  of  right, 
resisting  what  was  to  them  oppres- 
sion, remains  to  them  Should  the 
restored  Union  ever  lie  imperiled,  or 
the  American  people  be  called  upon  to 
maintain  before  the  world  the  dignity 
becoming  to  a  mighty  nation,  the  first 
to  take  up  arms — be  it  to  defend  or  to 
maintain — will  be  the  sons  and  grand- 
sons of  those  who  submitted  the  cour- 
,  age  of  their  convictions  to  the  trying 
ordeals  of  the  great  sectional  conflict. 


Gkneral  Joseph  E.  John- 
ston; at  a  place  called  Manas- 
sas Junction,  near  Washington, 
under  General  Beauregard ; 
under  General  J.  B.  Mag  ru- 
der at  Yorktown  ;  and  under 
General  Benjamin  Huger 
at  Norfolk. 

The  Union  advance  into 
Western  Virginia  was  marked 
by  successes  over  small  bodies 
of  troops  at  Philippi  (June  3, 
1861),  Falling  Waters 
(July  2)  and  Rich  Mountain 
(July  11 ) ;  but  it  soon  became 
evident  that  the  first  important 
battle  was  to  be  fought  at  some 
point  between  Washington 
and  Richmond.  The  idea 
generally  prevailed  in  the 
North  that  the  capture  of  the 
Confederate  capital  would 
bring  hostilities  to  a  speedy 
termination;  so  the  cry  went 
up,  "  On   lo  Richmond." 

General 
Scott,  being 
too  old  to  take 
the    field,   was 


succeeded  by 
General  Irvin  McDowell.  The  arm)' 
that  advanced  from  Washington  consisted  of 
thirty-eight  thousand  men.  So  confident  were 


GEN.  IRVIN  MC  DOWELU, 
(NCPKRAl.)* 


372 


PERIOD    OF    INDEPENDENCE. 


"we  will  give   them  the  bayonet  .  " 


these  forces  of  success  that  they  had  hardly  given  any 
attention  to  the  serious  business  of  war,  but  looked  upon 
their  march  as  something  of  a  holiday  excursion.  At  Bull 
Run  Creek,  near  Manassas  Junction,  they  encountered  the 
Confederates,  July  21,  1861.  Johnston  had  joined  Beaure- 
gard with  a  part  of  his  army,  leaving  the  rest  to  follow. 

The  battle  that  took  place  was  gained  by  the  Confederates, 
owing  to  two  fortuitous  circumstances.  The  first  of  these 
was  the  presence  upon  the  field,  in  command  of  part  of  the 
forces,  of  General  Thomas  Jonathan  Jackson,  a  skilled 
and  experienced  military  commander.  The  second  was 
the  arrival  of  the  remainder  of  Johnston's  army,  under 
General  E.  Kirby  Smith,  in  time  to  turn  the  tide  of 
victory  against  the  Unionists.       The    defeat  of    the   Union 


disunion. 


.17.1 


"Stonewall"  Jackson. 
Attack  after  attack  was  sustained 
by  Confederate  forces  under  Gen- 
erals Evans  and  Bee  in  one  part 
of  the  field,  and  at  last  they  were 
compelled  to  fall  back.  But  help  had 
come;  for,  in  the  rear,  drawn  up  in  line, 
within  supporting  distance  stood  the 
"  First  Brigade,"  commanded  by  Gen- 
eral Jackson.  Bee  had  done  all  he 
could  to  rally  his  retreating-  men,  and 
had  counted  the  battle  lost.  Rushing 
up  to  Jackson,  who  stood  coolly  await- 
ing the  oncoming  and  victorious  forces 
of  the  North,  he  exclaimed  in  despair, 
**  General,  they  are  beating  us  back." 
"Sir,"  quietly  responded  Jackson, 
"  xve  zviil  give  them  the  bayonet."  The 
effect  of  his  words  was  electrical.  Bee 
galloped  back  to  his  men  shouting, 
"  Look,  there  is  "Jackson,  standing 
like  a  stone  ~vall !  Let  us  determine 
to  die  here  and  vje  -vill  conquer! " 
Bee's  men  rallied  and  formed  on  the 
right  of  Jackson.  Here  they  were 
joined  by  Colonel  Wade  Hampton. 
The  long  glittering  line  of  bayonets  ! 
checked  the  wave  of  battle  and  turned 
it  back,  and  when  the  arrival  of  rein- 
forcements under  Smith  decided  the 
day  for  the  Confederates,  victory  had 
been  snatched  from  defeat,  and  Stone-  j 
wall  Jackson's  career,  in  all  its  in-  j 
vincibility,  had  begun. 


forces  was  followed  by  a  panic, 
and,  utterly  demoralized,  the 
army  that  had  set  out  to  capture 
Richmond,  abandoned  all  mu- 
nitions and  accoutrements,  and 
hastily  retreated  to  Washing- 
ton. 

QUESTIONS. 
What  call  was  issued  by  Lincoln? 
Why  ?  \VThat  Governors  complied  ? 
What  Governors  did  not?  What  was 
the  direct  cause  of  the  Civil  War  ? 
What  bearing  had  the  slavery  and 
tariff  agitations  upon  this  cause  ?  What 
States  now  joined  the  Confederacy? 
Why  ?  What  States  were  prevented 
from  doing  so?  What  became  the 
Confederate  capital?  How  were  the 
Northern  and  Southern  people  divi- 
ded In  opinion  as  to  what  was  right? 
What  idea  of  governmental  loyalty 
prevailed  in  the  South?  North?  How 
did  this  difference  come  to  exist? 
What  address  expressed  the  conviction 
of  the  South?  What  do  you  know  of 
Robert  E.  Lee?  George  H.  Thomas? 
Where  did  Federal  troops  assemble  in 
response  to  Lincoln's  call?  What 
preparations  were  made  by  the  Confederates?  What  three  successes  had 
Union  troops  in  Western  Virginia?  What  do  you  know  of  the  battle  of 
Bull  Run  ?     "  Stonewall  "  Jackson  ? 


CHAPTER  III. 


Early   Battles   in   the   West. 


The  result  of  the  battle  of  Bull  Run  filled  the  South  with 
great  exultation,  and  its  people  reposed  for  some  time  in 
fancied  security,  fully  believing  that  Southern  valor  wras 
invincible      Upon  the  North  the  effect  was  altogether  differ- 


374 


PERIOD    OF    INDEPENDENCE. 

ffllliiipUM 


GENERAL    E.    KIRBY    SMITH. 
(CONFEDERATE). 


GENERAL    A.    P.    HILL. 
(confederate). 


GENERAL    FITZHUGH    LEE. 
(CONFEDERATE  '. 


GENERAL    WADE    HAMPTON. 


ent.  The  people  there  were  brought  to  a  sudden  realization 
that  the  conflict  precipitated  upon  the  country  was  to  be  one 
of  great  magnitude.  All  the  resources  of  the  Federal 
Government  were  now  brought  into  activity.  Thousands  of 
men  and  millions  of  money  were  voted  by  Congress,  and 
there  was  soon  assembled,  equipped  and  organized-,  at  Wash- 
ington,  one  of  the  largest  armies  of  modern  times. 


DISUNION. 


375 


Operations  in  the  Southwest. 
Shortly  after  the  battle  of  Bull  Hun 
General    H.   II.  Sibley  was  com- 

missioned  to  repair  to  Texas,  raise  a 
brigade  of  troops  and  proceed  to  the 
conquest  of  New  Mexico.  With  three 
regiments  he  set  out  from  San  Antonio, 
and  by  way  of  the  Rio  Grande  valley 
arrived  at  the  scene  of  his  operations 
after  having  performed  a  memorable 
inarch.  Battles  were  fought  with  the 
Union  forces  already  in  possession  of 
the  territory  at  Valverde  (Februarys:, 
iSGa),  Gloriettr.  (March  27),  and  Pe- 
ratta  (April  23),  in  all  of  which  the 
Texans  displayed  their  proverbial 
valor.  To  hold  the  country,  however, 
was  found  to  be  impracticable  and  the 
men  of  "  Sibley's  Brigade  "  returned  to 
take  part  in  other  and  more  important 
scenes. 


This  army  consisted  of  more 
than  one  hundred  and  fifty 
thousand  men,  and  General 
George  B.  McClellan,  a  man 
beloved  by  his  whole  army, 
and  one  of  the  most  skillful 
military  organizers  upon  the 
Union  side,  was  placed  in 
command.  A  number  of 
months  elapsed  before  it  began 
active  operations,  and  in  the 
meanwhile  important  events 
were  happening  in  the  West. 
Missouri  had  been  held  in  the  Union  chiefly  through  the 
decision  and  energy  of  Captain  Lyon.  The  Missouri  State 
troops,  in  sympathy  with  the  South,  were 
compelled  to  retreat  to  the  southwestern  part 
of  the  State,  not  without  having  won  a  victory 
over  the  Federal  General  Sigel,  at  Car- 
thage (July  5,  1S61).  Here,  under  their 
commander,  General  Sterling  Price,  they 
were  soon  joined  by  reinforcements  from 
Arkansas,  under  Generals  Ben  McCul- 
LOCH  and  N.  B.  Pearce.  Lyon — now  Gen- 
eral— advancing  with  an  army,  attacked  the 
combined  forces  at  Wilson's  Creek,  near 
Springfield,  Mo.  (August  10,  1S61),  but  was 
killed  in  the  action  and  his  army  defeated. 
That  part  of  the  combined  Confederate 
forces  consisting  of  Missourians,  then  ad- 
vanced upon  Lexington  and  compelled  the 
Federal  Col.  Mulligan  to  surrender  the  place  with  a  great 
quantity  of    stores    and   munitions  of  war  (September  20). 


GEN.    H.    H.    SIBLEY. 
(CONFBURKATK}. 


GEN.    STERLING    PRICE. 

(CONKKl>l:il.\Tl-  I, 


37$ 


PERIOD    OF    INDEPENDENCE. 


GEN.  EARL    VAN    DORN, 
(COKPKDKRATK). 


In  its  preparations  to  resist  invasion,  the  Confederate' 
Government  entrusted  the  Western  defenses  of  the  Confed- 
eracy to  General  Albert  Sidney  Johnston,  an  experienced 
officer  and  one  of  the  ablest  soldiers  of  his  time.  Johnston' 
made  such  a  disposition  of  his  forces  as  to  establish  east  of 
the  Mississippi  a  line  of  defense  whose  prin- 
cipal points  were  Columbus,  Ky.,  Forts 
Henry  and  Donelson,  Tenn.,  Bowling  Green 
and  Cumberland  Gap,  Ky. ;  while  General 
Earl  Van  Dorn  was  placed  in  command 
west  of  the  Mississippi.  Powerful  Federal 
armies  were  organized  under  Generals  H. 
W.  Halleck  and  D.  C.  Buell.  In  all,  these 
forces  numbered  more  than  two  hundred  thousand  men. 
The  people  of  the  South  were  slow  to  realize  the  necessity  of 
preparing  to  resist  the  threatened  invasion  from  the  North- 
west, and  Johnston,  with  but  few  men  and  limited  supplies 
at  his  disposal,  was  unable  to  hold  his  line  intact. 

Halleck,  from  his  headquarters  at  St.  Louis,  directed  a  part 
of  his  forces,  under  General  Curtis,  to  Southern  Mis- 
souri to  operate  against  Van  Dorn.  The  remainder  were 
collected  at  Cairo,  111.,  under  General  Ulysses  S.  Grant, 
and  at  Paducah,  Ky.,  under  General  C.  F.  Smith. 
Buell's  forces  were  assembled  at  various  points  in  Eastern 
Kentucky. 

To  resist  Curtis,  Van  Dorn  gathered  the  forces  of  Price 
and  McCulloch,  and  was  joined  by  General  Albert  Pike 
with  several  regiments  of  Indians,  whom 
he  had  succeeded  in  winning  to  the  cause 
of  the  Confederacy  in  the  Indian  Terri- 
tory. The  combined  forces  attacked  Curtis 
at  Elkhorn  Tavern,  near  Bentonville,  in 
Northwestern  Arkansas,  and  the  battle  that 
took  place  is  known  as  Pea  Ridge  (March        TiwkdJL™T 


DISUNION. 


377 


5-8).  A  part  of  the  attacking  forces  was  routed  with  the 
loss  of  two  of  the  bravest  officers  on  the  Confederate  side — 
McCulloch  and  McIntosh.  The  remainder  maintained 
the  action  with  energy,  but  with  the  defeat  of  their  com- 
rades were  compelled  to  fall  back. 

General  Leonidas  Polk,  in  command  of  Johnston's 
forces  at  Columbus,  established  a  camp  across  the  river  at 
Belmont,  Mo.  General  Grant  descending  the  river  from 
Cairo  landed  and  attacked  this  camp,  but  reinforcements 
sent  by  Polk  crossed  the  river 
and  drove  him  back  to  his  gun- 
boats (November  7,  1861). 
Grant's  next  operations,  how- 
ever, were  more  successful. 
Uniting  forces  with  General 
Smith,  he,  with  the  aid  of  a 
powerful  fleet  of  gunboats 
under  Commodore  Foote,  ob- 
tained possession  of  the  Con- 
federate strongholds  of  Fort 
Henry  (February  6)  and  Fort 
Donelson  (February  16). 

The  loss  of  Fort  Donelson  was  a  severe  blow  to  the  South, 
for  with  it  more  than  twelve  thousand  men  were  forced  to 
lay  down  their  arms  (February  16).  In  its  capture  General 
Grant  first  manifested  the  indomitable  qualities  that  were 
destined  to  make  him  the  greatest  general  on  the  Northern 
side.  Meanwhile  the  Confederate  forces  in  southeastern 
Kentucky,  under  Generals  Crittenden  andZoLLicoFFER, 
had  been  defeated  by  a  part  of  Buell's  forces  under  General 
George  H.  Thomas,  near  Mill  Springs  (January  19),  Gen- 
eral Zollicoffer  losing  his  life  in  the  action.  The  disasters 
pf  Fort  Donelson  and  Mil]  Springs  compelled  Johnston  to 


GEN.     LEONIDAS    POLK. 

(confederate). 


378 


PERIOD    OF    INDEPENDENCE. 


GEN      ALBERT    SIDNEY    JOHNSTON. 
((.ONKKDKKATE). 


fall  back  from  Bowling 
Green  and  establish  a  new 
line  of  defense. 

Upon  the  capture  of  Fort 
Donelson,  Grant  moved 
south  up  the  Tennessee 
River  as  far  as  Pittsburg 
Landing,  near  the  State  line 
of  Mississippi.  Here  Buell 
was  ordered  to  join  him. 
Johnston  determined  upon 
an  attack  before  the  two 
armies  could  unite,  and  to 
that  end,  by  skillful  general- 
ship, concentrated  the  different  divisions  of  his  command 
under  Generals  Polk,  Hardee  and  Breckinridge,  at 
Corinth,  Miss.,  where  he  was  joined  by  Generals  Beauregard 
and  Bragg. 

A  part  of  Johnston's  plan  was  the  complete  surprise  of  his 
antagonist.  In  this  he  was  successful.  Advancing  quietly 
upon  his  unconscious  foe,  he  fell  upon  the  Federal  camps, 
near  Si-iiloii  Church,  about  two  miles  from  the  Tennessee 
River  (April  6),  and  although  he  was  greatly  outnumbered, 
and  the  resistance  encountered  was  stubborn  in  the  extreme, 
he  forced  the  Federals  back  to  the  river  before  the  day  was 
over,  capturing  many  prisoners  and  stores.  But  the  victory 
was  dearly  won,  for  Johnston,  while  directing  his  men, 
received  during  ffie  course  of  the  day  a  wound  to  which  in 
the  heat  of  battle  he  gave  little  attention.  An  artery  was 
severed,  and  before  the  extent  of  his  injury  was  realized  he 
had  bled  to  death.  The  fall  of  Johnston  largely  determined 
subsequent  events  in  the  West. 


DISUNION. 


379 


BATTLE    OF    SHILOH. 


On  the  night  that  the  held  was  won,  and  while  Grant  lay 
under  the  protection  of  his  gunboats,  Buell's  army  arrived. 
With  this  heavy  reinforcement  the  Federals  were  enabled 
to  renew  the  engagement  the  next  day,  and  win  back  the 
ground  lost.  The  Confederates,  now  commanded  by  Beau- 
regard,  fell  back  to  Corinth,  where  they  were  joined  by 
reinforcements  under  Van  Dorn  and  Price,  who  had  crossed 
the  Mississippi  from  Arkansas  after  having 
lost  the  battle  of  Pea  Ridge. 

Halleck  now  arrived  and  assumed  com- 
mand of  the  Federal  forces.  Among  his 
subordinate  officers,  besides  Grant  and 
Buell,  were  Sherman,  Thomas,  Sheridan, 
Pope,  Rosecrans,  Logan  and  McClernand. 
Beauregard,  having  but  little  more  than 
fifty  thousand  men  to  encounter  the  one 
hundred  thousand  of  his  antagonist,  deemed  it  best  to  with- 
draw from   Corinth,  upon  Halleck's  approach. 


gen.  w.  j.   hardee, 
(coxkeuekatk). 


38o 


PERIOD  OF  INDEPENDENCE. 


GENERAL  JOSEPH  H. 

WHEELER. 

CONFEDERATE  CAVALKY 

LEADER. 


A  change  of  commanders  now  occurred  on  both  sides. 
Halleck  was  called  to  Washington  as  commander-in-chief  of 
the  armies  of  the  United  States;  Beauregard  was  compelled 
by  ill-health  to  entrust  the  command  of  the  Confederate 
arnry  to  Bragg.  Both  armies  then  divided, 
Buell  and  Thomas  proceeding  northeastward 
into  Tennessee,  while  Grant  and  Rosecrans 
remained  around  Corinth.  Bragg  with  his 
forces  moved  into  Tennessee  to  operate 
against  Buell.  After  Bragg' s  departure, 
Price  was  unsuccessfully  attacked  by  Rose- 
crans (September  19)  at  Iuka,  Miss.,  but 
retreated  upon  being  apprised  that  Grant  was  approaching 
with  large  reinforcements.  Van  Dorn  and  Price  then 
united  forces  and  attacked  Rosecrans  at  Corinth,  but  were 
severely  repulsed  (October  3-4,  1862). 

Upon  reaching  Tennes- 
see, Bragg  proceeded  north- 
ward into  Kentucky  with  the 
evident  design  of  reaching 
Louisville,  defeating  on  the 
way  a  Federal  force  at 
Mumfordsville  ( Septem- 
ber 17).  He  Avas  soon 
joined  by  General  E.  Kirby 
Smith  from  East  Tennessee, 
who,  on  his  way,  had  won 
a  victory  at  Richmond,  Ky. 
(August  30).  Buell  hasten- 
ed to  oppose  him  with  an 
army  that  had  been  heavily  reinforced,  and  the  advance  of 
both  armies  toward  Louisville  took  the  form  of  a  foot  race. 
Buell  arrived  first.     Falling  back,  Bragg  was  overtaken  at 


GEN.  P.  Q.  T.  BEAUREGARD. 
(CONFEDERATE). 


DISUNION 


381 


Perryvillk  (October  8).  A  severe  engagement  followed, 
but  the  Confederates,  gaining  a  decided  advantage,  with- 
drew unmolested  with  the  long  wagon  trains  of  spoils  they 
had  acquired. 

QUESTIONS. 

What  effect  hud  the  battle  of  Bull  Run  upon  the  South?  North?  What 
do  you  know  of  the  equipment  of  McClellan's  army  ?  Through  whose 
energy  was  Missouri  held  in  the  Union?  What  events  led  up  to  the  battle 
of  Wilson's  Creek?  What  were  the  results  of  this  battle?  When  and  by 
whom  was  Lexington  taken?  What  do  you  know  of  General  Albert  Sidney 
Johnston?  General  Van  Dorn?  What  was  his  western  line  of  defense? 
What  Union  forces  prepared  to  invade  the  South  from  the  Northwest? 
Under  whom?  What  do  you  know  of  General  Curtis?  Of  the  battle  of 
Belmont?  Capture  of  Forts  Henry  and  Donelson  ?  Battle  of  Mill  Springs? 
Shiloh?  Pittsburg  Landing?  Pea  Ridge?  What  effect  had  the  fall  of 
Fort  Donelson  upon  the  Confederate  line  of  defense?  What  change  did 
each  army  undergo  after  the  capture  of  Corinth  ?  What  do  you  know  of  the 
battle  of  Iuka?  Corinth?  Bragg's  march  into  Kentucky  ?  Kirby  Smith's? 
Battle   of   Perryville  ?     What    cavalry    leader    rendered   great  assistance  to 


CHAPTER  IV. 

The   War   in   Virginia 

The  disasters  that  befell  the  Con- 
federacy in  the  breaking  of  its  west- 
ern line  of  defense  were  followed 
by  a  series  of  achievements  in  Vir- 
ginia, whose  parallel,  taking  into 
consideration  disparity  of  forces  and 
numbers  engaged,  it  is  difficult  to 
find.  After  the  battle  of  Bull  Run, 
General  J.  E.  Johnston  remained  in 
charge  of  the  Confederate  forces 
near  Manassas,  while  General 
"  Stonewall  "  Jackson  was  sent  to 
take  command  in  the  Virginia  valley 
through  which  the  Shenandoah 
River  runs. 


THE   CONFEDERATE    FLAG. 


382 


PERIOD    OP'    INDEPENDENCE. 


GENERALS  THOMAS,  GRANT  AND  MEADE. 
(KKDKKAL8). 


Both  commanders  soon  found  the  military  abilities  for 
which  they  subsequently  become  famous  taxed  to  their 
utmost.  McClellan  was  organizing  his  army  at  Washington 
for  a  descent  upon  Richmond.  Forces  under  General 
Banks  were  making  preparations  to  enter  the  Shenandoah 
Valley  from  the  North,  while  troops  now  under  General 
Fremont  were  advancing  from  the  victorious  fields  of  North- 
western Virginia. 

In  place  of  marching  upon  Richmond  directly  and  en- 
countering Johnston's  forces,  McClellan  determined  to 
approach  by  way  of  the  historic  peninsula  between  the  York 
and  James  Rivers,  and  for  this  purpose  transferred  his  great 
army  by  boat  to  the  scene  of  his  proposed  operations.     That 


DISUNION. 


383 


Washington  might  not  be  endangered,  General  McDowell, 
with  about  forty  thousand  men,  remained  in  defense  of 
that  city.  The  army 
that  landed  upon 
the  peninsula  num- 
bered more  than 
one  hundred  and 
five  thousand 
men.  Nothing 


MAP    TO    ILLUSTRATE    THE    WAR 


between  this  army  and  Richmond  but 
ten  thousand  men  under  General  Magruder.  Yet  so  skill- 
fully were  these  few  troops  handled,  and  such  a  semblance 
of  force  was  made,  that  the  overcautious  McClellan  was 
delayed  a  month,  calling  in  the  meanwhile  for  reinforcements. 
This  delay  gave  Johnston  time  to  move  his  troops  from 
Manassas  to  the  peninsula.  For  the  purpose  of  further  delay- 
ing the  invading  army,  resistance  was  offered  at  Williams- 
burg (May  5,  1862),  and  having  accomplished  their  purpose, 
the  Confederates    fell  back  to   Fair  Oaks.     To   reach  this 


384 


PERIOD    OF    INDEPENDENCE. 


GEN.  d.    B.    MAGRUDER. 
(CON'FEDEKATK). 


point  McClellan  was  compell- 
ed to  cross  the  branch  of  the 
James  called 
the  Chicka- 
hominy,  and 
while  his 
army  was 
divided  by 
its  waters  he 
was  attack- 
ed, and  the 
battle  of  Seven  Pines,  lasting 
two  days,  was  fought  (May  31- 
June  1).  The  advantage  was 
with  the  Confederates  the  first 
day;  with  the  Federals  the 
second.  During  the  battle 
Johnston  received  a  wound 
that  disabled  him  for  some 
time,  and  the  command  of  the 
army  fell  to  General  Robert 
E.  Lee. 

Meanwhile  Jackson  had  ex- 
ecuted his  brilliant  "  Valley 
Campaign,"  and  had  prevent- 
ed McDowell  from  advancing 
on  Richmond  or  reinforcing 
McClellan.  He  now  arrived  to 
take  his  place  in  Lee's  army 
as  the  commander-in-chief's 
strong  right  arm .  Seven  Days 
of  Battle  now  followed 
(June    25- July    1  ),    during 


The  Valley  Campaign. 
Shortly  after  assuming-  command  in 
the  valley,  Jackson  hurled  his  little 
army  of  thirty-five  hundred  against 
seven  thousand  men  of  Banks'  army 
under  General  Shields  at  Kernstown 
(March  23,  1S62).  Though  unsuccess- 
ful, the  bold  aggressiveness  of  this 
movement  awakened  such  consterna- 
tion that  reinforcements  designed  for 
McClellan'a  army  on  the  Peninsula 
were  retained  for  the  defense  of 
Washington.  In  moving  to  con- 
front McClellan,  Johnston  had  left 
a  few  troops  under  General  Ewell 
to  oppose  any  advance  made  by 
McDowell.  A  division  of  Fremont's 
forces  under  Colonels  Milkoy  and 
Sciienck  advancing  from  Western  Vir- 
ginia had  taken  post  at  a  place  called 
McDowell,  situated  without  the  valley, 
about  forty  miles  west  from  Staunton. 
Here  they  were  opposed  by  a  few  Con- 
federate troops  under  General  Edward 
Johnson.  The  genius  of  Jackson  for 
making  rapid  and  skillful  military 
combinations  now  shone  forth.  Sum- 
moning Ewell  to  confront  Banks,  so 
as  to  conceal  his  own  movements, 
he  marched  his  men  up  the  valley, 
with  incredible  rapidity,  a  distance 
of  one  hundred  miles,  joined  forces 
with  Johnson,  drove  Milroy  and 
Schenck  out  of  McDowell,  chas- 
ing them  for  two  days,  and  before 
Banks  knew  that  the  Confederate 
commander  had  disappeared  from  his 
front,  he  had  performed  another  march 
of  one  hundred  and  twenty  miles,  and 
was  back  again.  Joining  forces  with 
Ewell,  he  administered  a  crushing 
defeat  to  Banks  at  Front  Royal  (May 
23),  and  pushed  him  northward  to 
Winchester.  Here  Banks  was  again 
defeated  (May  25),  and  after  the  battle 
took  refuge  beyond  the  Potomac. 
Active  effort  was  now  made  to  capture 
the  intrepid  Confederate  leader.  Mc- 
Dowell was  ordered  to  cross  the  moun- 
tains into  the  valley,  Banks  and  PVe- 
mont  to  advance,  and  thus  by  a  con- 
vergence of  columns,  surround  him. 
In  all,  the  forces  opposed  num- 
bered about  sixty  thousand.  Jack- 
son, however,  was   too  quick    for    his 


DISUNION'. 


3«s 


adversaries.  Falling  rapidly  back 
from  Banks,  and  burning  the  bridges 
over  the  Shenandoah,  so  that  Fre- 
mont and  McDowell's  forces — the 
latter  under  Shields — could  not  unite, 
he  readied  a  point  within  striking  dis- 
tance of  each,  and  fell  upon  them  at 
Cross  Keys  (June  S)  and  Port  Republic 
(June  9)  in  rapid  succession,  gaining  an 
additional  victory  in  each  instance.  Be- 
fore his  bewildered  antagonists  awoke 
to  a  realization  of  what  had  happened, 
Jackson  had  slipped  out  of  the  valley 
in  safety,  with  all  the  spoils  of  his  vic- 
tories, and  was  on  his  way  to  join 
Lee  in  the  Seven  Days'  battles,  having 
in  three  months  inarched  four  hundred 
miles,  defeated  four  armies,  captured 
thirty -five  hundred  prisoners,  and  with 
forces  at  no  time  exceeding  seventeen 
thousand,  had  occupied  the  attention 
ot  sixtv  thousand. 


which  McCieiiatl  was  ham- 
mered and  driven  from  point 
to  point,  and  only  upon  the* 
last  day  at  Malvern  Hill,  when 
under  the  shelter  of  his  gun- 
boats, did  he  succeed  in 
checking-    the    victorious    ad- 


vance of  Lee.  But  the  Penin- 
sula Campaign  was  a  disas- 
trous failure.  Mc  Clellan's 
army  returned  to  Washington, 
and  Richmond  was  saved. 

Halleck  now  arrived  from 
the  West  and  assumed  charge 
of  Federal  military  operations.  Another  army  was  organ- 
ized, and  under  General  John  Pope  took  the  field.  An 
advance  division  of  his  army  under  Banks  was  met  by  a  part 
of  Lee's  army  under  Jackson, 
at  Cedar  Mountain,  not  far 
from  Culpepper  Courthouse.  A 
rapid  and  severe  engagement 
followed,  in  which  the  Confed- 
erates were  victorious  (August 
9).  Jackson  then  gained  the 
rear  of  Pope's  main  army  and 
captured  many  of  his  stores  at 
Manassas.  The  Union  com- 
mander was  compelled  to  face 
about  and  return.  A  battle  oc- 
curred in  which  Jackson  held 
his  own  until  General  Longstreet,  with  another  portion  of 
Lee's  army  arrived,  and  though  the  combined  forces  num- 
bered  but  forty-nine  thousand,    and   Pope's   army   seventy 


GEN.    GEORGE     B.    MC  CLELLAN. 
(KKDERAL). 


386 


PERIOD    OF    INDEPENDENCE. 


thousand,  the  latter  was  forced  from  the  field  (August  30) 
by  skillful  and  timely  combinations  on  the  part  of  the  Con- 
federates. This  brought  the  third  campaign  against  Rich- 
mond to  an  unsuccessful  end. 

Lee  now  determined  to  trans- 
fer the  war  to  Northern  territory. 
His  army  advanced  northward 
in  three  divisions,  under  Gen- 
erals Jackson,  Longstreet,  and 
D.  II .  Hill,  while  the  Confed- 
erate cavalry  was  led  by  General 
J.  E.  B.  Stuart,  one  of  the 
most  famous  cavalry  leaders  of 
the  war.  McClellan  was  again 
placed  in  command  of  the 
Northern  army,  and  he  hastily 
made  a  disposition  of  his  forces 
to  meet  the  Confederate  advance.  Lee  crossed  the  Potomac 
into  Maryland,  sending  Jackson  to  Harper's  Ferry,  where 
a  Federal  force  of  thirteen  thousand  was  stationed.  Jackson 
laid  siege  to  the  place,  and  perfecting  his  plans,  stormed  and 
captured  it,  taking  the  whole  garrison  prison- 
ers (September  15),  General  D.  II.  Hill  at 
South  Mountain  (September  14)  having 
delayed  reinforcements  from  advancing  to 
the  assistance  of  the  town  sufficiently  long 
to  enable  Jackson  to  consummate  its  capture. 
The  opposing  forces  of  Lee  and  McClellan 
met  at  Antietam  Creek,  near  Sharpsburg, 
Md.  The  attack  came  from  the  Federals 
and  was  stubbornly  met.  At  one  time  Federal  troops  on 
the  right  were  swept  from  the  field,  but  were  reinforced; 
at    another    the    Confederate    line    was    broken,    but    the 


QEN.    JOHN    POPE. 
(federal). 


DISUNION'. 


3S7 


GEN.     AMBROSE     E.     BUKNSIDE. 
(FKDKKAL). 


Washington  Artillery  of  New  Orleans  and  Boyce's  South 
Carolina  Battery  defended  the  gap  successfully  (Sept- 
ember 17).  The  next  day  Lee  awaited  another  attack, 
but  none  came.  To  have  re- 
mained longer  would  have  en- 
abled McClellan  to  gather  fresh 
reinforcements;  so  on  the  day 
following  Lee,  recrossed  the 
Potomac,  and,  unmolested,  re- 
turned to  Virginia.  As  a  battle, 
Antietam  was  indecisive ;  as  a 
campaign,  Lee's  march  into 
Maryland  was  a  failure. 

McClellan    was    deprived    of 
command  for  the  second  time, 
and  under  General  Ambrose 
E.   Burnside    the    heavily  reinforced    army   of    the    North 
advanced  for  the  fourth  time  to  take  Richmond.      Lee  and 

Burnside  met  at  Fredricks- 
BURG  (December  13),  and  again 
the  Union  forces  sustained  a 
terrible  defeat.  Burnside  was 
superseded  by  General  Joseph 
Hooker.  With  an  army  of  one 
hundred  and  thirty  thousand, 
the  Union  commander  advanced, 
confident  that  the  fate  of  his 
predecessors  was  not  to  be  his. 
A  part  of  his  forces  under 
General  Sedgwick  crossed 
the  Rappahanock  at  Fredricks- 
burg  to  occupy  the  attention  of  Lee,  stationed  there  with 
sixty  thousand  men  to  meet  the  Union  advance.     The  main 


QEN.     JOSEPH     HOOKEf 
(KEKERAL). 


388 


PERIOD    OP    INDEPENDENCE. 


THE    NIGHT    BEFORE    CHANCELLORSVILLE--LAST    MEETING    OF    LEE    AND    JACKSON. 

body  crossed  the  Rappahanock  some  miles  further  up,  and 
took  position  at  a  place  called  Chancellorsville. 

The  design  of  Hooker  was  to  surround  and  destroy  Lee's 
army.     Cavalry  under  General  Stoneman  was  sent  toward 


DISUNION. 


3% 


Death  oi  Stonewall  Jackson. 
Although  the  Confederate  successes 
of  the  Chanccllorsville  campaign  were   j 
brilliant  in  the  extreme,  they  neverthe- 
less   proved   dearly   bought  victories. 
Jackson's  attack  upon  Hooker's  right 
ilank  ended  at  twilight,  and  he   rode 
forward  with  several  members  of  his 
staff  to  reconnoitre.     Returning,  they 
were  in  the  gloom  mistaken  for  Federal 
cavalry,    and  a  body   of    Confederate 
soldiers  f.red  upon  the  returning  party. 
Jackson  received  a  wound  that  directly 
afterwards  hastened   his   death.     Sur- 
rounded by  weeping  friends  and 
relatives,  the  illustrious  sol 
dier  passed  away  (May  10) 
His   thoughts  were  with 
his   men  to  the  last,  and 
in  his  delirium  he  fought 
his    battles    anew: 
"  Order    A.   P.    Hill 
to     prepare      for 
action."       "Pass  the 
i  n/a  11  try     to    the 
front!"    "  Tell  Major 
Hawks    to   se?id   for- 
rvard  provisiotis  for 
the  men!"     issued 
from  his  lips  at  in- 
tervals.     "Let   us 
cross  over  the  river 
and  rest  under  the 
shade  0/ the  trees!  " 
were  the  last  words 
he  uttered  before  he 
himself  crossed    the 
dark  river    that  sep 
arates   this   life   from 

.  GEN.    "STONEWALL"    JACKSON 

the  beyond.     His  loss  (confederate). 

was  irreparable  to  the  Confederacy. 
A  man  of  pure  and  spotless  character, 
the  North  and  South  unite  in  honor- 
ing his  memory.  His  life  was  given 
to  the  service  of  his  State.  As  a 
teacher,  he  instructed  her  youth  in 
her  military  institute  at  Lexington. 
As  a  patriot,  he  hastened  to  her 
defense  at  the  first  indication  that 
she  was  to  be  attacked.  As  a  devout 
Christian,  he  never  failed  to  render 
to  the  Almighty  the  prayerful  tribute 
of  a  strong  and  earnest  nature,  after 
ever;,  battle.  As  a  general,  lie  inspired 
unlimited  confidence  in  the  hearts 
of  his  men,  and  they  had  come  to 
believe  that  win  re  he  was  defeat  could 
not  be.  As  a  military  genius,  lie 
stands  next  to  Lee. 


Gordonvillc  to  cut  off  its  prob- 
able line  of  retreat.     A  daring 
plan,  however,  was  conceived 
by  Jackson,   and  its  execution 
authorized  by  Lee.     In  place 
of  attacking  Fredricksburg,  as 
the  Union  general  confidently 
expected,    Jackson    with     his 
division  of    the     army, 
made  a  wide   detour; 
his  movements  con- 
cealed    by     dense 
forests  and  shrub_ 
bery     surrounding 
Chancellorsville. 
Coming    upon 
the      right 
flank         of 
Hooker's 
arm  y —  the 
side     furthest 
away       from 
F  r  e  dr icksbu  r  g — he 
fell    upon   General   Howard, 
who  commanded  that  part  cf 
the   field.     The   surprise    was 
complete.     Nothing  could  stay 
the  resistless  energy  with  which 
the     Confederate     ranks 
emerged  from  the  woods  and 
advanced   upon    the    Union 
works,  and  Howard  was  driven 
back    in    confusion.     The 


390  PERIOD    OF    INDEPENDENCE. 

next  day  Lee,  having  left  a  small  force  to  face  Sedgwick, 
attacked  Hooker  in  front  and  administered  to  him  a  crush- 
ing defeat.  Sedgwick  advancing,  drove  back  the  few 
troops  opposed  to  him,  but  Lee,  returning  from  his  success 
at  Chancellorsville,  fell  upon  Sedgwick,  and  gained  a  third 
victory.  This  completed  the  rout  of  the  whole  Union  army, 
causing  them  to  retreat  to  the  other  side  of  the  Rappahanock 
(May  3).  This  ended  the  fifth  Union  campaign  against 
Richmond. 

Lee  now  determined,  for  the  second  time,  to  carry  the  war 
into  the  North,  and  by  advancing  into  Maryland  and  Penn- 
sylvania cause  the  withdrawal  of  Hooker's 
army  from  the  Rappahanock.  Skillfully 
deceiving  Hooker  as  to  his  intentions,  he 
moved  his  army  in  three  divisions,  under 
Generals  Ewell,  Longstreet  and  A.  P. 
Hill,  to  the  Shenandoah  Valley,  and  pro- 
ceeded northward  into  Pennsylvania,  taking 
possession    of    Chambersburnr    and    York. 

GEN.    RICHARD    S.    EWELL.  -1  ° 

(confkderatr).  Philadelphia,   Harrisburg  and  Washington 

were  thus  threatened,  and  the  Union  forces,  now  com- 
manded by  General  George  G.  Meade,  lost  no  time  in 
hastening  from  the  Rappahanock  to  the  new  scene  of  opera- 
tions, being  reinforced  by  Pennsylvania  militia. 

A  battle,  lasting  three  days,  was  fought  at  Gettysburg 
(July  1,  2,  3).  Strongly  posted  upon  a  line  of  hills  called 
Cemetery  Ridge,  Meade  awaited  the  Confederate  attack. 
On  the  first  day  the  forces  of  Ewell  and  Hill  gained  a  decided 
advantage,  but  waited  until  Longstreet  should  arrive  before 
following  it  up.  Meade,  in  the  meanwhile,  succeeded  in 
concentrating  his  whole  strength.  The  second  day's  attack 
resulted  in  the  Confederates  gaining  a  number  of  temporary 
successes,  and  encouraged  them  to  make  a  supreme  effort 
upon  the  day  following  (July  3). 


DISUNION. 


391 


The  plan  of  attack  upon  this  day  was  to  pierce  the  center 
of  the  Union  lines.  To  do  this  an  open  space,  three-quarters 
of  a  mile  wide,  had  to  be  crossed,  upon  which  the  fire  from 


THE    LAST    CHARGE    AT    GETTYSBURG. 


all  the  Federal  artillery  could  be  directed.  The  men  selected 
for  the  purpose,  numbering  four  thousand  nine  hundred, 
were  commanded  by  General  Pickett,  and  were  arranged 


392 


PERIOD    OI<     INDEPENDENCE. 


QEN.    G'ORGE     D.    PICKETT. 
(CONKEDKKATK). 


in  three  columns,  led  by  Generals  Armistead,  Kemper 
and  Garnett.  Crossing  the  open  space,  unshaken  by  shot 
and  shell  that  worked  sad  havoc  to  their 
ranks,  they  charged  upon  the  Union  lines 
with  a  gallantry  that  won  the  cheers  of 
friends  and  the  admiration  of  foes.  Over 
the  earthworks  they  poured  only  to  find 
overwhelming  numbers  ready  to  receive 
them.  A  deadly  fire  was  rained  upon  their 
rapidly  thinning  ranks.  Garnett  and 
Armistead  fell  dead,  and  Kemper,  wounded.  The  charge 
was  repulsed  with  terrible  slaughter,  as  was  that  of  General 
Wilcox,  who,  moving  up  to  Pickett's  support,  attacked  an- 
other part  of  the  Federal  lines.  The  brave  fellows,  having 
attempted  the  impossible,  made  their  way  back  with  many 
comrades  missing,  their  only  success  that  of  furnishing  to 
the  world  an  example  of  man's  heroism  which  has  never 
been  equaled. 

The  battle  of  Gettysburg 
ended  with  the  third  day.  On 
the  fourth,  Lee  waited  in  posi- 
tion for  Meade  to  advance,  but 
that  general  remained  well 
satisfied  with  having  repelled 
the  attacks  of  his  antagonist. 
The  Confederates  then  pro- 
ceeded to  fall  back  to  the 
Potomac,  Meade  following 
leisurely  without  venturing  an- 
other battle,  and  the  seat  of 
war  was  again  transferred  to  Virginia.  Like  his  Mary- 
land campaign,  Lee's  Pennsylvania  invasion  had  met  with 
failure.  Henceforth  his  military  operations  were  to  be 
strictly  defensive. 


Lee  at  Gettysburg. 

Never  did  Lee  show  the  attributes  of 
a  great  commander  more  unmistakably 
than  when  he  rode  out  to  meet  the 
men  returning  from  the  memorable 
Gettysburg  charge.  "  All  this  will 
come  right  in  the  end.  *  *  *  All 
good  men  must  rally.  We  zvant  all 
good  and  trice  men  just  now"  said  he 
in  his  kindly  tone  as  he  rallied  them. 
No  shifting  of  the  responsibility  of 
failure  was  there  with  him  as  has  been 
the  case  wiih  other  commanders  on 
several  occasions.  To  General  Wilcox 
who  rode  up  and  almost  sobbed  as 
he  told  of  the  loss  of  almost  all  of 
his  men,  Lee  held  out  his  hand  and 
said  :  "  Never  mind,  General,  all  this 
has  been  my  fault.  It  is  I  who  have 
lost  this  fight,  and  you  must  help  me 
out  oj  it  the  best  way  you  can.'" 


disunion.  393 

QUESTIONS. 

Who  held  command  at  Manassas?  Who  commanded  in  the  Shenandoah 
Valley?  How  did  McClellan  advance  upon  Richmond?  What  battles  were 
fought  during  the  "  Peninsula  Campaign "  ?  After  what  battle  did  Lee 
take  command  of  the  Confederate  army?  Why?  What  do  you  know  of 
the  Seven  Days'  battles?  Of  Jackson's  Valley  Campaign?  Of  the  second 
battle  of  Manassas?  Cedar  Mountain?  What  do  you  know  of  Lee's 
Maryland  Campaign?  Capture  of  Harper's  Ferry?  Battle  of  South  Moun- 
tain? Antietam  ?  What  do  you  know  of  Burnside's  campaign  ?  Hooker's 
campaign?  Battle  of  Chancellorsville?  Jackson's  flank  movement? 
Repulse  of  Sedgwick?  Death  and  character  of  Jackson  ?  Lee's  invasion  of 
Pennsylvania?  Why  did  Lee  advance  northward?  What  do  you  know  of 
ths  battle  of  Gettysburg?  Pickett's  charge?  How  did  Lee  show  the 
attributes  of  a  great  commander?  Where  was  the  war  transferred  after  the 
battle? 

CHAPTER  V. 
Coast,    River   and   Sea. 

There  are  two  ways  in  which  a  nation  may  be  overcome. 
One  is  by  conquering  its  standing  armies;  the  other,  by 
weakening  or  destroying  its  resources,  so  that  these  standing 
armies  cannot  be  sustained.  The  first  few  battles  made  the 
fact  manifest  that  the  subjugation  of  the  Confederacy  was 
to  be  no  small  undertaking.  Union  military  operations  then 
began  to  be  planned  with  more  system. 

One  of  the  earliest  of  these  plans  to  be  developed  was  the 
blockading  of  all  Southern  ports.  This  blockade  was  estab- 
lished, first  by  proclamation  of  President  Lincoln,  afterwards 
by  presence  of  Federal  ships  of  war  along  the  Southern 
ports.  A  second  of  these  plans  was  the  opening  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi to  Federal  control,  thereby  dividing  the  Confederacy 
and  rendering'difficult  the  exchange  of  aid,  encouragement, 
and  supplies  between  the  eastern  and  far  western  sections. 

At  first  the  blockading  vessels  were  stationed  outside  the 
entrances  to  the  principal  harbors,  or  were  made  to  guard 
the  coast  from  point  to  point.     The  vigilance  of  these  was 


394 


PERIOD    OF    INDEPENDENCE. 

IP 


RUNNING    THE    BLOCKADE. 


often  evaded,  however,  by 
swift  little  vessels  that  would 
slip  out  of  harbor  and  speed 
off  before  the  wind,  unper- 
ceived  until  too  late  for  attempt 
at  capture  to  be  made. 

To  render  the  blockade  more 
efficient  it  was  determined  to 
gain  possession  of  the  harbors 
themselves.  As  many  of  these 
were  defended  by  forts,  a 
number  of  coast  operations 
were  undertaken.  The  forts 
at  Hatteras  Inlet,  a  command- 
ing entrance  to  Pimlico  Sound, 
N,   C,   were  taken  by  naval 


The  Blockade  and  What  It  Teaches. 

The  blockade  demonstrated  in  a 
forcible  manner  that  the  main  strength 
of  a  nation  consists  in  diversified  in- 
dustries and  development  of  resources. 
The  South  had  for  years  purchased 
every  necessary,  convenience,  and  lux- 
ury with  the  millions  of  bales  of  cotton 
shipped  annually  abroad.  Now  that 
the  shipment  had  ceased,  its  principal 
source  of  wealth  was  destroyed.  As 
importation  of  foreign  commodities 
became  more  and  more  restricted, 
articles  once  looked  upon  as  necessi- 
ties became  luxuries.  Inconvenience, 
in  time,  became  positive  suffering ;  and 
this  suffering  was  far  reaching  in  its 
extent.  The  men  of  the  Southern 
armies  received  scantier  and  scantier 
supplies  of  food,  clothing,  and  medi- 
cines, and  went  upon  the  last  battle- 
fields of  the  war  gaunt  and  in  tatters, 
sustained  only  by  a  spirit  that  drew 
forth  admiration  from  every  generous 
foe. 


DISUNION. 


395 


GEN.    PHIL.    H.    SHERIDAN. 
(KliUEBAL). 


and  land  forces  under  Commodore  Stringham  and  General 
Benjamin  F.  Butler  (August  29,  1861),  and  Roanoke 
Island,  lying  between  North  Carolina's  two  principal  sounds 
was  captured  by  Commodore 
Goldsborougii  and  General 
Burnside  (February  8,  1862). 

Shortly  after  the  capture  of 
Fort  Hatter  as,  Commodore  Du 
Pont  and  General  Thomas 
W.  Sherman,  overcoming  gal- 
lant opposition,  gained  posses- 
sion of  the  harbor  of  Port  Royal 
S.C.  (November  7),  from  which 
point  much  of  the  coast  between 
Charleston  and  Savannah  was 
controlled  by  the  Unionists. 
Fort  Pulaski,  defending  the  latter  city,  fell  April  11,  1862; 
but  repeated  and  long-continued  attempts  upon  Fort  Sumter, 
defending  the  former,  failed ;  as  did  also  an  attack  upon  Fort 
McRae,  in  Pensacola  Harbor  (November  22-23,  1861). 

To  open  the  Mississippi,  Union  operations  were  instituted 
from  two  different  directions.  The  first  of  these  was  in  the 
upper  portion  of  the  river.  When  Grant  was  ascending  the 
Tennessee  River  upon  his  Shiloh  campaign,  General  Pope, 
with  a  fleet  of  gunboats,  was  descending  the  Mississippi. 
Upon  Island  No.  10,  opposite  New  Madrid,  Mo.,  the  Con- 
federates had  strongly  entrenched  themselves.  Here  Pope 
encountered  his  first  opposition,  but  succeeded  in  carrying 
the  Confederate  works  (April  7,  1862),  manifesting  such 
military  skill  in  the  undertaking  that  he  was  called  to  the 
command  of  the  Union  army  in  Virginia;  but  his  good  foi- 
tune  lasted  only  until  the  second  Bull  Run  battle. 


396 


PERIOD    OF    INDEPENDENCE. 


By  the  fall  of  Island  No.  10  the  Federal  gunboats  were 
enabled  to  proceed  further.  Opposition  was  encountered  at 
Fort  Pillow,  upon  the  first  Chickasaw  Bluff,  and  Confederate 
gunboats  endeavored  without  success  to  impede  their  course. 
Pushing  on,  they  reached 
Memphis,  which  surrendered 
(May  30).  The  Federals  soon 
held  uninterrupted  possession 
of  the  river  as  far  south  as 
Vicksburg,  the  strongest  and 
best  defended  point  on  the  river. 


BATTLE    BETWEEN    THE    VIRGINIA    AND    THE    MONITOR 


Meanwhile  operations  had 
begun  in  another  quarter. 
Commodore  David  G.  Far- 
ragut  had  been  entrusted 
with  the  undertaking  of  open- 
ing the  lower  Mississippi.   Ar- 


The  Monitor  and  the  Virginia. 
The  presence  of  armed  vessels  along 
the  coast  caused  the  Confederates  to 
devise  heavy  iron-plated  vessels  called 
rams.     The  most  celebrated  of    these 
was    constructed    out    of    the    Merri- 
viae,  a  Federal  frigate  that  the  Con- 
federates    had     obtained     on     taking  ! 
possession  of  the  Norfolk  Navy  Yard. 
After  altering  her  to  suit  their  purpose 
she    was   named  the 
Virginia.  Under  Cap-  j 
tain    Buchanan    this  I 
vessel  steamed  outin-   j 
to  Hampton    Roads,  | 
and    attacked    the  | 
Federal   fleet    there  | 
stationed   (March    8,  j 
1862).     The    guns    of  j 
the  fleet  had  no  effect 
upon   her,  and  she 
soon    destroyed    two 
of  the  principal  ships 
opposed  to  her — the 
Cumberland  and  the 
Congress.     The   next 
day  she  proceeded  to 
renew  the  battle,  but 
in  the  night  there  had 
arrived    from    New 
York  avessel  of  novel 
construction    called 
the  Monitor,  designed 
by  Captain  John  Ericsson.     She,  too, 
was  constructed  of  iron,  sat  low  in  the 
water,  and  had  upon  her  deck  a  revolv- 
ing   turret,    in    which   her  guns   were 
located.     One  of  the  most  remarkable 
battles  of  naval  history  ensued  (March 
9).     The    engagement  was  indecisive, 
and    the    Virginia    withdrew     up   the 
river. 


riving  at  Ship  Island,  near  the  coast  of  Mississippi,  he  there 
landed  a  force  of  seventeen  thousand  men,  who,  under  Gen- 
eral Butler,  had  accompanied  the  expedition,  and  proceed- 


DISUNION. 


397 


ing  with  his  naval  armament  alone,  he  began  the  ascent  of 
the  river. 

Thirty  miles  above  the  mouth,  upon  opposite  sides  of  the 
river,  stood  Forts  Jackson  and  St.  Philip.  These  forts  had 
been  rendered  almost  impregnable.  Chains  had  been 
stretched  across  the  river  to  prevent  the  passage  of  hostile 
fleets,  and  rafts  of  combustible  materials  had  been  prepared, 
which,  when  set  afloat  and  fired,  were  to  drift  down  the  stream 
and  endanger  any  shipping  with  wrh:ch  they  might  come  in 
contact.  Nevertheless,  New 
Orleans  itself,  seventy-five  miles 
above  these  forts,  was  inade- 
quately supplied  with  men  and 
means  of  defense,  as  the  city 
had  promptly  responded  to  Pres- 
ident Davis'  call  for  troops,  and 
many  of  her  citizens  were  light- 
ing upon  the  distant  battlefields 
of  Virginia  and  Tennessee. 

Farragut  bombarded  the  forts 
for  a  week;  and  finding  it  im- 
possible to  reduce  them,  deter- 
mined upon  a  plan,  the  boldness  and  success  of  which  place 
him  among  the  greatest  naval  commanders  of  history.  The 
Confederate  harbor  defense  fleet,  consisted  of  few  vessels, 
poorly  equipped  for  battle,  but  the  fire  from  the  forts  was 
formidable.  This  fire  Farragut  determined  to  brave. 
Selecting  a  dark  night  for  the  purpose,  he  had  the  chains 
cut,  and  forming  his  vessels  in  line  of  battle,  he  led  them 
up  the  river. 

His  intentions  were  soon  discovered,  and  shot  and  shell 
from  fort  and  fleet  soon  poured  upon  him.  Encountering 
the  ramming  attacks  of  the  boldest  and  best  prepared  of  the 


COMMODORE    FARRAGUT. 

(fkdkral). 


398 


PERIOD    OF    INDEPENDENCE. 


Confederate  vessels,  as  well  as  the  messengers  of  fiery 
destruction  that  were  sent  drifting  down  upon  him,  he  forced 
his  way  up  the  river,  making  the  passage  in  safety.  Upon 
his  arrival  before  New  Orleans,  the  city  surrendered  (April 
25,  1862),  and  shortly  after,  the  forts.  Farragut  ascended 
the  river  until  he  met  the  gunboats  from  above.  Soon  there 
were  but  two  points — Vicksburg,  Miss.,  and  Port  Hudson, 
La. — retained  in  possession  of  the  Confederates. 


RUNNING    THE    FIRE    OF    THE    FORTS. 


Butler  arrived  and  took  military  possession  of  New 
Orleans,  but  was  soon  replaced  (December  17,  1862),  by 
Banks,  a  general  singularly  unfortunate  in  the  number  and 
extent  of  reverses  encountered  by  him  during  the  war. 
Instances  of  these  reverses  were  given  in  his  several  endeavors 
to  extend  Union  conquest  into  Texas. 

The  Texas  coast  had  for  some  time  been  blockaded  by 
the  West  Gulf  Blockading  Squadron,  and  through  the  efforts 
of  Farragut  the  three  important  ports  of  Corpus  Christi, 
Galveston  and  Sabine  Pass  had  passed  under  Federal  con- 


DISUNION. 


399 


GEN.    W.    T.    SHERMAN. 


trol. 


(federal). 

But  the   Confederate 


Fall  of  Vicksburg  and  Port  Hudson. 
The  opening  of  the  Mississippi  was 
completed  by  the  capture  of  Vicksburg 
and  Port  Hudson  by  land  forces.  The 
campaign  against  the  former  place  was 
planned  by  Grant  shortly  after  the 
battles  of  Iuka  and  Corinth.  General 
Sherman  was  to  proceed  from  Mem- 
phis, and  General  Grant  from  Holly 
Springs.  Grant,  having  set  out,  was 
soon  obliged  to  return  to  Holly 
Springs  in  consequence  of  the  capture 
by  Van  Dorn  of  the  supplies  left 
there.  Sherman,  reaching  the 
vicinity  of  Vicksburg  attacked  the 
Confederate  forces  under  General 
Stephen  D.  Lee  at  Chickasaw  Bayou 
(Dec.  29,  1S62),  but  was  repulsed. 
Grant  then  crossed  his  troops  over  the 
Mississippi,  and  proceeding  down  the 
west  bank,  reached  a  point  opposite 
the  city.  Here  is  to  be  found  one  of 
the  sharp  bends  peculiar  to  the  river, 
and  across  the  narrow  tongue  of 
land  he  attempted  to  cut  a  canal,  but 
failed.  Proceeding  down  further, 
while  the  gunboats  cooperating  with 
him,  ran  the  fire  of  the  Confederate 
batteries  (April  16,  1S63),  he  crossed  to 
the  east  side,  some  distance  below,  and 
advanced  northward.     Opposition  was 


GEN.    W.    S.    R03ECRANS. 
(KKUEBAI.). 


General,  J.  B.  Magruder,  was 
placed  in  command  of  the 
department,  and  his  energy 
made  itself  felt.  The  Federal 
land  and  naval  forces  at  Gal- 
veston were  attacked  by  him 
with  such  success  that  one  of 
the  Union  vessels  was  destroy- 
ed, another  —  the  Harriet 
Lane — captured,  the  garrison 
forced  to  surrender,  and  an 
abandonment  of  the  blockade 
compelled  for  a  time  (January 
1,  1863).  Shortly  after  this 
Confederate  success,  two  cot- 
ton-clad, steamers  darted  out 
of  Sabine  Lake  and  captured 
two  of  the  Federal  blockading 
vessels — the  Morning'  Light 
and    the    Velocity — stationed 


400 


PERIOD    OF    INDEPENDENCE. 


outside  the  Pass  (June  21). 
Banks'  first  attempt  against 
Texas  was  to  send  General 
Franklin  by  sea  with  five  thou- 
sand men  to  Sabine  Pass. 
Here  they  were  to  effect  a 
landing,  march  upon  Beau- 
mont and  Houston,  and  com- 
plete the  conquest  of  the  State. 
Sabine  Pass  was  defended  by 
a  fort  of  primitive  construc- 
tion, in  which  was  posted  a 
company  of  forty-two  men 
under  Lieutenants  R.  W. 
Dowling  and  N.  II.  Smith. 
The  attack 
resulted  in  a 
most  flatter- 
ing victory 
for  the  Con- 
|j\  federates. 
Two  vessels 


GEN.    N.    P.    BANKS. 
(  FKDKKAL  ). 


overcome  at  Port  Gibson  (May  i),  and 
the  Confederates  were  compelled  to 
evacuate  Grand  Gulf  also.  A  Confed- 
erate force  was  defeated  at  Raymond 
(May  12),  :tnd  General  J.  K.  Johnston, 
advancing  to  the  assistance  of  Vicks- 
burg,  was  met  and  repuked  at  Jackson 
(May  14), the  city  falling  into  the  hands 
of  the  Unionists.  GENERAL  J.  C.  Pem- 
BEKTON  had  been  entrusted  with  the 
defense  of  Vicksburg.  Grant,  imme- 
diately after  his  victory  at  Jackson, 
forced  him  back  from  Champion  Hills 
(May  16),  and,  on  the  next  day,  from  the 
Black  River  Bridge,  compelling  him  to 
take  refuge  behind  the  fortifications  of 
the  city.  All  Union  assaults  upon 
these  fortifications  were  repulsed,  and 
finally  Grant  settled  down  to  a  siege  of 
the  place.  For  forty -seven  days  the 
siege  of  Vicksburg  continued  ;  the  gar- 
rison and  the  people  of  that  historic 
city,  shut  in  from  the  outside  world, 
endured  all  the  horrors  of  starvation 
and  terrors  of  bombardment.  At 
length  the  surrender  was  made,  and 
on  July  4,  1S63,  the  day  after  the  last 
charge  at  Gettysburg,  the  city,  with 
thirty  thousand  prisoners,  was  yielded 
up  to  Grant. 

Port  Hudson  was  not  long  in  follow- 
ing. It  had  been  making  a  similar 
defense  against  the  besieging  army  of 
Banks,  and  July  S  it  was  also  sur- 
rendered. 


of  the  attack- 
ing fleet  were  disabled  by  well-directed  fire  from  the  fort, 
and  the  remainder  retired  (September  8,  1863).  With  the 
abandoned  vessels  there  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Con- 
federates a  number  of  guns,  much  ammunition  and  one 
hundred  and  fifty  prisoners. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  war  neither  North  nor  South 
possessed  ships  sufficient  to  undertake  extensive  naval 
operations.  Merchant  vessels  were  at '  first  purchased 
or  pressed  into  service.  The  developed  industries  and 
resources  of  the  North  enabled  it  to  place  fleets  of  war  upon 


DISUNION. 


401 


the  sea  with  great  rapidity. 


Red  River  Expedition. 
After  his  failure  at  Sabine  Pass, 
Banks  next  attempted  to  gain  a  foot- 
hold on  the  southwestern  coast.  He 
occupied  Brazos  Island  (November  2) 
and  Point  Isabel  (November  S),  and 
captured  Fort  Esperanza,  at  the  head 
of  Matagorda  Bay,  (December  30). 
At  this  point  he  was  ordered  by 
the  authorities  at  Washington  to 
return  to  New  Orleans  and  direct 
his  further  operations  by  way  of 
the  Red  River,  which 
would  enable  men 
and  supplies  to  be 
transported  to  North- 
east Texas  with  great 
facility.  The  Confed- 
erate department  of 
Louisiana  was  com- 
manded by  Gene- 
ral Richard  Tay- 
lor, son  of  Zachary 
Taylor,  twelfth  presi- 
dent of  the  United 
States.  Banks'  forces 
to  the  n  u  m  b  er  of 
thirty-one  thousand, 
were  encountered  by 
Taylor  at  Sabine 
Cross  Roads,  near 
Mansfield  (April  S, 
1S64),  and  the  Union 
army  was  driven  back  to  a 
called  Pleasant  Hill,  where  another 
battle  was  fought  (April 9),  compelling 
Banks  to  abandon  the  campaign. 
Banks'  boats  were  detained  by  low 
water,  and  would  have  fallen  into  the 
hands  of  the  Confederates,  had  not 
the  skill  and  ingenuity  of  Colonel 
Joseph  Bailey  devised  a  dam  by 
winch  they  were  enabled  to  float  down 
in  safety. 


The  South  was  greatly  retarded 
by  the  limited  manufacturing 
facilities  at  its  disposal,  and 
when  the  blockade  rendered 
intercourse  diffi  cult  with 
foreign  countries,  these  facili- 
ties became  fewer  still. 

American  inventive  talent 
was  called  into  exercise  on  both 
sides.  The 
Confederates 
gave  to  the 
world  the  prim 
ciple  of  the  iron- 
armored  vessels 
exemplified  in 
their  celebrat- 
ed rams;  the 
Unionists  that 
of  the  revolving 
turret,  as  e m- 
ployed  by  their  famous  moni- 
tors. These  principles  have 
revolutionized  the  construction 
of  modern  war  vessels;  for, 
until  their  efficiency  was 
demonstrated,  ships  were  built 
of  wood.  Now,  no  modern 
ship  of  war  of  the  first  class  is  built  without  embodying  both 
principles. 

The  establishment  of  the  blockade   compelled  the  Con- 
federate Government  to  obtain  or  construct  vessels  abroad. 


QtN.     RICHARD    TAYLOR, 

(confkhkratk) 
place 


402 


PERIOD   OF    INDEPENDENCE. 


The  approach  of  these  vessels  to  the  American  coast  was 
extremely  hazardous,  owing  to  the  fleets  and  squadrons 
there  stationed;  so  they  did  little  else  than  cruise  in  foreign 

waters,  and  engage  in  warfare 
against  the  United  States  by 
crippling  its  commerce.  The 
most  celebrated  of  these  Con- 
federate cruisers  was  the  Ala- 
bama, built  in  England  and 
commanded  by  Admiral  Ra- 
phael Semmes. 

Semmes  frequented  the  waters 
of  many  portions  of  the  world, 
taking  many  prizes  and  mak- 
ing the  name  of  the  Alabama 
a  terror  to  Federal  commerce. 
His  two  principal  engagements  were  with  the  United  States 
war  steamer  Hatteras  (1863)  off  the  coast  of  Galveston, 
Texas,  and  with  the  Kearsarge  off  the  coast  of  Cherbourg, 
France  (June  19,  1864).  The  Hatteras  was  one  of  a  fleet 
of  five  blockading  vessels.  Before  engaging  her  in  battle 
Semmes,  enticed  her  beyond  reach  of  the  others,  and  in 
an  engagement,  in  which  both  vessels  were  about  equally 
matched,  sank  her  in  thirteen  minutes. 

In  his  conflict  with  the  Kearsarge,  Semmes  was  defeated 
and  his  vessel  destroyed.  He  had  sailed  into  the  port  of 
Cherbourg,  France,  for  the  purpose  of  refitting  his  vessel 
and  landing  his  prisoners.  The  Kearsarge  having  appeared 
off  the  harbor,  Semmes,  with  much  spirit,  made  hasty  prep- 
arations and  steamed  out  to  meet  her.  Here  again  the 
vessels  were  about  equally  matched;  but  the  Kearsarge  had 
been  carefully  armored  by  suspended  iron  chains,  so  skill- 


DISUNION*. 


4°3 


THE    ALABAMA    SINKING    THE    HATTERAS 


fully  concealed  by  thin  planking,  that  Semmes, 
in  his  belief  that  his  antagonist's  vessel  was  wooden,  like  his 
own,  was  completely  deceived.  The  Alabama's  shots  took 
no  effect,  and  the  Confederate  vessel  was  sunk.  Semmes 
and  some  of  the  crew  were  picked  up  and  carried  to  England 
by  an  English  yacht. 

QUESTIONS. 

In  what  two  ways  may  a  nation  be  overcome?  What  two  plans  were  early 
instituted  to  weaken  the  Confederacy?  What  was  the  object  of  each  of 
these  plans?  How  was  the  blockade  established?  What  was  the  effect  of 
the  blockade  on  the  South?  How  was  it  evaded?  By  whom  was  Ilatteras 
Inlet  taken?  Roanoke  Island?  Port  Royal  Harbor?  What  was  the  result 
of  repeated  attacks  upon  Fort  Sumter?  What  do  you  know  of  the  Monitor 
and  the  Virginia?  Capture  of  Island  No.  10?  Farragut's  passage  of  the 
forts?  Grant's  campaigns  against  Vicksburg?  Fall  of  Port  Hudson? 
Magruder's  victory  at  Galveston?  Dowling's  defense  of  Sabine  Pass? 
Banks'  Red  River  expedition  ?  What  do  you  know  of  the  naval  equipments 
of  North  and  South?  What  revolution  in  naval  architecture  followed  the 
construction  of  the  Virginia  and  Monitor?  Why  were  Confederate  cruisers 
built  abroad  ?  What  do  you  know  of  the  Alabama  ?  Where  and  when 
was  she  finally  overcome?  What  were  the  most  important  of  her  engage- 
ments? 

SEARCH  QUESTIONS. 
What   European  nations  recognized  the  Confederate    States    as    "Belligerents  "  ? 
What  general  was  called  "  Fighting  Joe  "  ?    Who  called  themselves  "  Lee's  Miserables,  " 
and  how  did  they  obtain  the  name  ?       What  general  dated  a  number  of  his  letters 
from  "  Headquarters  in  the  Saddle  "  ?     What  general  was  called  "the  superb  "  ? 


404 


PERIOD    OF   INDEPENDENCE. 


CHAPTER  VI. 


Lights    and   Shadows    of   Appomattox. 
After  the  battle  of  Perry ville,  Bragg  had  retired  to  Mur- 


QEN.    T.    C.    HINDMAN. 
fCOMFKDKRATE). 


freesboro,  Term.,  and  here 
he  was  followed  by  the  Union 
army  now 
coraman  ded 
by  Rosecrans, 
who  had  su- 
perseded 
Buell.  Near 
Stone's  River, 
a  few  miles 
from  Murfreesboro,  the 
Confederates  were  attacked 
(December  31,  1862),  and  a 
furious  battle  was  fought, 
which  continued  the  whole 
day.  A  part  of  the  Union 
army  w  a  s 
almost  de- 
stroyed, but 
on  the  next 
day  there 
was  no  fight- 
ing, and  Ros- 
ecrans rallied 
his  men.  On  the  day  after  he 
renewed  the  battle  with  better 
success,  forcing  Bragg  back 
as  far  as  Chattanooga  (Janu- 
uary  2,  1863). 


GEN.    FREDERICK    STEELE. 

(federal). 


Arkansas  Military  Operations. 
After  the  battle  of  Pea  Ridge,  Van 
Dorn  and  his  men  fell  back  to  Des 
Arc.  Here  he  received  orders  to  join 
A.  S.  Johnston  at  Corinth,  Miss.,  but 
arrived  too  late  to  take  part  in  the 
battle  of  Shiloh.  This  left  Arkansas 
almost  defenseless,  and  the  Federal 
General  Cuktis  soon  advanced  as  far 
as  Batesville  (May  3,  1S62).  General 
T.  C.  Hindman,  whose  gallant  con- 
duct upon  the  field  of  Shiloh  had  won 
for  himself  promotion,  was  sent  to 
oppose  the  Federal  invasion,  and  so 
vigorously  did  he  set  to  work  that  he 
soon  had  an  efficient  army  of  twenty 
thousand  men  organized,  with  which 
he  compelled  Curtis  to  retreat  through 
the  swamps  to  Helena.  General  T. 
H.  Holmes  now  assumed  command 
of  the  Trans-Mississippi  Department, 
with  headquarters  at  Little  Rock. 
Hindman  was  directed  to  concentrate 
his  forces  near  Fort  Smith,  alter  which 
he  was  ordered  to  Little  Rock  to  help 
organize  the  troops  there  assembled. 
In  his  absence  his  men  encountered  suc- 
cessfully the  Federal  General  Salo- 
mon at  Newtonia  (September  30),  but 
fell  back  upon  approach  of  heavy 
Federal  reinforcements.  Hindman 
was  now  directed  to  send  ten  thousand 
of  his  men  to  the  assistance  of  Vicks- 
burg.  Before  complying  he  determined 
to  give  battle  to  the  Federal  General 
Blunt,  who  had  then  advanced  as  far 
as  Fayetteville.  In  making  the  attack 
Hindman  found  he  had  two  forces  to 
contend  with,  and  in  attacking  one 
under  General  Herron,  near  Prai- 
rie Grove  Church,  he  was  himself 
attacked  by  the  other  under  Blunt,  and 
was  compelled  to  retire  (October  7, 
1S62).  The  next  Confederate  reverse 
was  the  surrender  of  Arkansas  Post 
to  that  part  of  Grant's  army  that 
descended  from  Memphis  to  the  Vicks- 


DISUNION. 


4°5 


burg  campaign  (January  II,  1S63). 
Later  in  the  year  Holmes  made  an  un- 
successful assault  upon  Helena  (July 
4, 1S63).  The  tall  of  Vicksburg  enabled 
the  Federals  to  reinforce  this  point, 
and  the  Federal  General  Frederick 
Steele  advanced  upon  Little  Rock 
j  by  way  of  De  Vall's  Bluff,  on  the 
!  White  River.  Little  Rock  was  de- 
fended by  General  Price  unsuccess- 
i  fully  (September  10,  1S63),  and  as  the 
I  Confederate  forces  were  greatly  weak- 
ened by  the  departure  of  a  large  body 
of  Arkansas  troops  who,  under  Gen- 
eral Thomas  J.  CHURCHILL,  was 
sent  to  Louisiana  to  co-operate  with 
General  Taylor  in  opposing  Banks' 
Red  River  expedition,  the  Federals 
soon  held  possession  of  a  large  part  of 
the  State,  which  they  retained  until  the 
close  of  the  war. 


Rosecrans  continuing  to  ad- 
vance, Bragg  retreated  farther, 
and  having  been  reinforced  by 
Longstreet 


from  Virgi- 


GEN.    T.    H.    HOLMES. 
(coNKkbKKATK). 


nia,  he  took 
a  stand  at 
Chickamau- 

G  A     C  R  E  E  K  , 

G.\.  In  the 
battle  that  fol- 
lowed Longstreet  pierced  the 
Union  lines,  turned  aside,  and 
struck  his  antagonist  on  the 
flank.  The  Union  forces  were  beaten,  and  the  order  was 
soon  given  to  retreat.  But  in  another  part  of  the  field, 
General  Thomas  stubbornly  refused  to  comply  with  the 
order  to  fall  back,  and  held  his  ground  against  every  fierce 
assault  until  night,  when  he  deliberately  retired.  This  alone 
saved  the  army  of  Rosecrans  from  total  destruction. 

The  retreating  forces  were  followed  to  Chattanooga, 
where  they  were  soon  besieged,  the  Confederates  erecting 
fortifications  upon  Missionary  Ridge  and  Lookout  Moun- 
tain, near  by.  The  siege  continued  two  months,  and 
meanwhile  Longstreet  was  dispatched  to  eastern  Tennessee 
to  operate  against  Burnside,  whom  he  soon  surrounded  and 
besieged  at  Knoxville. 

Grant's  great  victory  at  Vicksburg  had  elevated  him  in 
the  estimation  of  the  Washington  authorities,  and  he  was 
placed  in  command  of  all  the  Union  forces  in  the  West,  east 
of  the  Mississippi  River.  Taking  command  at  Chattanooga, 
he  drew  to  his  assistance  heavy  reinforcements  under 
Sherman  and  Hooker,  and  sallying  out,  assaulted  and 
carried  the  Confederate  works   on  Missionary  Ridge  and 


406 


PERIOD    OF    INDEPENDENCE. 


Invasion  of  Florida. 
In  the  early  part  of  the  year  (1S64), 
for  the  double  purpose  of  reclaiming 
Florida  for  the  Union  in  time  to  partici- 
pate in  the  Presidential  election  of  that 
year,  and  to  cut  off  an  important  source 
of  Confederate  stores  and  supplies,  a 
force  numbering  seven  thousand, 
under  General  Truman  Seymour, 
departed  from  Port  Royal,  S.  C. — a 
base  of  Federal  operations  established 
in  the  early  part  of  the  war — landed  at 
Jacksonville  (February  7)  and  pro- 
ceeded inland  to  a  point  near  Lake 
City.  Forces  under  General  Joseph 
Finnegan  were  collected  to  oppose 
him,  and  reinforcements  arrived  from 
Georgia,  under  General  A.  H. 
Colquitt,  increasing  the  number  of 
Confederates  to  about  five  thousand 
four  hundred.  A  battle  was  fought 
at  Olustee  or  Ocean  Pond  ( February 
20),  in  which  the  Confederates  were 
eminently  successful,  winning  de- 
served praise  by  holding  their  lines 
intact  after  their  ammunition  was 
exhausted,  and  standing  firm  in  the 
face  of  a  galling  fire  until  a  supply 
was  brought  up  from  a  distance,  when 
they  advanced  and  won  the  victory. 


Lookout  Mountain  (November  23,  24,  25),  forcing  Bragg  to 
abandon  the  siege  and  retire  to  Dalton,  Ga.  Here  Bragg 
was  superseded  by  General  J.  E.  Johnston.  The  retreat  of 
Bra££  caused  Lon^street  to  abandon  the  sie<^e  of  Knoxville, 
and  cross  the  mountains  into  Virginia,  where  he  rejoined 
Lee. 

Grant  was  now  appointed  commander-in-chief  of  all  the 
armies  of  the  United  States 
(March,  1864),  and  leaving 
Sherman  in  command  in  Ten- 
nessee, he  proceeded  to  Vir- 
ginia to  begin  his  campaign 
against  Lee.  All  the  Union 
forces  that  had  taken  part  in 
the  Vicksburg,  Murfreesboro 
and  Knoxville  operations  were 
now  concentrated,  and  with 
an  army  now  numbering  one 
hundred  thousand,  Sherman 
entered  Georgia,  where  he 
was  opposed  by  Johnston, 
whose  reduced  forces  now 
numbered  scarcely  fifty  thou- 
sand. 

Both  generals  were  skilled 
military  tacticians.  The  coun- 
try was  mountainous,  and  the  manoeuvers  of  both  armies 
were  intricate.  Sherman's  superior  numbers  enabled  him 
several  times  to  reach  around  Johnston  and  compel  him 
to  rearrange  his  men  in  new  lines  of  defense.  During  the 
course  of  these  movements  the  battles  of  Resaca,  Dallas 
and  Kennesaw  Mountain  were  fought. 


DISUNION. 


407 


Johnston  was  acting  with 
great  prudence,  his  object  being 
to  draw  Sherman  so  far  away 
from  his  base  of  supplies  that 
a  decisive  battle  might  be  fought 
with  some  probability  of  Con- 
federate success.  But  the  ad- 
vance of  Sherman  into  the  heart 
of  the  Confederacy  was  awak- 
ening much  apprehension,  and 
it  was  determined  to  put  J.  B. 
Hood,  a  general  transcendently  7^™.^™°' 

brave,    but    who    proved    to    be    recklessly    aggressive,  in 


John- 

ston's 
place.  Three 
fierce  attacks 
were  made  by  Hood 
upon  Sherman  near 
Atlanta  (July  20,  22,  28),  all  of  which  were  repulsed.  In  the 
last  of  these  the  Union  forces  suffered  a  great  loss  in  the 
death  of  General  McPiierson.  Atlanta  could  now  be 
defended  no  longer,  and  it  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Fed- 
erals (September  2,  1864). 


MAP    SHOWING    AREA    DEVASTATED    BY    SHERMAN'S    TROOPS' 


408 


PERIOD    OF    INDEPENDENCE, 


GEN.    JAS.    B.    MC    PHERSON 

(KKl.KUAI.;. 


GEN.    JOHN    H.    MORGAN. 
(UN KKDKKATK  CAVALRY 

uun 


Sherman's  March  to  the  Sea. 
With  no  army  to  oppose  him,  after 
Hood's  departure,  Sherman  hurned 
Atlanta,  destroyed  the  railroads  in  the 
vicinity,  cut  loose  from  hishase  of  sup- 
plies and  set  out  upon  his  memor- 
able march  to  the  sea.  His  vast  army 
advanced  in  four  columns,  whose 
foraging  operations  covered  a  strip  of 
territory  60  miles  in  width.  Before 
them  went  terror  and  consternation ; 
behind  them  followed  woe  and  deso- 
lation. The  fierce  avarice  of  the  in- 
vaders despoiled  women  and  child- 
ren, the  aged  and  the  infirm.  The 
homesteads  of  non-combatants  felt  the 
malice  of  the  incendiary,  and  when 
the  army  had  passed,  there  seemed 
little  of  future  promise  to  retrieve 
present  disaster.  Sherman's  army 
reached  Savannah,  captured  Fort  Mc- 
Allister (December  13,  1S64),  its  outer 
defense,  and  took  possession  of  the 
city,  turned  northward  into  South  Car- 
olina, burning-  on  the  way  its  beautiful 
capital,  Columbia,  and  arriving-  at 
Payetteville,  N.  C,  found  Johnston — 
restored  to  command — at  the  head  of 
a  small  force  ready  to  oppose  him. 
Engagements  followed  at  Averysboro, 
N.  C,  (March  15,  1S65),  and  Bcnton- 
ville  (March  iS),  making* manifest  the 
fact  that  the  Confederates  could  ac- 
complish little  with  their  limited  re- 
sources. At  length  news  came  of  Lee's 
surrender,  and  Johnston  and  his  men 
laid  down  their  arms,  (April  26). 


Hood  now  proceeded  to  put 
into  execution  a  bold  plan  that 
he    had     con- 
ceived.    This 
plan  was  to  re- 
turn  to   east- 
ern    Tennes- 
see,  crush  the 
Union    forces 
that    had    re- 
mained there,  cross  into  Vir- 
ginia, join    forces    with    Lee, 
enabling   him 
to  repel  Grant, 
after  wThose  re- 
pulse the  com- 
bined    armies 
could    march 
southward  and 
overcome  Sher- 
man.    Leaving 

a  force  of  cavalry  under  the 
celebrated  cavalry  leader, 
General  Joseph  H.  Wheel- 
er, to  harass  Sherman,  Hood  turned  back,  the  divisions  of 
his  army  being  led  by  Generals  A.  P. 
Stewart,  B.  F.  Cheatham  and  Stephen 
D.  Lee.  . 

Reaching  Tennessee,  he  was  joined  by 
a  cavalry  force  under  General  N.  B. 
Forrest.  At  Franklin  a  Union  army, 
under  General  Schofield,  was  encountered 
and    compelled    to  retire  (November  30, 


Gt"N.    N     B     FORREST. 
CONFEDEHATU    CAVAUSV   LEADER. 


Disunion. 


409 


Cavalry  Leaders. 
The  Civil  War  was  characterized  by 
the  number  and  brilliancy  of  achieve- 
ments of  cavalry  leaders.  The  most 
famous  on  the  Union  side  were  Kil- 
PATRlCK,  Pleasanton,  Sheridan, 
Stoneman,  Gkierson  and  others.  Of 
the  Confederates  were  J.  E.  B.  Stuart, 
the  prince  of  cavalry  generals ;  Fitz- 
hugh  Lee  and  Wade  Hampton,  in- 
valuable to  General  Lee  in  all  the 
Virginia  campaigns;  Turner  Asiiby, 
who  fell  in  the  great  "valley  cam- 
paign ";  Joseph  II.  Wheeeer,  whose 
services  in  the  armies  of  Bragg,  John- 
ston and  Hood  brought  him  the  lustre 
of  renown  and  promotion  to  one  of  the 
most  exalted  positions  in  the  Confed- 
erate army;  N.  I».  Forrest  and  John- 
Morgan,  famous  for  their  raids  in  the 
West,  the  latter  extending  even  be- 
yond the  Ohio,  and  many  others. 


1864),  but  in  the  action  the 
Confederates  lost  one  of  the 
most  gallant  generals  that  had 
ever  aided  their  cause — Gen- 
eral Pat  Cleburne.  Hood 
continued  to  advance,  and  with 
thirty-seven  thousand  he  laid 
bold  siege  to  Nashville, 
where  Thomas  had  concen- 
trated fifty-five  thousand  to 
oppose  him.  While  Hood 
awaited  reinforcements  that 
had  been  promised  him  from 
beyond  the  Mississippi, 
Thomas  perfected  a  plan  of  battle,  sallied  out,  forced  the 
Confederates  in  utter  rout  from  their  position,  and  but  for 
the  gallantry  of  Stephen  D.  Lee,  Ran- 
dall L.  Gibson,  H.  D.  Clayton,  E.  C. 
Walthall  and  other  Confederate  gene- 
rals who  covered  the  retreat,  would  have 
destroyed  Hood's  army  altogether  (Decem- 
ber 16). 

Meanwhile  Grant  had  been  conducting 
the  sixtli  campaign  against  Richmond. 
Lee's  army  consisting  of  about  sixty-two 

thousand  men  was  in  position  on  the  Rapi- 
dan  River,  near  Fredricksburg.  Grant's 
advance  was  made  overland  with  a  force 
of  one  hundred  and  twenty  thousand.  To 
cooperate  with  the  Union  commander-in- 
chief,  forces  under  General  Sigel  entered 
the  Shenandoah  Valley,  while  thirty  thou- 

QEN     E     C     WALTHALL.  _  f  *  , 

(confederate).  sand    men    under    General    liutler   were 


0EN.   PAT    CLEBURNE. 
(OOmnCOKBATK). 


4io 


PERIOD    OF   INDEPENDENCE. 


QEN.    JUBAL    A.    EARLY. 

(co.nkkdkratk). 


ordered  to  proceed  against 
Richmond  by  way  of  the  James 
River.  These  auxiliary  move- 
ments, however,  availed  noth- 


GEN.    d.    B.    GORDON. 

(commcdkkatk). 


ing.  Butler  was  forced  into 
the  little  peninsula  of  the  James 
River  at  Bermuda  Hundred  by 


Valley  Operations. 

Sigel,  proceeding  down  the  valley, 
was  met  at  New  Market  (May  15, 
1864)  Dy  General  Breckinridge,  and 
routed.  A  remarkable  feature  of  this 
battle  was  the  presence  upon  the  field 
of  a  corps  of  cadets  from  the  Virginia 
Military  Institute  at  Lexington.  These 
cadets  —  mere  boys  —  underwent  the 
trials  of  a  toilsome  march,  held  un- 
flinchingly one  of  the  most  important 
positions  in  the  line  of  battle,  left  their 
young  dead  upon  the  field,  to  the 
proud  sorrow  of  many  a  mother's 
heart,  and  deported  themselves 
throughout  with  an  air  that  became 
veterans,  leaving  the  scenes  of  war 
to  return  to  their  studies  with  great 
reluctance. 

Hunter  and  Averill  replaced  Sigel ; 
and  Generals  Juhal  A.  Early  and 
John  B.  Gordon  were  sent  to  rein- 
force Breckinridge.  The  Union  forces 
were  driven  in  confusion  out  of  Lynch- 
burg, to  which  place  they  had  ad- 
vanced (June  iS),  and  Early,  crossing 
the  Potomac  into  Maryland,  defeated 
General  Lew  Wallace  at  Mon- 
ocacy  (July  9).  Returning  to  the  valley 
he  defeated  another  Union  force  under 
General  Wright  at  Winchester,  after 
which  the  Confederate  commander  in- 
vaded Pennsylvania,  captured  Cham- 
bersburg  and  spread  such  consterna- 
tion for  the  safety  of  Washington  ihat 
Grant  was  compelled  to  dispatch 
heavy  forces  under  General  Sheri- 
dan to  intercept  him.  Sheridan  and 
Early  met  at  Winchester  (Septem- 
ber 19),  and  again  at  Fisher's  Hill 
(September  22),  both  battles  resulting 
to  the  advantage  of  the  Union  forces. 
But  at  Cedar  Creek  (October  19) 
Early  attacked  Sheridan's  forces  and 
administered  to  them  a  crushing  de- 
feat. The  pursuit,  however,  was  staved, 
in  order  that  the  victors  might  take 
possession  of  the  abundant  and  much 
needed  stores  that  had  been  aban- 
doned. This  gave  Sheridan,  who  was 
away  at  Winchester  during  the  attack, 
time  to  reach  the  retreating  forces,  and, 
rallying  his  men,  he  returned  and  sur- 
prised the  Confederates,  depriving 
them  of  the  principal  fruits  of  their 
victory. 


DISUNION. 


41  r 


General    Beauregard,   and    there    kept    inactive  —  "bottled 
up,"  as  Grant  expressed  it. 

In  his  advance  upon  Richmond,  G  rant  crossed  the 
Rapidan  and  encountered  Lee  in  the  Wilderness,  the  region 
of  country  in  which  the  battle  of  Chancellorsville  had  been 
fought.  The  fighting  was  terrible,  and  continued  for  three 
days  (May  5,  6,  7,  1864).  Grant  then  tried  to  move  by  Lee's 
right  flank,  but  at  Spottsylvania,  C.  H.,  found  his  skillful 


antagonist   again  in    his 
lowed   a  bloody  strug- 
characterized  by  sub- 
on  both  sides.  Here 
thrilling  episodes 
Angle,  in  which 
forces    under 

WlNFIELD    S. 

by    a    daring 
tured  an  ad- 
tion     of     the 
lines,   and 
sonal  courage 
erate  comman- 
vented  them  from 
So  fiercely  was  the 
that  a  tree  eighteen 


GEN.    ROBT.    E.    LEE. 
(CONFKDKKATK). 


front.     Here  again  fol- 
le   (May  9-12), 
lime    heroism 
occurred     the 
of  the   Death 
the     Union 
General 
Hancock, 
charge,  cap- 
vance    po  si- 
Confederate 
only  the  per- 
jp7     of  the  Confed- 
f    der-in-chief  pre- 
advancing  further, 
position    contested 
inches    in    diameter, 


standing  behind  the  Confederate  lines,  was  cut  to  the  ground 
as  with  a  woodman's  ax  by  the  bullets  that  flew  thick  and  fast. 
Grant  again  moved  to  the  left  in  his  endeavor  to  out- 
flank Lee.  These  tactics  were  lengthening  the  opposing 
lines.  Grant,  with  all  necessary  forces  at  his  command, 
could  well  pursue  this  plan ;  but  with  Lee  it  was  different. 
The  Confederacy  had  been  defending  itself  for  four  years. 
The  elements  of  population,  from  which  its  soldiers  were 


4*2 


PERIOD    OF    INDEPENDENCE 


drawn,  had  become  exhausted,  and  the  Southern  armies  had 
been  growing  smaller  and  smaller.  The  veterans  that  fell  at 
Gettysburg  were  never  replaced.  The  longer  Lee's  line  of 
defense  was  made,  the  thinner  it  became. 

The  downfall  of  the  Confederacy  could  only  be  effected 
by   the    destruction    of    Lee's    army.       To    compass    this 

destruction  the  Union 


commander  could  afford 
to  sacrifice  men,  if,  in 
the  sacrifice,  he  could 
inflict  a  corresponding 
loss  upon  his  antagonist. 
Crossing  the  Pamun- 
key  River  he  twice  fell 
upon  Lee  at  Cold  Har- 
bor, but  met  with  a  terri- 
ble repulse  in  each  in- 
stance. With  Grant, 
however,  repulse  was 
never  demoralization. 
Reverses  seemed  but  to 


GEN.    WINFIELD    S.    HANCOCK. 

(federal). 


strengthen  tenacity  of  purpose. 
Moving  his  army  around  to  the 
James  River,  he  drew  to  him 
Butler's  forces  from  Bermuda 
Hundred,  and  marched  upon 
Petersburg.  A  siege  was  laid, 
continuing  throughout  the  fall 
and  winter  (186^6$).  At 
one  time,  in  order  to  break 
into  the  Confederate  intrench- 
ments,  a  mine  which  had 
been  secretly  dug  under  them 


Attack  Upon  Mobile. 
While  Grant's  army  lay  around 
Petersburg,  Commodore  Farragut  was 
conducting  naval  operations  against 
Mobile,  Ala.  The  bay  upon  which  the 
city  is  situated,  was  defended  by  Fort 
Gaines  and  Fort  Morgan.  The  Con- 
federates had  submerged  a  number  of 
torpedoes  in'  the  bay,  and  in  addition 
had  constructed  a  powerful  iron-clad 
called  the  Tennessee.  Farragut  forced 
his  way  into  the  bay,  destroyed  the 
Tennessee  and  captured  the  forts,  but 
could  not  gain  possession  of  the  city, 
which  heroically  declined  to  surrender. 
Not  until  the  last  months  of  the  war 
was  Mobile  captured,  and  only  by 
superior  land  forces. 


DISUNION. 


413 


pr  -^sp>#\     \ 

■  \S 

OEN      JAMES    LONGSTREET 
COMnCOJUUTB). 


gen    d    h    hill, 
(conkeukkate). 


by  tunnelling  from  the  Union  lines,  was  exploded  (July  30). 
The  Union  assaulting  column,  attempting  to  enter  the  breach 
immediately  after,  met  with  terrible  disaster. 

Grant's  attacks  now  became  incessant.  All  the  country 
south  of  Petersburg  fell  into  his  hands  by  the  end  of  the 
year.  In  the  spring  a  severe  engagement  occurred  at  Five 
Forks  (April  1,  1865),  the  Confederates  losing  heavily. 
The  intrenchments  around  Petersburg  were  carried  by 
assault  the  next  day  (April  2),  the  Confederates  falling  back. 
The  Confederate  capital,  so  long  and  gallantly  defended, 
now  fell  (April  3),  Grant  having  taken  a  year  to  effect  its 
capture. 

The  Confederate  army  retired  toward  the  southwest, 
closely  pursued.  At  Appomattox  C.  H.,  it  was  decided 
to  end  the  struggle,  as  further  sacrifice  of  life  was  useless. 
What  could  the  little  remnant  of  an  army,  numbering  scarcely 
twenty-nine  thousand,  do  against  four  times  its  number? 
An  honorable  surrender  was  made,  in  conceding  the  terms 
of  which  Grant  showed  all  the  magnanimity  of  a  great 
soldier  (April  9th).     There  was  nothing  of  bitterness  mani- 


AH 


PERIOD    OF    INDEPENDENCE. 


fested  between  victors  and  vanquished  with  the  ceasing  of 
hostilities.  Men  of  blue  and  men  of  gray  came  together 
around  the  same  camp  fire,  the  one  sharing  the  rations  of 
the  other:  in  war,  enemies — in  peace,  friends.  The  fight  had 
been  well  fought.      The  tribute  of  respect  that  the  brave 

always  yield  to  their 
kind,  was  given  and  re- 
ceived in  a  spirit  which 
honored  all,  robbing 
defeat  of  its  stings, 
softening  triumph  from 
exultation  into  content- 
ment. 

The  issue  as  decided 
by  the  surrender  of 
Lee's  army  was  accept- 
ed in  good  faith,  and  the 
organized  Confederate 
forces  in  various  parts 
of  the  South,  laid  down 
their  arms.  General  Johnston,  in  North  Carolina,  surren- 
dered (April  26,  1865),  General  Taylor,  in  Alabama,  Gen- 
eral E.  Kirby  Smith,  in  Texas  (May  26).  The  last  fight 
of  the  war  occurred  at  Brazos  Santiago,  Texas  (May 
13,  i86S). 

The  South  had  built  up  one  civilization;  but  all  its  old 
lines  were  now  obliterated,  and  the  men  of  the  Southern 
armies  were  to  return  to  face  its  ruins.  From  these 
ruins  is  arising  another  in  full  accord  with  new  condi- 
tions— in  the  adaptation  of  itself  to  which,  the  South  is 
again  pressing  onward.  But  the  old  civilization  can  never 
be  forgotten.  As  long  as  the  sons  of  the  South  bear  its 
earlier  traditions,  its  later  memories,  to  heart,  just  so  long 


QEN.    JOS.    E     JOHNSTON. 

(confederate). 


DISUNION.  415 

will  there  be  a  source — undefiled  and  pure — of  patriotism, 

once  local,  now  national,  supplying  inspiration  to  maintain  a 

restored  Union. 

'     QUESTIONS. 

Who  succeeded  Buell  after  the  battle  of  Perryville?  What  do  you  know  of 
the  battle  of  Murfreesboro  ?  Chickamauga?  Siege  of  Chattanooga? 
Knoxville?  Dragg's  repulse  at  Chattanooga?  By  whom  was  Bragg  suc- 
ceeded? What  do  you  know  of  Arkansas  Military  Operations  ?  Battle  of 
Pea  Ridge?  Steele's  expedition  against  Little  Rock?  What  do  you  know 
of  the  invasior]  of  Florida  in  the  early  part  of  1864?  Battle  of  Olustee? 
To  what  position  was  Grant  appointed  after  the  battle  of  Chattanooga? 
Whom  did  he  leave  in  command  in  Tennessee?  What  do  you  know  of 
Sherman's  campaign  against  Johnston  ?  Against  Hood?  Of  his  march  to 
the  sea?  Of  Hood's  return  to  Tennessee?  What  Union  loss  was  sustained 
near  Atlanta?  Confederate  loss  at  the  battle  of  Franklin?  What  disaster 
befell  Hood?  How  did  Grant  advance  upon  Richmond?  WThat  auxiliary 
movements  were  planned  in  connection  with  this  advance?  What  were  the 
results  of  each?  What  do  you  know  of  the  battle  of  New  Market?  Cedar 
Creek?  Wilderness?  Spottsylvania  ?  Cold  Harbor?  To  what  condition 
had  the  Confederate  army  been  reduced?  Why?  What  do  you  know 
of  the  siege  of  Petersburg?  Attack  upon  Mobile?  Appomattox  surrender? 
How  did  the  soldiers  of  opposing  armies  meet  each  other  after  the  surrender? 
What  issue  was  decided  when  Lee's  soldiers  laid  down  their  arms? 

SEARCH  QUESTIONS. 

What  General  was  Called  the  "  Young  Napoleon  of  the  West  "9  "Old  Pap"? 
"  Marsd  Robert"?  "The  Rock  of  Chickamauga"  "Black  Jack"?  What  body  of 
trepps  was  called  the  "foot  cavalry  "  and  why  ?  What  eminent  Union  general  fell  at 
Gettysburg?  What  relation  was  General  Robert  E.  Lee  to  Light  Horse  Harry?  Where 
was  General  J.  E.  B.  Stuart  killed?-  General  A.  P.  Hill?  General  Kearney?  What 
was  the  "Swamp  Angel"?  What  was  Farragut's  first  nava!  battle?  What  Union 
generals  in  the  Civil  War  subsequently  became  President  ?  What  was  the  "Anaconda 
plan  "  of  President  Lincoln?  What  celebrated  Union  general  resigned  the  presidency 
of  a  Southern  State  Military  Academy  at  the  outbreak  of  the  war?  What  vessel  first 
unfurled  the  Confederate  flag  ?  Name  four  Confederate  generals  who  becam_e presidents 
of  universities  after  the  war.  Where  and  what  was  Libby  Prison  ?  Camp  Douglas  ? 
Where  and  how  long  was  Jefferson  Davis  imprisoned  ?  What  eminent  editor  signed 
his  bond  ?  Why  was  Davis  imprisoned  ?  Was  he  ever  tried  ?  Why  ?  What  was  the 
Sanitary  Commission  ?  What  State  of  the  Confederacy  furnished  most  troops  ?  Of 
the  Umon?  How  many  men  took  part  in  the  war,  in  round  numbers?  How  many 
were  killed  ? 


416 


PERIOD    OF    INDEPENDENCE. 


TOPICAL   OUTLINE. 

PRINCIPAL    BATTLES   AND    GENERALS    OF   THE    CIVIL    WAR. 


UNION  COMMANDERS  AND  DECISIVE  VICTORIES  IN  ITALICS. 
CONFEDERATE,    IN   THIS  TYPE. 


APRIL  13 FORT  SUMTER  (S.  C.) BEAUREGARD 

j"ly  » *w-l  «» tvx., {gssssaafaii 

AUG.  10 WILSON'S  CREEK  (Mo.)  pmcE^00" 


S 


SEPT.  20 LEXINGTON  (Mo.) PRICE 

I  NOV.  7 BELMONT  (Mo.) POLK 

(JAN.  19 MILL  SPRINGS  (KY.) CRITTENDEN 

FEB.  16 FORT  DONELSON  (TENN.)  BUCKNER  

MARCH  5-8... PEA   RIDGE  {ARK.)  j  pRVfc^>°RN 

March  9 Monitor  and  Virginia BUCHANAN 

APRIL  6 SHILOH    (Tenn.) JOHNSTON  (A.  S.). 

APRIL  7 PITTSBURG   LANDING   {TENN.) BEAUREGARD 

APRIL  25....    NEW  ORLEANS  (LA.) LOVELL  

May  5 Williamsburg  (Va.) JOHNSTON  (J.  E.). 

May  31 Seven  Pines  (Va.) JOHNSTON  (J.  E.). 

MAY 


JjjjE- VALLEY  CAMPAIGN  (Va.) JACKSON 


J 

JULY  i5      i  SEVEN  DAYS'  BATTLES  (Va.)  LEE 

AUG.  30........ SECOND  BULL  RUN  (Va.) LEE 

Sept.  17 Antietam  (Md.) LEE     

SEPT.  19 IUKA  (MISS.) PRICE 

OCT.  3-4  .....CORINTH  (MISS.)   j  VAn'^ORN 

OCT.  8 PERRYVILLE  (Ky.) BRAGG  ........". 

DEC.  13 FREDERICKSBURG  (Va.) LEE 

I  DEC.  31 MURFREESBORO  (TENN.)  BRAGG  


anderson. 
Mcdowell. 

LYON. 

.MULLIGAN. 
.GRANT. 

.THOMAS. 
.GRANT. 

CURTIS. 
.WO  R  DEN. 
.GRANT. 

GRANT. 

BUELL. 

FARRAGUT. 
.McCLELLAN. 
.McCLELLAN. 
'BANKS. 

MiLROY. 

SHIELDS. 

FREMON  T. 

McCLELLAN. 

POPE. 

McCLELLAN. 
.ROSECRANS. 

ROSECRANS. 

.BUELL 
.BURN  SIDE. 
.ROSECRANS. 


,  f  JAN.  1 GALVESTON  (Tex.)  MAGRUDER RENSHAW. 

CO    MAY  2-3 CHANCELLORSVILLE  (Va.)..LEE HOOKER. 

......LEE     MEADE. 

PEMBERTON GRANT. 

BRAGG ROSECRANS. 

BRAGG GRANT. 


(OJ  JULY  1-3 GETTYSBURG  (PA.). 

m)  JULY  4 VICKSBURG  (MISS.) 

W    SEPT.  19-20.  CHICKAMAUGA(Ga.) 

rt[NOV,  24-25  ...CHATTANOOGA  (TENN.)  ... 


SEYMOUR. 


FEB.  20. OLUSTEE  (Fla.) j  COLQUTTT 

APRILS MANSFIELD  (La.) TAYLOR  ..."."."".I!!"!."..."...  .BANKS. 

MAY  5-7 WILDERNESS    (Va.)  LEE GRANT. 

MAYS-iS SPOTTSYLVANIA.C.  H.  (Va.)  .LEE GRANT. 

May  14-15 Resaca  (Ga.) JOHNSTON  (J.  E.) 

MAY25-2S Dallas  (Ga.)    JOHNSTON  (J.  E.) 

JUNE  3 COLD  HARBOR  (Va.)  LEE 

JUNE  19 ALABAMA  AND  KEARSARGE SEMMES 


June  27.. 
JULY  20-2 

May  15  ... 
October 


Kennesaw  Mountain 
ATLANTA(GA.)  


(Ga.) 


Valley  Campaigns  (Va.). 


...JOHNSTON  (J.  E. 

...HOOD  

(  BRECKINRIDGE 

[EARLY,   t 


I  NOV.  30 FRANKLIN  (Tenn.)  HOOD 

I  DEC.  15-16 NASHVILLE  (TENN.) HOOD. 


SHERMAN. 
SHERMAN. 
...  GRANT. 
....WINSLOW. 
....SHERMAN. 
....SHERMAN. 
...SIGEL. 

(HUNTER. 

j  WALLACE. 

1  WRIGHT. 

{SHERIDAN. 
...SCHOFIELD. 
....THOMAS. 


'  f  March  15 Averysboro  (N.  C.) JOHNSTON  (J.  E.). 

10    March  iS....  Bentonville  (N.  C.) JOHNSTON  (J.  E.) 

CD<  APRIL  I FIVE  FORKS   (VA.) 

CD     APRIL  2 PETERSBURG  (VA.)  

~I{APRIL9 APPOMATTOX  (VA.)  


LEE 
LEE 

LEE 


SHERMAN. 

SHERMAN. 
.GRANT. 
.GRANT. 

GRANT, 


DISUNION.  417 

CHAPTER  VII. 

The   Readmission   of   the   Southern   States. 

While  the  Civil  War  was  in  progress  a  number  of  events 
connected  with  the  political  history  of  the  country  occurred, 
which  we  must  now  note.  The  first  of  these  was  a  contro- 
versy with  England  occasioned  by  the  seizure  upon  the  high 
seas  of  John  Slidkll  and  James  M.  Mason,  Confederate 
commissioners  to  Europe.  These  commissioners  had  taken 
passage  upon  the  English  steamer  Trent,  from  which  they 
were  forcibly  taken  by  the  United  States  ship  of  war  San 
Jacinto  (November  8,  1861).  The  affair  was  regarded  by 
England  as  an  outrage  upon  her  flag,  and  war  was  averted 
only  by  the  release  of  the  commissioners. 

A  controversy,  based  upon  a  violation  of  the  Monroe 
Doctrine,  also  arose.  While  the  attention  of  the  American 
people  was  distracted  by  the  war,  occasion  was  taken  by 
France  to  gain  a  foothold  in  Mexico.  A  French  army  was 
sent  over,  which,  with  the  cooperation  of  some  Mexican 
revolutionists,  instituted  a  monarchical  form  of  government, 
with  Maximillian,  Grand  Duke  of  Austria,  as  Emperor. 
After  the  war  the  United  States  insisted  upon  French  non- 
interference with  Mexican  affairs,  and  in  compliance  with 
this  insistance,  the  troops  were  withdrawn.  Maximillian 
rashly  remained,  believing  that  he  had  made  himself  an 
acceptable  ruler  to  the  Mexicans ;  but  with  the  withdrawal 
of  his  support,  his  subjects  rose  in  revolt,  took  him  prisoner, 
and  executed  him  (June  19,  1867). 

The  war  had  settled  the  question  of  slavery,  and  it  was 
never  to  arise  again  as  a  disturbing  element  in  the  politics  of 
the  country.  President  Lincoln  had  issued,  as  a  war  meas- 
ure, his  celebrated  Emancipation  Proclamation  (January 
1,  1863),  declaring  the  freedom  of  those  who  had  once  been 


ANDRrw   JOHNSON. 


418  period  of  independence. 

slaves.  This  act  of  the  President  was  subsequently  ratified 
and  made  a  part  of  the  Constitution  by  adoption  of  the 
Thirteenth  Amendment  (December  18,  1865).  Two  States 
had  been  admitted  during  the  war. 
These  were  West  Virginia  (1863)  and 
Nevada  (1864).  The  people  of  the 
northwestern  counties  of  Virginia  had 
remained  loyal  to  the  Union,  and  these 
counties,  coming  under  Federal  con- 
trol, established  for  themselves  a 
separate  State  Government. 

Lincoln  was  elected  to  a  second  term  (1864),  wit! 
Andrew  Johnson,  of  Tennessee,  Vice-President,  the  unsuc- 
cessful opposition  candidates  being  George  B.  McClellan  and 
George  H.  Pendleton.  The  end  of  the  war  was  received 
with  great  rejoicing,  and  a  speedy  return  to  peace  was 
promised.  But  this  rejoicing  was  of  short  duration,  for  but 
six  days  after  the  Appomattox  surrender,  the  nation  was 
called  upon  to  mourn  an  irreparable  loss  in  the  death  by 
violence  of  its  Chief  Executive  (April  15,  1865).  The  deed 
which  led  to  his  death  occurred  in  a  Washington  theatre, 
where  the  President  was  peacefully  enjoying  the  play,  and 
was  committed  by  John  Wilkes  Booth,  an  actor.  The 
assassin  sought  to  escape,  but  was  pursued,  caught  and 
put  to  death,  as  were  several  others  implicated  in  the  crime. 

As  subsequent  events  proved,  the  death  of  Lincoln  was  a 
calamity  to  the  South.  His  plan  was  to  restore  the  Union 
by  peacefully  extending  the  civil  authority  of  the  Federal 
Government  over  the  Southern  States.  His  reelection  had 
given  him  a  stronger  hold  upon  the  government,  and  its 
policy  was  under  his  perfect  control.  This  control  did  not 
pass  to  the  hands  of  the  Vice-President  who  was  called  to 
succeed  him.     Johnson  was  a  Southern  man — one  of  the  few 


DISUNION. 


419 


prominent  Southern  politicians 
that  had  unswervingly  adhered 
to  the  Union.     He  desired  to 
take  up  the  work  of 
restoration  as  begun  by 
Lincoln.      When  Con- 
gress assembled,  it  op- 
posed the  measures  in- 
stituted   by    Johnson, 
and  claimed  for  itself 
the  right  of  deter- 
mining how  the      / 
Southern  States 
should    again 
become  mem- 
bers of  the  Un- 
ion.    There 
arose  there- 
fore a  contest 
as  to  which  of 
two     poli- 
cies   should 
have  prece- 
dence. The 
Presi- 
dent's 
Policy  was 

tO     regard    the  Abraham  Lincoln 

Southern  States  as  never  hav- 
ing been  out  of  the  Union, 
inasmuch  as  the  right  to  secede 
had  never  been  conceded. 
The  Policy  of  Congress  was 
to  regard  them  as  having  sepa- 


Abraham   Lincoln. 
Abraham  Lincoln  will  ever  hold   a 
foremost  place  among   those   eminent 
Americans    whose    names    and     lives 
have  become    a   part   of  history.     His 
career  may  well  be  studied,  for  it  ex- 
emplifies in   the  highest  degree    how 
the    conditions  of    American   life 
enable  one  to  rise  from  the  humblest 
circumstances    to    the     most  exalted 
ions.     Starting  out  in  life  illiter- 
ate and  uneducated,  the  oppor- 
tunities of  his  frontier  environ- 
ment characteristically  mea- 
gre, we  see  him  rising,  step  by 
step,  by  his  own  efforts, to  an 
honored  place  in  the  esteem 
and  respect  of   the  nation. 
Splitting  the  rails  to  fence 
his   father's  frontier  farm, 
flat -boating  down  the  West- 
ern    rivers,  clerking    in    a 
country     store,    leading   a 
company  of  volunteers    in 
the    Black    Hawk  War, 
serving  as  member  of  the 
Illinois    Legislature, 
meeting  and   vanquish- 
ing the  great  Stephen 
A.    Douglas  in  public 
debate,    representing 
his  State  as  one  of  its 
Congressmen,  direct- 
ing   the    destinies  of 
the  Union  at  the  most 
critical  period  of  its 
history— these  were 
the    significant 
steps    of     a   career 
typically     Amer- 
-  ^w  ican.   Called  to  the 

"'MM*-'.-         helm  of  govern  - 
meat  when  all  was 
H^/       turmoil  and  uncer- 
Ipt        tainty,     the    ambi- 
Hp*3"      tions  of  a  politician 
gave   place  to   the 
strong,  earnest  de- 
votion of  a  patriot. 
His  election  had   placed  the  Union  in 
danger,   and  from  this  danger  he    la- 
bored earnestly,  patiently,  sorrowfully 
to   save    it.     Self-aggrandizement  and 
love  of    power  formed   no  part  of  his 
motives.    He  adhered  to  the  right  "as 
God  gives  us  to  see  the  right."   Amidst 
the    passions    and    prejudices    of    the 
mighty  conflict,  in   which  he  was  the 


420 


PERIOD    OF    INDEPENDENCE. 


central  figure,  lie  was  frequently  mis- 
understood, and  often  but  faintly  en- 
couraged. As  time  passed,  all  the 
strength  and  singleness  of  purpose  in 
his  character  made  themselves  felt 
with  quiet  insistence ;  and  now  that 
these  prejudices  and  passions  have 
passed  away,  we  contemplate,  in  all 
their  simplicity,  the  elements  of  great- 
ness that  make  his  life  and  charac- 
ter heroic.  His  death  was  a  calamity 
to  the  South;  for,  inasmuch  as  the  re- 
storation of  the  Union  was  the  prayer 
of  his  heart,  his  expressed  purpose- 
was  to  bring  about  this  restoration  in 
a  way  that  would  occasion  but  few 
bitter  memories,  and  "  achieve  and 
cherish  a  lasting  peace  among  our- 
selves." 


rated  themselves  and  thereby 
forfeited  all  rights  as  members 
of  the  Union.  It  insisted  on 
compliance  with  its  conditions 
before  readmitting  them. 

The  President  believed  it 
to  be  only  necessary  for  each 
Southern  State  to  rescind  its 
Ordinance  of  Secession,  renew 
its  obligations  to  the  Constitu- 
tion, and  accept  the  provisions 
of  the  Thirteenth  Amendment. 
This  the  Southern  States  did, 
many  of  them  forming  new  State  Constitutions,  under  which 
new  State  Governments  were  organized  and  representatives 
sent  to  Congress.  But  Congress  met  later  in  (1865),  oppos- 
ed the  measures  of  the  President,  refused  admission  to  the 
newly  elected  representatives  from  the  Southern  States,  and 
formulated  its  Reconstruction  Policy  in  opposition  to  the 
one  of  Restoration  decided  upon  by  the  President. 

This  policy  not  only  provided  for  the  reconstruction  of  the 
Union  by  considering  that  the  South  had  been  out  of  it,  but 
for  the  forming  of  a  political  constituency  in  the  Southern 
States  different  from  that  existing  when  the  Union  was  first 
formed.  This  was  finally  accomplished  by  the  adoption  of 
the  Fourteenth  (1868)  and  Fifteenth  (1870)  Amendments  to 
the  Constitution;  the  former,  conferring  citizenship  upon  the 
negro  and  debarring  many  Southern  whites  from  holding 
office  under  the  government;  the  latter,  making  voters  of 
those  made  citizens  by  the  Fourteenth  Amendment. 

The  President  strenuously  opposed  these  measures,  hold- 
in^  that  under  the  Constitution,  the  State  alone  could  deter- 
mine  as  to  who  should  be  its  citizens,  and  that  assumption  of 
this  power  by  Congress  was  usurpation.  He  used  the  veto 
repeatedly,  but  the  advocates  of  these  radical  measures  had 
sufficient  majority  in  both  houses  to  overrule  the  President's 


DISUNION.  421 

veto  by  the  necessary  two-thirds  vote.  Among  the  principal 
acts  passed  over  the  veto  of  the  President,  were  the  Civil 
Rights  Bill,  enacted  April  19,  1866,  and  the  Military 
Act,  which  went  in  force  March  2,  1867.  The  former  pre- 
ceded the  adoption  of  the  Fourteenth  Amendment,  which 
embodied  most  of  its  features ;  the  latter  divided  the  South 
into  five  military  districts.  Under  military  rule  the  Southern 
States  adopted  the  new  amendments,  organized  their  local 
governments  anew,  and  were  readmitted  to  the  Union.  All 
but  three  had  accepted  the  conditions  imposed,  by  the  year 
1868,  and  participated  in  the  presidential  election  of  that  year. 
Virginia,  Mississippi  and  Texas  were  not  readmitted  until  1870. 

During  Johnson's  administration  Nebraska  was  admitted 
as  a  State  (1867),  and  Alaska  was  purchased  from  Russia, 
for  seven  million  two  hundred  thousand  dollars  (  1867 ).  The 
most  important  event,  connected  with  Johnson's  reconstruc- 
tion controversy,  was  his  impeachment  by  Congress.  His 
sturdy  opposition  to  the  arbitrary  measures  of  that  body  had 
incurred  its  hostility ;  and  when  in  violation  of  the  Tenure  of 
Office  Act  he  removed  Edwin  M.  Stanton,  the  Secretary 
of  War,  charges  were  preferred  against  him  for  "  high  crimes 
and  misdemeanors."  He  was  tried  before  the  the  Senate, 
but  was  adjudged  "  not  guilty"  (May  16,  1868). 

In  the  presidential  election  of  1868  the  Republican  candi- 
dates were.  Ulysses  S.  Grant,  and  Schuyler  Colfax. 
The  Democratic  candidates  were  Horatio  Seymour  and 
Francis  P.  Blair.     Grant  and  Colfax  were  elected. 

QUESTIONS. 

What  do- you  know  of  the  "Trent  affair "?  French  invasion  of 
Mexico?  What  question  was  settled  by  the  war?  How  was  slavery 
abolished?  What  two  States  were  admitted  while  the  war  was  in  progress? 
Whv  was  Virginia  divided?  Who  were  the  candidates  in  the  election  of 
1864?  What  do  you  know  of  the  death  of  Lincoln  ?  Why  was  his  death  a 
calamity  to  the  South  ?  What  differences  were  there  between  the  "  Presi- 
dent's Policy  "  and  the  Reconstruction  Policy  of  Congress  ?  Which  finally 
prevailed?  What  measures  did  President  Johnson  veto?  What  new  class 
of  voters  was  created  by  Constitutional  amendments?  What  do  you  know 
of  the  Civil  Rights  BUI?  Military  Act?  Fourteenth  Amendment?  Fif- 
teenth Amendment?  What  three  States  were  last  to  be  readmitted?  What 
do  you  know  of  the  Alaska  purchase?  Impeachment  of  Johnson?  When 
was  Nebraska  admitted?     Who  succeeded  Johnson? 


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424  PERIOD    OF    INDEPENDENCE. 

Reunion. 

CHAPTER  I. 

Recent    Events. 

With  the  readmission  of  Virginia,  Mississippi  and  Texas 
(1870),  the  reunion  of  the  States  was  made  complete. 
Since  then  the  events  that  have  transpired  are  of  too  recent 
occurrence  to  have  passed  fully  into  the  domain  of  history. 
Brief  mention,  therefore,  will  be  made  only  of  the  more  im- 
portant ones. 

Grant  served  two  terms  as  President.  The  principal 
events  that  marked  his  administration  were  the  completion  of 
the  first  railroad — the  Union  Pacific — across  the  continent 
(1869);  the  Treaty  of  Washington  (1871);  war  with  the 
Modoc  Indians  (1871),  and  with  the  Sioux  (1876);  the 
great  Centennial  Celebration  at  Philadelphia  (1876);  the 
admission  of  Colorado  as  a  State  (1876),  and  the  Chicago 
(1871)  and  Boston  fires  (1872). 

The  Washington  treaty  settled  several  disputes  that  had 
arisen  between  the  United  States  and  England.  The  north- 
western boundary,  and  the  damage  done  to  the  com- 
merce of  the  United  States  by  Confederate  war  vessels 
built  in  England,  were  the  principal  points  at  issue. 
The  treaty  referred  the  boundary  question  to  the  Emperor 
of  Germany  as  arbitrator,  who  decided  in  favor  of  the 
United  States.  It  also  referred  the  claim  for  damage  to  a 
board  of  commissioners,  which,  assembling  at  Geneva, 
Switzerland,  awarded  the  United  States  fifteen  million  five 
hundred  thousand  dollars.  This  award  has  taken  the  name 
of  the  place  in  which  it  was  made,  and  the  money  awarded 
is  known  as  the  Alabama  Claims. 

The  war  with  the  Modocs  was  caused  by  attempts  to 
remove  these  Indians  from  their  lands  in  Southern  Oregon. 


REUNION. 


425 


CUSTER'S    LAST    RALLY. 


That  with  the  Sioux  was  caused  by  the  great  influx  of  whites 
into  the  Sioux  reservation  in  Montana  immediately  upon  the 
discovery  of  gold  in  the  Black  Hills. 
The  leader  of  the  Modocs  was  Captain 
Jack,  who  was  captured  and  hanged  for 
having  murdered  General  Canby,  the 
commissioner  sent  to  treat  with  him  before 
the  war  was  instituted.  The  leader  of  the 
Sioux  was  Sitting  Bull,  and  his  tribe 
was  a  powerful  one.  A  sad  episode  con- 
nected with  this  war  was  the  massacre  of  ™ 
a  regiment  of  soldiers  under  General  Custer.  They  had 
unwisely  penetrated  too  far  into  the  country  of  the  hostiles, 
were  surrounded  near  the  Big  Horn  River  by  the  whole  tribe, 
and  put  to  death.  Sitting  Bull  and  his  band  were  subse- 
quently driven  northward  into  the  British  possessions. 


426  PERIOD    OF    INDEPENDENCE, 

The  debt  of  the  United  States  Government  incurred  by 
the  war  amounted  to  about  two  thousand  seven  hundred  and 
fifty  million  dollars.  Tariff  and  internal  revenue  taxes  were 
levied,  and  the  decrease  in  the  public  debt,  while  Grant  was 
President,  was  marked.  A  part  of  this  debt  consisted  of 
bills — called  from  their  color  "  green-backs  " — which  the 
government  had  obligated  itself  to  redeem  in  coin.  The 
great  number  of  these  bills  put  into  circulation  inflated  the 
currency  of  the  country,  and  produced  an  effect  (1873) 
similar  to  that  produced  in  1837. 

In  the  election  of  a  successor  to  Grant,  the  Republicans 
nominated  Rutherford  B.  Hayes,  of  Ohio,  and  for  Vice- 
President,  William  A.Wheeler,  of  New  York.  The  can- 
didates of  the  Democrats  were  Samuel  J.  Tilden,  of  New 
York  and  Thomas  A.  Hendricks,  of  Indiana.  The  contest 
was  very  close.  A  number  of  fraud- 
ulent and  corrupt  practices  in  several 
departments  of  the  government  had 
been  brought  to  light  during  Grant's 
administration.  The  President  him- 
self was  a  man  of  integrity,  but  had 
been  unwise  in  the  choice  of  several 
of  his  subordinates.  These  proved 
false  to  the  trust  reposed  in  them. 
The  discovery  of  these  frauds  greatly  weakened  the  Repub- 
lican party,  and  the  desire  of  change  was  so  widely  felt 
that  enough  rallied  under  the  campaign  cry  of  Tilden  and 
Reform  to  make  it  seem,  immediately  after  the  election,  that 
the  Democratic  party  had  vanquished  its  antagonist. 

The  votes  of  three  States,  Louisiana,  South  Carolina  and 
Florida,  were  claimed  by  both  parties,  and  for  a  time  excite- 
ment ran  high,  and  bloodshed  and  conflict  seemed  imminent. 
But  the  Civil  War  had  taught  its  lesson,  and  temperate  coun- 


RUTHERFORD    B.    HAYES. 


REUNION.  427 

cilings  prevailed.  To  determine  the  result  of  the  election,  an 
Electoral  Commission  was  created.  This  consisted  of 
fifteen  persons,  five  of  whom  were  judges  of  the  Supreme 
Court;  live,  Senators;  and  five,  Representatives.  As  consti- 
tuted, eight  were  Republicans  and  seven  Democrats.  The 
returns  from  each  of  the  contested  States  were  examined ; 
and  upon  every  matter  coming  up  before  the  commission 
the  decision  was  reached  by  a  strictly  partisan  vote — eight 
to  seven.     Hayes  and  Wheeler  were  declared  elected  (  1876). 

Hayes  served  one  term  of  office.  In  the  first  year  of  his 
administration,  war  with  the  small  tribe  of  Nez  Perce  Indians 
in  the  Northwest  arose;  it  was  brought  to  an  end  by 
General  O.  O.  Howard,  who  pursued  the  hostiles  fifteen 
hundred  miles,  and  compelled  them  to  surrender.  Several 
calamities  befell  the  country  during  the  course  of  this 
administration.  These  included  great  railroad  strikes 
and  yellow  fever  epidemics.  The  railroad  strikes  (1877) 
extended  over  wide  areas,  and  occasioned  dangerous  riots  in 
Pittsburg,  Chicago,  St.  Louis  and  other  places.  In  the  first 
named  city  more  than  one  hundred  lives  were  lost,  and  three 
million  dollars  worth  of  property  was  destroyed. 

The  yellow  fever  epidemics  occurred  in  1878  and  1879. 
Many  places  in  the  South  were  visited  by  the  fatal  disease, 
the  portion  suffering  the  most  being  the  Mississippi  Valley. 
Science  has  of  late  demonstrated  that  this  dread  scourge 
originates  in  the  warmer  latitudes,  and  that  it  can  be  excluded 
from  this  country  by  disinfection  and  quarantine,  a  most 
perfect  system  of  which  is  now  in  successful  operation  at 
a  station,  established  by  the  State  of  Louisiana  for  the  pur- 
pose, near  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi  River. 

In  the  presidential  election  of  1880  the  principal  candidates 
were  James  A.  Garfield,  of  Ohio,  and  Chester  A.  Arthur, 
of  New   York,  proposed   by  the  Republicans;   Winfield 


428 


PKRIOD    OF    INDEPENDENCE. 


JAMES    A.    GARFIELD 


Death  of  Garfield. 
Garfield  had  been  opposed  to  de- 
grading- the  public  service  by  making 
appointments  to  office  of  trust  and 
honor  a  reward  for  party  services.  In 
consequence  of  this,  many  were  disap- 
pointed. In  his  efforts  to 
purify  politics  of  some  of  its 
evils  he  incurred  the  dis- 
pleasure and  opposition  of 
many  leaders  of  his  party. 
Two  of  these,  Senators 
Conkling  and  Platt,  of 
New  York,  resigned  their 
seats,  returned  to  their  con- 
stituents for  reelection,  but 
were  not  pent  back.  Charles 
J.  Guiteau,  a  lawyer  of  Chi- 
cago, of  uncertain  mental 
balance,  was  among  those 
who  shared  in  the  animosity 
against  the  President,  and  it  was  by 
his  act  that  the  death  of  the  President 
was  accomplished.  The  deed  was 
committed  at  a  railroad  depot  in 
Washington  (July  2,  iSSo),~and  after 
eighty  days  of  suffering  the  President 
passed  away,  at  Elberon,  N.  J. 
(September  19,  1SS1). 


Scott  Hancock,  of  New  York,  and  William  H.  English, 
of  Indiana,  by  the  Democrats.  The  Republican  candidates 
were  elected  by  an  unquestioned  majority.  The  newly 
elected  President  was  a  man  of  unusual  ability,  and  his 
administration  bid  fair  to  be  as  wise  and  well  directed  as 
any  with  which  this  country  has  been  blessed.  But 
scarcely  had  he  served  four  months  when  he  was  stricken 
low  by  the  bullet  of  an  assas- 
sin. The  murderer  was  one  of 
many  who  had  gone  to  Wash- 
ington expecting  to  share  in 
the  spoils  of  office 
distributed  by  every 
President  since  the 
days  of  Jackson. 

Called  to  the  high- 
est office  in  the  land, 
Vi  c  e-Pr  e  s  i  de  n  t 
Arthur     manifested 
unexpected    ability 
in    the    administration    of    its 
affairs.     The  country  was  now 
entering  upon  an  era  of  great 
industrial  prosperity.    In  1881 
there  was  held  at  Atlanta  an 


exposition  that  revealed  to  an  astonishing  extent  how  rapidly 
the  South  was  conforming  to  new  industrial  conditions.  At 
New  Orleans,  three  years  after,  a  World's  Exposition  was 
opened,  exceeding  in  magnitude  anything  of  the  kind  ever 
held  in  the  world  before  President  Arthur  at  Washington 
set  in  motion  the  massive  and  intricate  machinery  con- 
nected with  this  exposition  by  directing  a  current  of  electricity 
over  a  telegraph  wire  between  Washington  and  New  Orleans. 


REUNION.  429 

In  the  election  of  a  successor  to  Arthur,  the  candidates  of 
the  principal  parties  were,  of  the  Republicans,  James  G. 
Blaine,  of  Maine,  and  John  A.  Logan, 
of  Illinois;  of  the  Democrats,  Grover 
Cleveland,  of  New  York,  and  Thos. 
A.  Hendricks,  of  Indiana.  The  elec- 
tion was  again  very  close,  and  the 
contest  was  narrowed  down  to  the 
State  of  New  York,  which  was  found 
to  have  given  a  small  majority  for  the 
Democratic  candidates.  Thus,  after  an  Chester  a.  arthur 

interruption  of  twenty-four  years,  a  Democratic  President 
was  again  called  to  administer  the  executive  affairs  of  the 
government. 

QUESTIONS. 

When  was  the  reunion  of  States  completed?  What  were  the  principal 
events  of  Grant's  administration?  What  do  you  know  of  the  Washington 
Treaty?  Modoc  War?  Sioux  War?  The  debt  incurred  by  the  war? 
"  Green-backs?  "  Who  were  the  candidates  in  the  election  of  Grant's  suc- 
cessor? What  do  you  know  of  the  disputed  election  of  1876?  Electoral 
commission?  What  had  strengthened  the  Democratic  party?  What  were 
the  principal  events  of  Hayes'  administration  ?  What  do  you  know  of  the 
Nez  Perce  War?  Railroad  riots  of  1S77?  Yellow  fever  epidemics  of  iS78-'79? 
Election  of  Garfield  and  Arthur?  Death  of  Garfield?  What  two  exposi- 
tions were  held  during  Arthur's  administration?  What  do  you  know  of  the 
election  of  Cleveland  and  Hendricks? 

CHAPTER  II. 

The  United  States  of  To-Day. 
The  administration  of  Cleveland  will  always  be  remem- 
bered for  the  firm  and  conscientious  manner  in  which  the 
President  discharged  the  duties  of  his  office.  He  had  served 
the  people  of  New  York  in  several  official  capacities— Sheriff 
of  Erie  County,  Mayor  of  Buffalo,  Governor  of  the  State, 


43o 


PERIOD    OF    INDEPENDENCE. 


Cleveland's  Cabinet. 

Cleveland's  cabinet  consisted  of 
Thomas  F.  Bayard,  of  Delaware, 
Secretary  of  State ;  Daniel  Manning, 
of  New  York,  Secretary  of  the  Treas- 
ury; Lucius  Q.  C.  Lamar,  of  Missis- 
sippi, Secretary  of  the  Interior;  Wm, 
C.  Endicott,  of  Massachusetts,  Secre- 
tary of  War;  Wm.  C.  Whitney,  of 
New  York,  Secretary  of  the  Navy; 
Wm.  F.  Vilas,  of  Wisconsin,  Post- 
master-General; and  Augustus  H. 
Garland,  of  Arkansas,  Attorney- 
General. 


and  in  all  had  served  them 
well.  His  call  to  the  highest 
office  in  the  land  was  a  mark 
of  confidence  inspired  by  the 
record  he  had  made  for  integ- 
rity and  capacity;  and  when  he 
became  a  presidential  candi- 
date, many  who  were  not  of 
his  party,  had  been  drawn  to 
his  support. 

With  the  ascendancy  of  the  Democratic  party  to  power 
for  the  first  time  in  twenty-four  years,  it  was  thought  by 
many  that  radical  changes  would  be  made  in  the  affairs  and 
policies  of  government.  But  recognizing  the  fact  that 
abrupt  changes  disturb  the  quiet  and  affect  the  welfare  of 

a  country,  Cleveland,  in  his  wis- 
dom, instituted  these  changes 
gradually.  His  appointments  were 
eminently  fit  ones,  and  his  policy 
was  thoroughly  conservative.  His 
cabinet  was  composed  of  men  from 
every  section  of  the  country,  and 
the  manner  in  which  they  dis- 
NL  charged  the  high  duties  reposed  in 
them,  furnished  additional  evi- 
dence of  his  good  judgment.  His 
whole  administration  may  be 
summed  up  in  the  memorable  words  uttered  by  him,  "  Public 
office  is  a  -public  trust"  and  his  conduct  of  affairs  was 
such  as  to  convince  all  that  this  trust  had  not  been  mis- 
placed. Nevertheless  he  was  not  elected  to  a  second 
term,  owing  to  the  position  taken  by  the  party  to  which 
he  belonged  upon  the  tariff.     For  many  years  this  question 


QROVER    CLEVELAND. 


REUNION.  43I 

had  almost  disappeared  from  the  politics  of  the  country,  as 
the  more  disturbing  ones  of  slavery  and  secession  had 
engrossed  public  attention;    but  it  had  now  again  arisen. 

The  heavy  debt  into  which  the  country  had  been  plunged 
by  the  Civil  War  necessitated  the  levying  of  a  high  tariff 
for  revenue,  which  practically  served  many  of  the  purposes 
of  protection.  The  revenue  thus  derived  was  rapidly 
decreasing  the  public  debt,  and  was  more  than  was 
necessary  to  pay  these  debts  as  they  matured.  In  conse- 
quence of  this,  a  great  surplus  of  money,  for  which  the 
government  had  little  need,  was  accumulating  in  the  public 
treasury. 

Cleveland  presented  this  matter  to  Congress  in  a  remark- 
able and  masterly  message.  He  took  the  position  that  the 
tariff  was  a  tax,  and  that  the  accumulation  of  a  surplus  was 
evidence  that  the  people  were  being  unnecessarily  taxed, 
and  he  advocated  a  reduction  of  the  tariff.  In  this  he  was 
sustained  by  his  party,  and  revenue  reduction  became  one 
of  the  issues  in  the  political  campaign  of  1888. 

The  high  war  tariff  had  given  an  immense  impulse  to 
various  American  industries.  The  wool  interests  of  Texas, 
the  sugar  interests  of  Louisiana,  the  iron  interests  of  Penn- 
sylvania, the  lumber  interests  of  Michigan,  in  addition  to 
the  manufacturing  interests  of  different  parts  of  the  country, 
all  felt  the  benefit  of  protection,  and,  therefore,  the  friends 
of  protection  had  greatly  increased  in  numbers,  and  were 
more  widely  distributed  than  when  tariff  first  became  a 
political  issue. 

The  Republican  party  opposed  any  reduction  that  should 
interfere  with  the  protective  features  of  the  existing  tariff. 
The  candidates  of  this  party  were,  for  President,  Benjamin 
Harrison,  of  Indiana;  for  Vice-President,  Levi  P.  Mor- 
ton, of  New  York.    For  President  the  Democrats  renominated 


432 


PERIOD    OF    INDEPENDENCE. 


Grover  Cleveland,  and  placed 
with  him  upon  the  presidential 
ticket  Allen  G.  Thurman,  of 
Ohio,  as  Vice-President.  The 
deciding  of  the  contest  again 
fell  to  New  York.  By  a  re- 
markable change  of  sentiment 
in  an  otherwise  strongly  Dem- 
ocratic county  of  that  State, 
Harrison  and  Morton  were 
elected. 

The  period  during  which 
Cleveland  served  as  President 
was  remarkable  for  the  num- 
ber of  eminent  Americans  who 
died.  Among  these  were 
Grant,  McClellan,  Hendricks, 
Tilden  and  Hancock.  The 
Indian  difficulties  in  the  West 
that  claimed  the  attention  of 
the  government  were  those 
arising  wTith  the  warlike  Apa- 
che Indians  of  Arizona.  These 
Indians  had  always  been  trou- 
blesome, and  had  committed 
many  atrocities  and  depreda- 
tions. General  Crook,  a 
famous  Indian  fighter,  was 
sent  against  them.  He  pur- 
sued the  hostiles  into  Mexico, 
followed  them  persistently  for 
many  days,  and  at  last  sur- 
rounding them  in  a  secluded 


The  "  Educational  Campaign." 
The  masses  of  the  people  are  con- 
sumers of  articles  protected  by  the 
tariff,  and  consumers  receive  little 
direct  benefit  from  an  increase  of 
prices.  Of  these  consumers,  two 
classes,  the  laborer  and  the  Western 
farmer,  have  had  to  be  won  over  by 
argument  to  the  side  of  protection.  It 
could  hardly  be  said  now  that  Ameri- 
can manufactures  were  in  their  in- 
fancy, so  protection  for  infant  indus- 
tries had  ceased  to  be  advocated  by  the 
time  the  tariff  question  again  entered 
politics.  The  argument  now  was  that  a 
protective  tariff  benefited  the  laborer 
and  the  farmer,  inasmuch  as  the  pro- 
tected manufacturers  were  able  to  pay 
higher  wages  to  their  workmen,  who,  in 
turn,  were  able  to  pay  thefarmersbetter 
prices  for  the  necessaries  of  lite.  On 
the  other  hand,  it  was  urged  that  pro- 
tection had  caused  an  unhealthy  in- 
crease in  the  number  of  factories,  that 
overproduction  and  competition  were 
causing  a  decrease  of  profits,  render- 
ing necessary  a  lowering  of  wages; 
that  the  multiplication  of  producing 
agents  in  the  various  industries  had 
brought  into  operation  the  public  evil 
called  Trusts,  which  are  powerful 
combinations  to  control  the  products 
of  an  industry,  and  by  limiting  the 
supply,  cause  prices  to  rise  above 
values,  to  the  injury  of  the  consumers. 
This  limiting  of  production  has  been 
accomplished  in  many  instances 
by  closing  down  a  number  of  the 
factories  organized  into  a  "Trust," 
whose  owners  lose  nothing  by  the 
stoppage,  as"  they  share  in  the  in- 
creased profits  of  the  combination, 
but  whose  workmen  are  thrown  out  of 
employment.  Thus  it  would  seem  that 
for  every  benefit  afforded  by  protection 
there  is  a  corresponding  evil.  As  to 
which  ot  the  two — benefit  or  evil — pre- 
dominates, it  yet  remains  for  the  Amer- 
ican people  to  fully  understand.  The 
presidential  contest  ot  iSSS  has  been 
termed  an  "  educational  campaign," 
lor  never  before  had  American  thought 
been  so  awakened  to  the  consideration 
ot  wages,  profits,  consumption,  ex- 
change, the  inter-relations  of  an  indus- 
trial people,  and  other  subjects  pertain- 
ing to  the  study  of  political  economy. 


REUNION. 


433 


spot  in  the  innermost  recesses  of  the  Sierra  Madre  Mountains, 
compelled  the  chief,  Geronimo,  and  a  large  party  of 
his  followers  to  surrender.  These  Indians  were  subsequent- 
ly removed  to  Florida,  where,  far  from  their  old  scenes  of 
bloodshed,  they  are  kept  under  strict  surveillance. 


While  Cleveland  was 
in  New  York  Harbor  a 
lightening  the    World 
French  sculptor,  Bar- 
the  people  of  France  to 
(October  28,  1886).  An 
wide-spread     attention 
year,   was  a  remarkable 
the  South  Adantic  Coast 
The  destructive  effects  of 
particularly    felt   in    the 
where      many 
laid    in  ruins 
of    old    and 
marks  were 
some  time  it 
the  prosper- 
had  abruptly 
but  with  corn- 
spirit,  the  citi- 
to    abandon 
bent    their 
the    work    of 


President,    there    was    erected 
gigantic  statue  of  Liberty  En- 

designed   by   the   eminent 

tholdi,  and  presented  by 

the  people  of  America 

event    that  o  ecu  pit  d 

occurring   the    same 

earthquake  that  visited 

of  the   United    States. 

this  earthquake  were 

city    of   Charleston, 

buildings  were 

and    a    number 

treasured    land 

effaced.    For 

seemed  as  if 

ity  of  the  city 

terminated, 

m  e  n  d  a  b  1  e 

zens  declined 

their  city,  and 

energies  to 

STATUE    OF    LIBERTY  J-  Q  |)  U  i   1  d  i  n  £  . 


There  now  remains  but  little  trace  of  disaster. 

The  election  of  Harrison  to  the  Presidency  of  the  United 
States  brings  the  subject  of  American  history  within  the 
present  knowledge  of  the  student.  The  events  that  are 
to    transpire    during    his    administration,    and     the    relative 


434 


PERIOD    OF    INDEPENDENCE, 


~"l 


AFTER    THE    EARTHQUAKE. 


importance  of  them  in  their  bearing  upon  the  progress  of 
the  country,  remain  to  be  seen.  Already  a  number  of 
occurrences  have  been  chronicled  that  deserve  passing 
notice.  Among  these  are  the  Samoan  controversy;  the 
admission  as  States  of  North  Dakota,  South  Dakota, 
Washington  and  Montana,  preliminary  steps  to  which  were 
taken  during  the  latter  part  of  Cleveland's  administration; 
the  opening  up  to  settlement  of  a  large  tract  of  land  known 
as  Oklahoma,  in  the  Indian  Territory,  the  unprecedented 
rush  of  settlers  to  which  has  been  termed  the  "  Oklahoma 
Boom";  the  celebration  in  New  York  with  great  pomp  and 
ceremony  of  the  one  hundredth  anniversary  of  Washington's 
inauguration  (April  30,  1889);  and  the  terrible  devastation 
inflicted  upon  one  of  Pennsylvania's  fair  valleys — that  of 
Conemaugh — by  the  bursting  of  a  large  reservoir  near  its 
head.  In  this  disaster  the  lives  lost  amounted  to  many  thou- 
sands, the  property  destroyed  to  many  millions,  and  the  des- 
titution, suffering,  and  bereavement  caused,  have  had  few 
parallels  in  the  annals  of  human  woes. 


REUNION. 


43$ 


The  inauguration  of  Harrison  brings  to  mind  the  signer  of 
the  Declaration  of  Independence  from  whom  he  is  descended. 
With  this  event  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  United  States 
completes  the  first  one  hundred 
years  of  its  existence.  In  look- 
ing over  the  field  of  American 
history  covered  by  this  period, 
one  cannot  but  be  impressed 
with  the  wonderful  changes 
that  have  been  wrought,  the 
results  that  have  been  accom- 
plished, the  growth  that  has 
been  attained,  and  the  progress  BEnoaM,n  harr«oh. 

that  has  been  achieved.  The  thirteen  States  have  become 
forty-two;  the  three  millions  of  people  have  become  sixty 
millions.  The  domain  whose  western  boundary  was  once 
the  Mississippi,  now  extends  to  the  Pacific. 

It  is  to  be  noted  that  the  constituency  ruled  over  by  the 
United  States  Government  is  rapidly  becoming  homogeneous, 
and  sectional  lines  are  disappearing  so  far  as  industrial 
interests  are  concerned.  The  destruction  of  slavery  has 
caused  a  concentration  of  the  thought  and  intelligence  of  the 
South  in  the  development  of  the  extraordinary  natural 
resources  of  that  section.  The  coal  and  iron  fields  of 
Pennsylvania  have  their  counterparts  in  Alabama  and  Ten- 
nessee, the  pineries  of  Maine  and  Michigan  theirs,  in  the 
almost  untouched  forest  treasures  of  the  southern  tier  of 
States.  The  dairy  and  farming  enterprises  of  New  York 
are  paralleled  by  those  of  Mississippi  and  Georgia.  The 
rich  plains  of  Texas  are  being  peopled  by  the  same  hardy 
class  that  have  wrung  the  agricultural  treasures  from  the 
of    the    Northwest.      Pittsburg,    Chattanooga    and 


prairies 


436  PERIOD    OF    INDEPENDENCE. 

Birmingham;   Providence,  Atlanta  and  Augusta;   Philadel- 
phia and  New  Orleans,  have  identical  interests. 

In  thought  and  in  feeling  the  sections  are  drawing  closer 
together.  In  the  old  days,  before  the  revolution,  Charleston 
sent  her  food  supplies  to  the  closed  port  of  Boston ;  in  later 
times  Boston  sends  her  message  of  sympathy  and  material 
aid  to  the  earthquake-stricken  city.  An  epidemic  in  Florida, 
a  storm-ravaged  coast  in  Texas,  an  overflow  in  the  delta 
of  the  Mississippi,  a  conflagration  in  a  Western  city,  a 
disastrous  inundation  in  a  Pennsylvania  valley — each  with  its 
attendant  misery  and  human  suffering, — calls  forth  a  gene- 
rous response  from  the  American  people  as  a  whole,  and 
brings  them  into  closer  fellowship.  The  antagonisms  of  the 
past  are  passing  from  view,  and  are  only  brought  to  mind  by  a 
few  demagogues,  who,  in  vain  attempts  to  attain  political  popu- 
larity, seek  to  revive  issues  no  longer  potent  for  evil.  The 
veterans  once  opposed  to  each  other  now  meet  at  times,  upon 
the  old  battlefields,  in  reunions  that  establish  ties  of  lasting 
friendship.  The  graves  of  dead  heroes  are  hallowed 
and  honored,  irrespective  of  the  side  upon  which  they 
fought.  Marble  shafts  in  memory  of  many  a  valiant  deed, 
point  upwards  in  all  their  massiveness,  indicative  of  the 
greatness  and  of  the  aspirations  of  those  they  commemorate. 
From  many  a  pedestal  there  look  down  upon  us  the  sculp- 
tured forms  of  those  whose  memories  neither  North  nor 
South  will  willingly  let  die.  History  preserves  them.  The 
student,  when  he  comes  to  perform  his  part — humble  or 
exalted — in  the  social,  political  and  moral  life  of  the  reunited 
nation,  must  remember  that  the  past  has  given  him  a  herit- 
age; that  the  present,  becoming  the  past,  will  leave  to  pos- 
terity another  heritage;  that  whatever  the  bequest  is  to  be, 
depends  upon  the  intelligence  and  integrity  of  the  self- 
governing  body-politic  of  which  he  is  a  constituent. 


107      Longitude 


'lftO   QLong^     West  <j?^        from     1 


Greenwich  0      100    200    300   400    500 


Greenwich      87 


TERRITORIAL  GROWTH 

OF  THE 

UNITED    STATES 

The  figures  under  the  Statenames  indicate  the  dates  of  their 
admission  into  the  Union;  or,  in  the  cane  of  the  Original  Thir- 
teen States,  the  date  of  their  ratification  of  the  Constitution. 
SCALE  OF  MILES 


ENGRAVED  FOR  HANSELI  'S  HIGHER  HISTORY  OF  THE  U.S. 


REUNION.  437 

QUESTIONS. 

What  do  you  know  of  Cleveland  and  his  administration  ?  Of  whom  was 
his  cabinet  composed?  What  policy  did  he  pursue  in  regard  to  removals 
and  appointments?  What  great  declaration  did  he  make?  Who  were  dis- 
pleased with  his  policy?  What  question  had  again  arisen  since  the  close 
of  the  war?  What  position  did  Cleveland  take  upon  the  tariff?  Surplus? 
What  do  you  know  of  the  "Educational  Campaign"  of  1888?  Who  were 
the  principal  candidates?  What  was  the  result?  What  were  the  principal 
events  of  Cleveland's  administration?  What  do  you  know  of  the  Apache 
war?  Of  Bartholdi's  statue?  Charleston  earthquake?  What  are  some 
of  the  events  that  have  transpired  since  Harrison's  election  ?  Give  the 
changes  in  size  and  population  that  have  occurred  in  the  first  one  hundred 
years  of  national  existence?  How  are  the  sections  becoming  alike  in 
interests?  What  facts  show  that  they  are  drawing  closer  together  in  thought 
and  feeling?     What  must  the  student  of  history  realize? 


REVIEW   QUESTIONS. 

Whew  and  where  was  Washington  inaugurated?  Who  composed  his 
Cabinet?  What  was  the  Capital  Bargain?  Whisky  Rebellion?  What 
Presidents  served  two  terms?  One  term?  Died  in  Office?  How  and  when 
was  Louisiana  acquired?  Florida?  Texas?  California?  Alaska?  What 
do  you  know  of  the  Northwest  Territory?  The  Organization  and  Admis- 
sion of  Tennessee  and  Kentucky?  Who  was  Genet?  What  were  the  Ken- 
tucky and  Virginia  Resolutions?  What  wars  have  occurred  with  the  Bar- 
bary  Powers?  What  do  you  know  of  Burr's  Conspiracy?  Fulton's  first 
Steamboat?  What  were  the  causes  of  the  War  of  1812?  Mexican  War? 
What  Indian  wars  have  occurred  since  the  establishment  of  the  Federal 
Government?  When  and  why  was  the  Indian  Territory  organized?  What 
two  campaigns  were  executed  in  the  first  year  of  the  War  of  181 2?  Three 
in  the  second?  Two  in  the  third?  Name  the  principal  American  Generals. 
British?  American  Naval  Commanders?  British?  American  Naval  Vic- 
tories? British?  What  do  you  know  of  the  battle  of  New  Orleans?  The 
State  of  West  Florida?  Internal  Improvements?  What  is  the  Monroe 
Doctrine?  The  Era  of  Good  Feeling?  The  American  System?  Nullifica- 
tion? What  is  a  Tariff ?  A  Tax?  How  may  Tariffs  be  classified?  What 
do  you  know  of  the  growth  of  Cotton  Mauufactures?  The  Business  Panic 
of  1S37?  When  did  a  similar  panic  occur?  What  is  the  Sub-Treasury  Sys- 
tem and  when  established?  What  do  you  know  of  the  Mormons?  The 
Annexation  of  Texas?     The  Texas  Revolution?     What   three   Campaigns 


43$  PERIOD    OF    INDEPENDENCE. 

were  accomplished  in  the  Mexican  War?  What  were  the  principal  battles  of 
each?  How  did  an  antagonism  between  the  sections  originate?  What  was 
the  Missouri  Compromise?  The  Omnibus  Bill?  The  Dred  Scott  decision? 
The  Fugitive  Slave  Law?  The  Kansas-Nebraska  Bill?  What  do  you  know 
of  the  beginning  and  progress  of  the  Anti-Slavery  Movement?  Why  did 
the  Southern  States  secede?  What  do  you  know  of  the  organization  of  the 
Confederate  Government?  Why  was  Fort  Sumter  fired  upon?  What  bat- 
tles of  the  Civil  War  occurred  in  Virginia?  Missouri?  Kentucky?  Arkan- 
sas? Tennessee?  Mississippi?  Georgia?  North  Carolina?  Louisiana? 
Texas?  New  Mexico?  West  Virginia?  Pennsylvania?  The  Shenandoah 
Valley?  What  do  you  know  of  Stonewall  Jackson?  Name  the  five  greatest 
Confederate  Victories  of  the  Civil  War?  Federal?  Five  decisive  battles, 
and  tell  why?  What  effect  had  the  Blockade?  What  do  you  know  of  the 
Alabama?  The  Virginia?  The  Tennessee?  Give  the  principal  military 
operations  along  the  Mississippi  River?  The  principal  coast  operations? 
Name  some  of  the  principal  Cavalry  leaders  on  the  Confederate  side? 
Federal?  Name  as  many  Confederate  Generals  as  you  may  know,  with  a 
battle  in  which  each  participated?  Federal?  Name  ten  battles  in  which 
Grant  took  part?  Ten  of  Lee's  battles?  Seven  of  J.  E.  Johnston's?  Four  of 
McClellan's?  Four  of  Rosecrans'?  Two  of  Banks'?  Five  of  Price's? 
Two  of  Van  Dorn's?  Three  of  Hood's?  Four  of  Bragg's?  Six  of  Sher- 
man's? What  do  you  know  of  the  capture  of  New  Orleans?  Vicksburg? 
Last  charge  at  Gettysburg?  Defense  of  Sabine  Pass?  Battle  of  Olustee? 
Sherman's  March?  Jackson's  Valley  Campaign?  Banks'  Red  River  Expe- 
ditions? Magruder's  Capture  of  Galveston?  Valley  Operations  of  Early? 
Battle  of  New  Market?  Appomattox  Surrender?  What  was  the  last 
engagement  of  the  war?  What  do  you  know  of  the  Trent  affair?  Maxi- 
millian  invasion  of  Mexico?  Abolishment  of  slavery?  Death  and  charac- 
ter of  Lincoln?  What  contest  arose  between  President  Johnson  and  Con- 
gress concerning  the  readmission  of  the  Southern  States?  What  was  the 
policy  of  each?  Why  was  Johnson  impeached?  What  was  the  Geneva 
award?  What  do  you  know  of  the  disputed  election  of  1876?  How  was 
the  decision  reached?  What  do  you  know  of  the  election  and  death  of 
Garfield?  The  Educational  Campaign  of  18S8?  The  events  that  have 
transpired  since  Harrison's  election?  What  Presidents  were  elected  by  the 
Democratic-Republican  party?  The  National  Republican  or  Whig  party? 
The  Democratic  party?  The  Republican  party?  Name  some  political 
parties  that  have  been  unsuccessful  in  electing  a  President?  Give  the  prin- 
cipal events  of  the  administration  of  each  President  in  order?  Draw  a 
comparison  between  the  United  States  of  Washington's  time  and  the  United 
States  of  to-day. 


APPENDIX  I. 


The  Declaration  of  Independence. 


In   Congress,   Jnly  ./,  1776. 
The    Unanimous    Declaration    of   the    thirteen    united    States  of 

America. 

When  in  the  Course  of  human  events,  it  becomes  necessary  f  r  one  people 
to  dissolve  the  political  bands  which  have  connected  them  \%  th  another, 
and  to  assume  among  the  Powers  of  the  earth,  the  separate  and  equal  station 
to  which  the  Laws  of  Nature  and  of  Nature's  God  entitle  them,  a  decent 
respect  to  the  opinions  of  mankind  requires  that  they  should  declare  the 
causes  which  impel  them  to  the  separation. 

We  hold  these  truths  to  be  self-evident,  that  all  men  are  created  equal, 
that  thev  are  endowed  by  their  Creator  with  certain  unalienable  Rights, 
that  among  these  are  Life,  Liberty  and  the  pursuit  of  Happiness.  That  to 
secure  these  rights,  Governments  are  instituted  among  Men,  deriving  their 
just  powers  from  the  consent  of  the  governed,  That  whenever  any  Form  of 
Government  becomes  destructive  of  these  ends,  it  is  the  Right  of  the  People 
to  alter  or  to  abolish  it,  and  to  institute  new  Government,  laying  its  founda- 
tion on  such  principles  and  organizing  its  powers  in  such  form,  as  to  them 
shall  seem  most  likely  to  effect  their  Safety  and  Happiness.  Prudence,  in- 
deed, will  dictate  that  Governments  long  established  should  not  be  changed 
for  light  and  transient  causes;  and  accordingly  all  experience  hath  shown, 
that  mankind  are  more  disposed  to  suffer,  while  evils  are  sufferable,  than  to 
right  themselves  by  abolishing  the  forms  to  which  they  are  accustomed. 
But  when  a  long  train  of  abuses  and  usurpations,  pursuing  invariably  the 
same  Object  evinces  a  design  to  reduce  them  under  absolute  Despotism,  it 
is  their  right,  it  is  their  duty,  to  throw  off  such  Government,  and  to  provide 
new  Guards  for  their  future  security. — Such  has  been  the  patient  sufferance 
of  these  Colonies;  and  such  is  now  the  necessity  which  constrains  them  to 
alter  their  former  Systems  of  Government.  The  history  of  the  present 
King  of  Great  Britain  is  a  history  of  repeated  injuries  and  usurpations,  all 
having  in  direct  object  the  establishment  of  an  absolute  Tyranny  over  these 
States.     To  prove  this,  let  Facts  be  submitted  to  a  candid  world. 

He  has  refused  his  Assent  to  Laws,  the  most  wholesome  and  necessary 
for  the  public  good. 

He  has  forbidden  his  Governors  to  pass  Laws  of  immediate  and  pressing 
importance,  unless  suspended  in  their  operation  till  his  Assent  should  be 
obtained;  and  when  so  suspended,  he  has  utterly  neglected  to  attend  to 
them. 

He  has  refused  to  pass  other  Laws  for  the  accommodation  of  large 
districts  of  people,  unless  those  people  would  relinquish  the  right  of  Repre- 
sentation in  the  Legislature,  a  right  inestimable  to  them  and  formidable  to 
tyrants  only. 

He  has  called  together  legislative  bodies  at  places  unusual,  uncomforta- 
ble, and  distant  from  the  depository  of  their  Public  Records,  for  the  sole 
purpose  of  fatiguing  them  into  compliance  with  his  measures. 

He  has  dissolved  Representative  Houses  repeatedly,  for  opposing  with 
manly  firmness  his  invasions  on  the  rights  of  the  people, 


440  APPENDIX    I. 

He  has  refused  for  a  long  time,  after  such  dissolutions,  to  cause  others  to 
be  elected;  whereby  the  Legislative  Powers,  incapable  of  Annihilation, 
have  returned  to  the  People  at  large  for  their  exercise;  the  State  remaining 
in  the  meantime  exposed  to  all  the  dangers  of  invasion  from  without,  and 
convulsions  within. 

He  has  endeavoured  to  prevent  the  population  of  these  States;  for  that 
purpose  obstructing  the  Laws  for  Naturalization  of  Foreigners;  refusing  to 
pass  others  to  encourage  their  migration  hither,  and  raising  the  conditions 
of  new  Appropriations  of  Lands. 

He  has  obstructed  the  Administration  of  Justice,  by  refusing  his  Assent 
to  Laws  for  establishing  Judiciary  Powers. 

He  has  made  Judges  dependent  on  his  Will  alone,  tor  the  tenure  of  their 
offices,  and  the  amount  and  payment  of  their  salaries. 

He  has  erected  a  multitude  of  New  Offices,  and  sent  hither  swarms  of 
Officers  to  harrass  our  People,  and  eat  out  their  substance. 

He  has  kept  among  us,  in  times  of  peace,  Standing  Armies  without  the 
Consent  of  our  legislature. 

He  has  affected  to  render  the  Military  independent  of  and  superior  to 
the  Civil  Power.  * 

He  has  combined  with  others  to  subject  us  to  a  jurisdiction  foreign  to  our 
constitution,  and  unacknowledged  by  our  laws;  giving  his  Assent  to  their 
Acts  of  pretended  Legislation  : 

For  quartering  large  bodies  of  armed  troops  among  us: 

For  protecting  them,  by  a  mock  Trial,  from  Punishment  for  any  Murders 
which  they  shoidd  commit  on  the  Inhabitants  of  these  States: 

For  euttting  off  our  Trade  with  all  parts  of  the  world: 

For  imposing  taxes  on  us  without  our  Consent: 

For  depriving  us  in  many  cases,  of  the  benefits  of  Trial  by  Jury: 

For  transporting  us  beyond  Seas  to  be  tried  for  pretended  offenees: 

For  abolishing  the  free  System  of  English  Laws  in  a  neighboring 
Province,  establishing  therein  an  Arbitrary  government,  and  enlarging  its 
Boundaries  so  as  to  render  it  at  once  an  example  and  fit  instrument  for  in- 
troducing the  same  absolute  rule  into  these  Colonies: 

For  taking  away  our  Charters,  abolishing  our  most  valuable  Laws,  and 
altering  fundamentally  the  Forms  of  our  Governments: 

For  suspending  our  own  Legislatures,  and  declaring  themselves  invested 
with  Power  to  legislate  for  us  in  all  cases  whatsoever. 

lie  has  abdicated  Government  here,  by  declaring  us  out  of  his  Protection 
and  waging  War  against  us. 

He  has  plundered  our  seas,  ravaged  our  Coasts,  burnt  our  towns,  and 
destroyed  the  lives  of  our  people. 

He  is  at  this  time  transporting  large  armies  of  foreign  mercenaries  to 
complete  the  works  of  death,  desolation  and  tyranny,  already  begun  with 
circumstances  of  Cruelty  &  perfidy  scarcely  paralleled  in  the  most 
barbarous  ages,  and  totally  unworthy  the  Head  of  a  civilized  nation. 

He  has  constrained  our  fellow  Citizens  taken  captive  on  the  high  Seas  to 
bear  Arms  against  their  Country,  to  become  the  executioners  of  their 
friends  and  Brethren,  or  to  fall  themselves  by  their  Hands. 

He  has  excited  domestic  insurrections  amongst  us,  and  has  endeavoured  to 
bring  on  the  inhabitants  of  our  frontiers,  the  merciless  Indian  Savages, 
whose  known  rule  of  warfare,  is  an  undistinguished  destruction  of  all  ages, 
sexes  and  conditions. 


THE    DECLARATION    OF    INDEPENDENCE. 


44I 


In  every  stage  of  these  Oppressions  We  have  Petitioned  for  Redress  in  the 
most  humble  terms:  Our  repeated  Petitions  have  been  answered  only  by 
repeated  injury.  A  Prince,  whose  character  is  thus  marked  by  every  act 
which  may  define  a  Tyrant,  is  unfit  to  be  the  ruler  of  a  free  People. 

Nor  have  We  been  wanting  in  attention  to  our  British  brethren.  We  have 
warned  them  from  time  to  time  of  attempts  by  their  legislature  to  extend  an 
unwarrantable  jurisdiction  over  us.  We  have  reminded  them  of  the 
circumstances  of  our  emigration  and  settlement  here.  We  have  appealed 
to  their  native  justice  and  magnanimity,  and  we  have  conjured  them  by  the 
ties  of  our  common  kindred  to  disavow  these  usurpations,  which,  would 
inevitably  interrupt  our  connections  and  correspondence.  They  too  have 
been  deaf  to  the  voice  of  justice  and  of  consanguinity.  We  must,  therefore, 
acquiesce  in  the  necessity,  which  denounces  our  Separation,  and  hold  them, 
as  we  hold  the  rest  of  mankind,  Enemies  in  War,  in  Peace  Friends. 

We,  therefore,  the  Representatives  of  the  united  States  of  America,  in 
General  Congress,  Assembled,  appealing  to  the  Supreme  Judge  of  the 
world  for  the  rectitude  of  our  intentions,  do,  in  the  Name,  and  by  Authority 
of  the  good  People  of  these  Colonies,  solemnly  publish  and  declare,  That 
these  United  Colonies  are,  and  of  Right  ought  to  be  Free  and  Independent 
States;  that  they  are  Absolved  from  all  Allegiance  to  the  British  Crown, 
and  that  all  political  connection  between  them  and  the  State  of  Great 
Britain,  is  and  ought  to  be  totally  dissolved;  and  that  as  Free  and  Inde- 
pendent States,  they  have  full  Power  to  levy  War,  conclude  Peace,  contract 
Alliances,  establish  Commerce,  and  to  do  all  other  Acts  and  Things  which 
Independent  States  may  of  right  do.  And  for  the  support  of  this  Declara- 
tion, with  a  firm  reliance  on  the  Protection  of  Divine  Providence,  we 
mutually   pledge    to   each  other  our  Lives,   our  Fortunes   and   our  sacred 

IIonor-  JOHN  HANCOCK. 

New  Hampshire — Josiah  Bartlett,  Wm. Whipple,  MattiiewThorxtox. 

Massachusetts  Bay — Saml.  Adams,  John  Adams,  Robt.  Treat  Paixe, 
Elbridge  Gerry. 

Rhode  Island — Step.  IIopkixs,  William  Ellery. 

Connecticut — Roger  Sherman,  Sam'el  Huntington,  Wm.  Williams, 
Oliver  Wolcott. 

New  York  —  Wm.  Floyd,  Phil.  Livingston,  Fraxs.  Lewis,  Lewis 
Morris. 

New  Jersey — Richd.  Stockton,  Jxo.  Witherspoox,  Fras.  IIopkixsox, 
John  Hart,  Aura.  Clark. 

Pennsylvania — Robt.  Morris,  BENJAMIN  Rush,  BENJA.  Fraxklix,  John 
Mortox,  Geo.  Clymer,  Jas.  Smith,  Geo.  Taylor,  James  Wilson,  Geo. 
Ross. 

Delaware — Caesar  Rodney,  Geo.  Read,  Tno.  M'Kean. 
Maryland—  Samuel  Chase,  Wm  Paca,  Thos.  Stone,  Charles  Carroll 
of  Carrollton. 

Virginia  —  George  Wythe,  Richard  Henry  Lee,  Tii.  Jefferson, 
Benja.  Harrison,  Thos.  Nelson,  jr.,  Francis  Lightfoot  Lee,  Carter 
Braxton. 

North  Carolina — Wm.  Hooper,  Joseph  Hewes,  Johxt  Pexx. 
South    Carolina — Edward    Rutledge,  Thos.  IIeyward,  Junr.,  Thomas 
Lynch,  Junr.,  Arthur  Middlbton. 

Georgia — Button  Gwinnett,  Lyman  Hall,  Geo.  Walton. 


APPENDIX  II. 


Constitution  of  the  United  States  of  America. 


Preamble. 


We,  the  people  of  the  United  States,  in  order  to  form  a  more  perfect 
union,  establish  justice,  insure  domestic  tranquillity,  provide  for  the  com- 
mon defense,  promote  the  general  welfare,  and  secure  the  blessings  of 
liberty  to  ourselves  and  our  posterity,  do  ordain  and  establish  this  Consti- 
tution for  the  United  States  of  America. 

Article  I. 
Section*  I.      i.    All    legislative    powers    herein    granted 
power"     'G  sha11  be  vested  in  a  Congress*  of  the  United  States,  which 

shall  consist  of  a  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives. 
Sec.  II.     i.  The  House  of  Representatives  shall  be  composed  of  members 
chosen  every  second   year,  bv   the   people  of  the  several 
SZ,atnZL'RCPrC'     States;  and  the  electors  in  each  State  shall  have  the  quali- 
fications   requisite    for    electors    of   the    most    numerous 
branch  of  the  State  Legislature. 

2.  No  person  shall  be  a  representative  who  shall  not  have  attained  to  the 

age  of  twenty-five  years,  and  been  seven  vears  a  citizen  of 
Zl!l!J^!t!!t;^of    the  United  States,  and  who  shall  not,  when  elected,  be  an 
inhabitant  of  that  State  in  which  he  shall  be  chosen. 

3.  Representatives  and  direct  taxes  shall  be  apportioned  among  the 
several  States  which  may  be  included  within  this  Union,  according  to  their 

respective  numbers,!  which  shall  be  determined  by  adding 
ftSSl     to    thc    who,e    number    of    free  persons,  including  those 

bound  to  service  for  a  term  of  years,  and  excluding  Indians 
not  taxed,  three-fifths  of  all  other  persons. J  The  actual  enumeration  shall 
be  made  within  three  years  after  the  first  meeting  of  the  Congress  of  the 
United  States,  and  within  every  subsequent  term  of  ten  years,  in  such  man- 
ner as  they  shall  by  law  direct.  The  number  of  representatives  shall  not 
exceed  one  for  every  thirty  thousand,  but  each  State  shall  have  at  least  one 
representative;  and  until  such  enumeration  shall  be  made,  the  State  of  New 
Hampshire  shall  be  entitled  to  choose  three;  Massachusetts,  eight;  Rhode 
Island  and  Providence  Plantations,  one;  Connecticut,  five;  New  York,  six; 
New  Jersey,  four;  Pennsylvania,  eight;  Delaware,  one;  Maryland,  six; 
Virginia,  ten;  North  Carolina,  five;  South  Carolina,  five;  and  Georgia, 
three. 

4.  When   vacancies  happen   in   the   representation   from   any  State,   the 

executive  authority  thereof  shall  issue  writs  of  election  to 
Vacancies.  ^,,  ,  .     J 

fill  such  vacancies. 

5.  The    House    of   Representatives    shall    choose    their 

wiit'd   hOU  aP~     sPea^er  ana"  other  officers, §  and  shall  have  the  sole  power 

of  impeachment. 

*The  body  of  senators  and  representatives  for  each  term  of  two  years  for  which  repre- 
sentatives are  chosen  is  called  one  Congress.  Each  Congress  expires  at  noon  of  the  4th  of 
March  next  succeeding  the  beginning  of  its  second  regular  session,  when  a  nezu  Congress 


bevi) 

n 


fThe  apportionment  under  the  census  of  1SS0  is  one  representative  to  every  154,325 
persons. 

JThis  refers  to  slaves,  and  is  no  longer  in  force  (see  Amendment  XIII). 

§Clerk,  sergeant- at- arms,  doorkeeper  and  postmaster,  and  others.  The  speaker  is  the 
presiding  officer. 


THE    CONSTITUTION   OF  THE   UNITED    STATES.  443 

Sec.  III.     1.  The  Senate  of  the  United  States  shall  be  composed  of  two 
Senators  from  each  State,  chosen  by  the  legislature  there-     genmt0t 
of,  for  six  years;    and  eachSenator  shall  have  one  vote. 

2.  Immediately  after  they  shall  be  assembled  in  consequence  of  the  first 
election,  they  shall  be  divided,  as  equally  as  may  be,  into  Ciaj4sifir„tiou  of 
three  classes.     The  seats  of  the  Senators  of  the  first  class     genatol's" 

shall  be  vacated  at  the  expiration  of  the  second  year;  of 
the  second  class,  at  the  expiration  of  the  fourth  year;  and  of  the  third  class, 
at  the  expiration  of  the  sixth  year,  so  that  one-third  may  be  chosen  every 
second  year;  and  if  vacancies  happen,  by  resignation  or  otherwise,  during 
the  recess  of  the  legislature  of  any  State,  the  executive  thereof  may  make 
temporary  appointments  until  the  next  meeting  of  the  legislature,  which 
shall  then  fill  such  vacancies. 

3.  No   person    shall    be  a  Senator  who  shall  not  have 

attained  to  the  age  of  thirty  years,  and  been  nine  years  a     SnatorZT^*"* 

citizen   of   the  United  States;    and  who  shall  not,  when 

elected,  be  an  inhabitant  of  that  State  for  which  he  shall  be  chosen. 

4.  The   Vice-President    of   the    United  States  shall  be 

president  of  the  Senate;    but  shall  have  no  vote,  unless     S«iifo~  0/ 
they  be  equally  divided. 

5.  The  Senate  shall  choose  their  other  officers,*  and  also  a  president  fro 
tempore^  in  the  absence  of  the  Vice-President,  or  when  he  shall  exercise  the 
office  of  the  President  of  the  United  States. 

6.  The  Senate  shall  have  the  sole  power  to  try  all  impeachments.     When 
sitting  for  that  purpose,  they  shall  be  on  oath  or  alfirma-     Senate*    a    court 
tion.     When  the  President  of  the  United  States  is  tried,     for  trial  of  hn- 
the  chief  justice  shall  preside;  and  no  person  shall  be  con-     p<<i<'hnnntti. 
victed  without  the  concurrence  of  two-thirds  of  the  members  present. 

7.  Judgment,  in  case  of  impeachment,  shall  not  extend  further  than  to 
removal  from  office,  and  disqualification  to  hold  and  en- 
joy any  office  of  honor,   trust  or  profit,  under  the  United     ^SSUiSSSS^f****' 
States;  but  the  party  convicted  shall,  nevertheless,  be  lia- 
ble and  subject  to  indictment,  trial,  judgment  and  punishment,  according 
to  law. 

Sec.  IV.     1.  The    times,    places    and    manner   of    holding    elections  for 
Senators  and  Representatives,  shall  be  prescribed  in  each     Election*  of  sen- 
State  by  the  legislature  thereof;  but  the  Congress  may,  at     ettorn  and  of  rep- 
any  time,  by  law,  make  or  alter  such  regulations,  except     reseHtatircs. 
as  to  the  places  of  choosing  senators. 

2.  The  Congress  shall  assemble  at  least  once  in  every 
year;  and  such  meeting  shall  be  on  the  first  Monday  In     y^ll"0  °f  ****' 
December,  unless  they  shall  by  law  appoint  a  different  day. 

Sec.  V.     1.  Each  house  shall  be  the  judge  of  the  elections,  returns  and 
qualifications    of    its    own   members;    and   a  majoritv   of 
each   shall    constitute    a   quorum    to    do  business;   but  a     cffiSTSjf***   °f 
smaller  number  may  adjourn  from  day  to  day,  and  may 
be  authorized  to  compel  the  attendance  of  absent  members,  in  such  man- 
ner and  under  such  penalties  as  each  house  may  provide. 

2.  Each  house  may  determine  the  rules  of  its  proceed- 
ings, punish   its   members  for  disorderly  behavior,   and,     ]]]'*/  *'  p>oct'ii  ' 
with  the  concurrence  of  two-thirds,  expel  a  member. 

3.  Each  house  shall  keep  a  journal  of  its  proceedings,  and  from  time  to 
time  publish  the  same,  excepting  such  parts  as  may,  in 
their  judgment,  require  secrecy;  and  the  yeas  and  nays  of 
the  members  of  either  house,  on  any  question,  shall,  at 
the  desire  of  one-fifth  of  those  present,  be  entered  on  the  journal. 

♦Secretary,  sergeant- at- arms,  doorkeeper  and  postmaster,  and  others. 


Journal  of  Con- 


444  APPENDIX    II. 

4.   Neither  house,  during  the  session  of  Congress,  shall,  without  the  con- 
,    sent  of  the  other,  adjourn  for  more  than  three  davs,  nor  to 

ConyrZT         °f     an>'  other  Place  than  that  ln  which  the  two  houses  shall 
he  sitting. 
Sec.  VI.      1.  The  senators  and  representatives  shall  receive  a    compen- 
sation* for  their  services,  to  be  ascertained   by  law,  and  paid  out  of  the 
.   .      treasury  of  the  United  States.     They  shall,  in  all  cases, 
hwso"lLmOers.     except  treason,  felony  and  breach  of  the  peace,  be  privi- 
leged from  arrest  during  their  attendance  at  the  session 
of  their  respective  houses,   and   in  going  to  and  returning  from  the  same; 
and  for  any  speech  or  debate  in  either  house  they  shall  not  be  questioned 
in  any  other  place. 

2.  No  Senator  or  Representative  shall,  during  the  time  for  which  he  was 

elected,  be  appointed  to  anv  civil  office,  under  the  author- 

JJslprohibited  'lty  of  the  United  States,  which  shall  have  been  created, 

or   the    emoluments    whereof  shall  have  been  increased, 

during  such  time;  and  no  person  holding  any  office  under  the  United  States 

shall  be  a  member  of  either  house  during  his  continuance  in  office. 

Sec.  VII.      1.  All  bills  for  raising  revenue  shall  originate  in  the  House  of 

.  .„  Representatives;    but  the  Senate  may  propose  or  concur 

Revenue  bills.  ..',  ,  '  .,        ,  -^ 

with  amendments,  as  on  other  bills. 

2.  Every  bill  which  shall  have  passed  the  House  of  Representatives  and 
the  Senate  shall,  before  it  become  a  law,  be  presented  to  the  President  of 
the  United  States.  If  he  approve,  he  shall  sign  it;  but  if  not,  he  shall  return 
it,  with  his  objections,  to  that  house  in  which  it  shall  have  originated,  who 

shall  enter  the  objections  at  large  on  their  journal,  and 
lfiwsMllSheCOtne     proceed  to  reconsider  it.     If,   after  such  reconsideration 

two-thirds  of  that  house  shall  agree  to  pass  the  bill,  it 
shall  be  sent,  together  with  the  objections,  to  the  other  honse,  by  which  it 
shall  likewise  be  reconsidered,  and  if  approved  by  two-thirds  of  that  house 
it  shall  become  a  law.  But,  in  all  such  cases,  the  votes  of  both  houses  shall 
be  determined  by  yeas  and  nays,  and  the  names  of  the  persons  voting  for 
and  against  the  bill  shall  be  entered  on  the  journal  of  each  house  respective- 
ly. If  any  bill  shall  not  be  returned  by  the  President  within  ten  days 
(Sundays  excepted)  after  it  shall  have  been  presented  to  him,  the  same 
shall  be  a  law  in  like  manner  as  if  he  had  signed  it,  unless  the  Congress  by 
their  adjournment  prevent  its  return,  in  which  case  it  shall  not  be  a  law. 

3.  Every  order,  resolution  or  vote,  to  which  the  concurrence  of  the 
Approval  and  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  may  be  necessary 
veto  powers  of  the  (except  on  a  question  of  adjournment),  shall  be  presented 
President.  to  the  President  of  the  United  States;  and  before  the 
same  shall  take  effect  shall  be  approved  by  him,  or,  being  disapproved  by 
him,  shall  be  repassed  by  two-thirds  of  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representa- 
tives, according  to  the  rules  and  limitations  prescribed  in  the  case  of  a  bill. 

Sec.  VIII.     The  Congress  shall  have  power — 

1.    To   lay  and   collect    taxes,    duties,   imposts  and   ex- 

Cotytress?**11*  *"     cises  to  Pa^  the  debts  and  provide  for  the  common  defense 
and  general  welfare  of  the  United  States;  but  all  duties, 
imposts  and  excises  shall  be  uniform  throughout  the  United  States. 

2.  To  borrow  money  on  the  credit  of  the  United  States. 

3.  To  regulate  commerce  with  foreign  nations,  and  among  the  several 
States,  and  with  the  Indian  tribes. 

4.  To  establish  a  uniform  rule  of  naturalization,  and  uniform  laws  on  the 
subject  of  bankruptcies  throughout  the  United  States. 

*The  present  compensation  is  $5,000  a  year,  with  twenty  cents  for  every  mile  of  travel  by 
the  mest  usually  traveled  post  route  to  and  from  the  national  capital. 


THE    CONSTITUTION    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES.  44^ 

5.  To  coin  money,  regulate  the  value  thereof,  and  of  foreign  coin,  and 
fix  the  standards  of  weights  and  measures. 

6.  To  provide  for  the  punishment  of  counterfeiting  the  securities  and 
current  coin  of  the  United  States. 

7.  To  establish  postoffices  and  postroads. 

8.  To  promote  the  progress  of  science  and  useful  arts,  by  securing,  for 
!!mited  times,  to  authors  and  inventors,  the  exclusive  right  to  their  re- 
spective writings  and  discoveries. 

9.  To  constitute  tribunals  inferior  to  the  Supreme  Court. 

10.  To  define  and  punish  piracies  and  felonies  committed  on  the  high 
seas,  and  offences  against  the  law  of  nations. 

11.  To  declare  war,  grant  letters  of  marque  and  reprisal,  and  make  rules 
concerning  captures  on  land  and  water. 

1  J.  To  raise  and  support  armies;  but  no  appropriation  of  money  to  that 
use  shall  be  for  a  longer  term  than  two  years. 

13.  To  provide  and  maintain  a  navy. 

14.  To  make  rules  for  the  government  and  regulation  of  the  land  and 
naval  forces. 

15.  To  provide  for  calling  forth  the  militia  to  execute  the  laws  of  the 
Union,  suppress  insurrections  and  repel  invasions. 

16.  To  provide  for  organizing,  arming  and  disciplining  the  militia,  and 
for  governing  such  part  of  them  as  may  be  employed  in  4he  service  of  the 
United  States,  reserving  to  the  States  respectively  the  appointment  of  the 
officers,  and  the  authority  of  training  the  militia  according  to  the  discipline 
prescribed  by  Congress. 

17.  To  exercise  exclusive  legislation,  in  all  cases  whatsoever,  over  such 
district  (not  exceeding  ten  miles  square)  as  may,  by  cession  of  particular 
States,  and  the  acceptance  of  Congress,  become  the  seat  of  government  of 
the  United  States,*  and  to  exercise  like  authority  over  all  places  purchased, 
by  the  consent  of  the  Legislature  of  the  State  in  which  the  same  shall  be, 
for  the  erection  of  forts,  magazines,  arsenals,  dockyards  and  other  needful 
buildings;  and 

18.  To  make  all  laws  which  shall  be  necessary  and  proper  for  carrying 
into  execution  the  foregoing  powers,  and  all  other  powers  vested  by  this 
Constitution  in  the  government  of  the  United  States,  or  in  any  department 
or  officer  thereof. 

Sec.  IX.      1.   The  migration  or  importation  of  such  persons  as  any  of  the 
States  now  existing  shall  think  proper  to  admit,  shall  not 
be   prohibited    by    the    Congress    prior    to    the    year  one     l™™  twitted. 
thousand  eight  hundred  and  eight;   but  a  tax  or  duty  may       * 
be  imposed  on  such  importation,  not  exceeding  ten  dollars  for  each  person. t 

2.  The  privilege  of  the  writ  of  habeas  corpus  shall  not  be  suspended,  unless 

when,  In  cases  of  rebellion  or  invasion,  the  public  safety     __  . 

.  r  J       Habeas  corpus. 

may  require  it. 

•*.  No   bill   of  attainder,   or  ex  post  facto  law,  shall  be       ,„    .    , 
J  1  '  Attainder. 

passed. 

4.  No   capitation   or  other  direct  tax  shall  be  laid,  unless  in  proportion  to 

the   census   or  enumeration   hereinbefore   directed  to  be 

.    ,  Direct  tajres. 

taken. 

5.  No   tax  or  duty  shall  be  laid  on  articles  exported  from    any  State. 

6.  No   preference  shall  be  given,   by  any  regulation  of 

commerce  or  revenue,  to  the  ports  of  one  State  over  those     ^^-dh'ljVtitic^' 
of  another;  nor  shall  vessels  bound  to  or  from  one  State 
be  obliged  to  enter,  clear  or  pay  duties  in  another. 

♦The  District  ot  Columbia. 

fTliis  has  reference  to  the  foreign  slave  trade. 


44-6 


APPENDIX   II. 


*".  No  money  shall  be  drawn  from  the  treasury  but  in  consequence  of 

appropriations  made  by  law;  and  a  regular  statement  and 
drawl'*'        '  account   of  the   receipts  and   expenditures  of  all  public 

money  shall  be  published  from  time  to  time. 
8.  No  title  of  nobility  shall  be  granted  by  the  United  States,  and  no  per- 

son  holding  any  office  of  profit  or  trust  under  them  shall, 
prohibited?  *  without  the  consent  of  the  Congress,  accept  of  any  present, 

emolument,  office  or  title  of  any  kind  whatever,  from 
any  king,  prince  or  foreign  State. 

Sec.  X.       i.  No  State  shall  enter  into  any  treaty,  alliance  or  confedera- 

tion ;  grant  letters  of  marque  and  reprisal;  coin  money; 
defined.  emit  bills  of  credit;   make   anything  but  gold  and  silver 

coin  a  tender  in  payment  of  debts;  pass  any  bill  of 
attainder,  ex  post  facto  law,  or  law  impairing  the  obligation  of  contracts; 
or  grant  any  title  of  nobility. 

2.  No  State  shall,  without  the  consent  of  the  Congress,  lay  any  imposts 
or  duties  on  imports  or  exports,  except  what  may  be  absolutely  necessary 
for  executing  its  inspection  laws;  and  the  net  produce  of  all  duties  and  im- 
posts, laid  by  any  State  on  imports  or  exports,  shall  be  for  the  use  of  the 
treasury  of  the  United  States,  and  all  such  laws  shall  be  subject  to  the 
revision  and  control  of  the  Congress.  No  State  shall,  without  the  consent 
of  Congress,  lay  any  duty  of  tonnage,  keep  troops  or  ships  of  war  in  time 
of  peace,  enter  into  any  agreement  or  compact  with  another  State,  or  with 
a  foreign  power,  or  engage  in  war,  unless  actually  invaded  or  in  such  immi- 
nent danger  as  will  not  admit  of  delay. 

Article  II. 

Section  I.     i.  The  executive  power  shall  be  vested  in  a  President  of  the 

United  States  of  America.  He  shall  hold  his  office  during 
SSS?     the    term    of   four   years,    and,    together  with    the  Vice- 

President,  chosen  for  the  same  term,  be  elected  as  follows: 

2.  Each  State  shall  appoint,  in  such  manner   as  the  Legislature  thereof 

may  direct,   a  number  of  electors  equal  to  the  whole  number  of  Senators 

t  and  Representatives  to  which  the  State  may  be  entitled  in 

the  Congress;  but  no  Senator,  or  Representative,  or  per- 
son holding  an  office  of  trust  or  profit  under  the  United  States,  shall 
be  appointed  an  elector. 

[3.  The  electors  shall  meet  in  their  respective  States,  and  vote  by  ballot 
for  two  persons,  of  whom  one,  at  least,  shall  not   be  an   inhabitant  of  the 

same  State  with  themselves.  And  they  shall  make  a  list 
electorsfn(/S  °f       of  a11  the  Persons  voted  for,  and  of  the  number  of  votes 

for  each;  which  list  they  shall  sign  and  certify,  and  trans- 
mit sealed  to  the  seat  of  the  government  of  the  United  States,  directed  to 
the  President  of  the  Senate.  The  President  of  the  Senate  shall,  in  the 
presence  of  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives,  open  all  the  certifi- 
cates, and  the  votes  shall  then  be  counted.  The  person  having  the  greatest 
number  of  votes  shall  be  the  President,  if  such  number  be  a  majority  of  the 
whole  number  of  electors  appointed;  and  if  there  be  more  than  one  who 
have  such  majority,  and  have  an  equal  number  of  votes,  then  the  House  of 

Representatives  shall  immediately  choose,  by  ballot,  one 
MevrJLnt^J.       of  them  for  President;  and  if  no  person  have  a  majority, 

then,  from  the  five  highest  on  the  list,  the  said  house  shall, 
in  like  manner,  choose  the  President.  But,  in  choosing  the  President,  the 
votes  shall  be  taken  by  States,  the  representation  from  each  State  having 
one  vote;  a  quorum  for  this  purpose  shall  consist  of  a  member  or  members 
from  two-thirds  of  the  States,  and  a  majority  of  all  the  States  shall  be 
necessary  to  a  choice.     In  every  case,  after  the  choice  of  the  President,  the 


THE    CONSTITUTION   OF    THE    UNITED    STATES.  447 


person  having  the  greatest  number  of  votes  of  the  electors  shall  he  the 
Vice-President.  ] Jut,  if  there  should  remain  two  or  more  who  have  equal 
votes,  the  Senate  shall  choose  from  them,  by  ballot,  the  Vice-President.]* 

4.  The  Congress  mav  determine  the  time  of  choosing 

the  electors,  and  the  day  on  which  they  shall  give  their     S«SS«£ 
votes;  which  day  shall  be  the  same  throughout  the  United 
States. f 

5.  No  person,  except  a  natural  born  citizen,  or  a  citizen  of  the  United 
States  at  the   time  of  the  adoption  of  this  Constitution,  ... 
shall  be  eligible  to  the  office  of  President;   neither  shall     SSpJSSeST 
any  person   be  eligible  to  that  office  who  shall  not  have 

attained  to  the  age  of  thirty-five  years,  and  been  fourteen  years  a  resident 
within  the  United  States. 

6.  In  case  of  the  removal  of  the  president  from  office,  or  of  his  death, 
resignation  or  inability  to  discharge  the  powers  and  duties  of  the  said 
office,  the  same  shall  devolve  on  the  Vice-President;   and 

the  Congress  may,  by  law,  provide  for  the  case  of  removal,     hi7d%abilitg! 
death,  resignation  or  inability,  both  of  the  President  and 
Vice-President,  declaring  what  officer  shall  then  act  as  president;   and  such 
officer  shall  act  accordingly,  until  the  disability  be  removed,  or  a  President 
shall  be  elected. 

7.  The  President  shall,  at  stated  times,  receive  for  his  services  a  compen- 
sation, which  shall  neither  be   increased  nor  diminished 

during  the  period  for  which  he  shall  have  been  elected;     p(!l"idenl 
and    he   shall   not  receive  within  that  period  any  other 
emolument  from  the  United  States,  or  any  of  them.J 

8.  Before  he  enter  on  the  execution  of  his  office,  he  shall  take  the  follow- 
ing oath  or  affirmation : 

"  I  do  solemnly  swear   (or  affirm)   that  I  will  faithfully  execute  the  office 
of  President  of  the  United  States,  and  will,  to  the  best  of 
mv  ability,  preserve,  protect  and  defend  the  Constitution 
of  the  United  States." 

Sec.  II.     1.  The  President  shall  be  commander-in-chief  of  the  army  and 
navy  of  the  United  States,   and  of  the  militia  of  the  several  States,  when 
called    into    the    actual  service  of  the  United  States;   he 
may    require    the    opinion,    in    writing,    of  the  principal     jv,f^</t,"{ 
officer,  in  each  of  the  executive  departments,  upon  any 
subject  relating  to  the  duties  of  their  respective  officers;   and  he  shall  have 
power  to  grant  reprieves  and  pardons  for  offences  against  the  United  States, 
except  in  cases  of  impeachment. 

2.  He  shall  have  power,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Senate, 
to  make  treaties,  provided  two-thirds  of  the  Senators  present  concur;  and 
he  shall  nominate,  and  by  and  with  the  advice  and  con-  Mff  1liaj,r  t  ,.,.„- 
sent  of  the  Senate,  shall  appoint  ambassadors,  other  pub-  tics',  appoint  atn- 
lic  ministers  and  consuls,  judges  of  the  Supreme  Court,  baMad&n,  judg- 
and  all  other  officers  of  the  United  States  whose  appoint-  **'  etc' 
ments  are  not  herein  otherwise  provided  for,  and  which  shall  be  established 
by  law.  But  the  Congress  may,  by  law,  vest  the  appointment  of  such 
inferior  officers  as  they  think  proper  in  the  President  alone,  in  the  courts 
of  law,  or  in  the  heads  of  departments. 


*This  clause,  within  brackets,  has  been  superseded  by  the  12th  Amendment. 

fThe  electors  are  chosen  on  the  Tuesday  next  after"  the  first  Monday  in  November  pre- 
ceding the  expiration  of  a  presidential  term,  and  vote  for  president  and  vice-president  on  the 
first  Wednesday  of  the  December  following.  The  votes  are  counted  and  declared  in  Con- 
gress the  second  Wednesday  of  the  following-  February. 

}The  salary  of  the  President  was  $25,000  a  year  until '1S72,  when  it  was  increased  to  $50,000. 
That  of  the  Vice-President  is  $Sooo  a  year. 


4,8 


APPENDIX    II. 


3.  The   President  shall    have   power  to    fill    up    all   vacancies    that    may 

„         .„  happen    during    the    recess    of    the    Senate,   by   granting 

Jlfftti    fill    vacan-  •  i-i       1      11  •  ,   ,,  , '      ?    ,&  .  » 

eie£  '  commissions  which  shall  expire  at  the  end  or.  their  next 

session. 
^  Sec.  III.     1.   lie  shall  from  time  to  time  give  to  the  Congress  informa- 
tion of  the  State  of  the  Union,  and  recommend  to  their  consideration  such 
measures  as  he  shall    judge  necessary  and  expedient;*  he  may,  on  extra- 
ordinary  occasions,    convene    both    houses,  or  either   of 
Congress™™  them,   and,   in   case  of  disagreement  between  them  with 

respect  to  the  time  of  adjournment,  he  may  adjourn  them 
to  such  time  as  he  shall  think  proper;  he  shall  receive  ambassadors  and 
other  public  ministers;  he  shall  take  care  that  the  laws  be  faithfully  exe- 
cuted; and  shall  commission  all  the  officers  of  the  United  States. 

Sec.  IV.     1.  The  President,  Vice-President,  and  all  civil  officers  of  the 
United  States,  shall  be  removed  from  office  on  impeach- 
(Jwinoved!>tnat/     ment  f°r>  ant*  conviction  of  treason,  bribery  or  other  high 
crimes  and  misdemeanors. 

Article  III. 

Sectiox  I.  1.  The  judicial  power  of  the  United  States  shall  be  vested  in 
one  Supreme  Court,  and  in  such  inferior  courts  as  the 
h"?vZ"tetl?OWer'  Congress  may,  from  time  to  time,  ordain  and  establish. 
The  judges,  both  of  the  supreme  and  inferior  courts, 
shall  hold  their  offices  during  good  behavior;  and  shall,  at  stated  times, 
receive  for  their  services  a  compensation  which  shall  not  be  diminished 
during  their  continuance  in  office. 

Sec.  II.  1.  The  judicial  power  shall  extend  to  all  cases  in  law  and 
equity  arising  under  this  Constitution,  the  laws  of  the  United  States,  and 
treaties  made,  or  which  shall  be  made,  under  their  author- 
ejctvnds*  taStS  *'  *ty>  to  a11  cases  affecting  ambassadors,  other  public  minis- 
ters and  consuls;  to  all  cases  of  admiralty  and  maritime 
jurisdiction;  to  controversies  to  which  the  United  States  shall  be  a  party; 
controversies  between  two  or  more  States;  between  a  State  and  citizens  of 
another  State ;f  between  citizens  of  different  States;  between  citizens  of  the 
same  State  claiming  lands  under  grants  of  different  States;  and  between  a 
State  or  the  citizens  thereof,  and  foreign  States,  citizens  or  subjects. 

2.  Iir  all  cases  affecting  ambassadors,  other  public  ministers  and  consuls, 
Jurisdiction  of  an<*  those  in  which  a  State  shall  be  a  party,  the  Supreme 
the  Supreme  Court  shall  have  original  jurisdiction.  In  all  the  other 
Court.  cases  before  mentioned  the  Supreme  Court  shall  have 
appellate  jurisdiction,  both  as  to  law  and  fact,  with  such  exemptions  and 
under  such  regulations  as  the  Congress  shall  make. 

3.  The  trial  of  all  crimes,  except  in  cases  of  impeachments,  shall  be  by 

jury,  and  such  trial  shall  be  held  in  the  State  where  the 
trilal  respectiufJ     said   crimes   shall   have  been    committed;    but   when    not 
committed   within    any   State,   the   trial   shall   be  at  such 
place  or  places  as  the  Congress  may  by  law  have  directed. 

Sec.  III.  1.  Treason  against  the  United  States  shall  consist  only  in  levy- 
T  i  a     d       *n£  war  aSamst  them,  or  in  adhering  to  their  enemies, 

•  giving  them  aid  and  comfort.  No  person  shall  be  con- 
victed of  treason,  unless  on  the  testimony  of  two  witnesses  to  the  same 
overt  act,  or  on  confession  in  open  court. 

*The  President  does  this  in  messages  at  the  opening  of  each  session.  Washington  and 
John  Adams  read  their  messages  in  "person  to  both  houses  of  Congress.  Jefferson  intro- 
duced the  present  practice  oi  sending  to  the  two  houses  a  written  message  by  his  private 
secretary. 

jSee  Amendments,  Art.  XI. 


THE    CONSTITUTION    OF    TILE    UNITED    STATES.  449 


Jfoir  puniehed. 


2.   The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  declare  the  punishment  of  treason; 
hut  no  attainder  of  treason  shall  work  corruption  of  blood 
or  forfeiture(    except   during  the   life   of  the   person    at- 
tainted. 

Article  IV. 

Section*  I.     1.  Full  faith  and  credit  shall  be  given  in  each  State  to  the 
public    acts,    records    and    judicial   proceedings  of  every         . 
other  State.     And   the   Congress   may,   by  general   laws, 
prescribe  the  manner  in  which  such  acts,  records  and  proceedings  shall  be 
provedj  and  the  effect  thereof. 

Sec.  IT.      1.  The  citizens  of  each  State  shall  be  entitled 
to    all    the    privileges  and  immunities  of  citizens  in  the     ^.'/J/ "*  ofeii «- 
several  States. 

2.  A  person   charged   in   any  State  with  treason,  felony  or  other  crime, 
who    shall    flee    from    justice,    and    be  found   in   another 

State,  shall,  on  demand  of  the  executive  authority  of  the     *!%!'"? h'('  r'''/"'~ 
State  from  which  he  fled,  be  delivered  up,  to  be  removed 
to  the  State  having  jurisdiction  of  the  crime. 

3.  No  person  held  to  service  or  labor  in  one  State,  under  the  laws  thereof, 

escaping  into  another,  shall  in  consequence  of  any  law  or 

regulation   therein   be   discharged   from   such  service    or     r***".    r,V"l(lfn'(/ 
.  P         ,  ,,  ,       .  ,.  ,      °  ,    .  ,.     ,  service  or  labor. 

labor;  but  shall  be  delivered  up  on   claim  of  the  party  to 

whom  such  service  or  labor  may  be  due. 

Sec.  III.  1.  New  States  may  be  admitted  by  the  Congress  into  this 
Union;  but  no  new  States  shall  be  formed  or  erected  jfew  statrs,  how 
within  the  jurisdiction  of  any  other  State,  nor  any  State  formed  and  ad- 
be  formed  by  the  junction  of  two  or  more  States,  or  parts  *>>ift<>d. 
of  States,  without  the  consent  of  the  Legislature  of  the  States  concerned, 
as  well  as  of  the  Congress. 

2.  The   Congress  shall  have  power  to   dispose  of   and  make  all  needful 
rules  and  regulations   respecting   the    territory   or   other     j*01t.er  0f  <oll_ 
property  belonging  to  the  United  States;   and  nothing  in     pre**  over  public 
this   Constitution   shall   be  so   construed   as  to  prejudice     «»•»*•« 
any  claims  of  the  United  States,   or  of  any  particular  State. 

Sec.  IV.      1.  The  United   States  shall  guarantee  to  every  State   in  this 
Union  a  republican  form  of  government,  and  shall  protect.   jtvpubUea*   gov 
each  of  them  against  invasion;  and  on  application  of  the     ernmetttffuaratf 
Legislature   or   of    the  executive    (when    the    Legislature     t<iil- 
cannot  be  convened),  against  domestic  violence. 

Article  V. 

1.  The  Congress,  whenever  two-thirds  of  both  houses  shall  deem  it 
necessary,  shall  propose  amendments  to  this  Constitution;  or,  on  the  appli- 
cation of  the  Legislatures  of  two-thirds  of  the  several  States,  shall  call  a 
convention  for  proposing  amendments,  which,  in  either  case,  shall  be  valid 
to  all  intents  and  purposes,  as  part  of  this  Constitution,  Constitution, 
when  ratified  by  the  Legislatures  of  three-fourths  of  the  hoivtobeamend- 
several  States,  or  by  conventions  in  three-fourths  thereof,  ■* 
as  the  one  or  the  other  mode  of  ratification  may  be  proposed  by  the  Con- 
gress; provided,  that  no  amendment  which  may  be  made  prior 'to  the  vear 
one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  eight  shall  in  any  manner  affect  the  first 
and  fourth  clauses  in  the  ninth  section  of  the  first  article;  and  that 
no  State,  without  its  consent,  shall  be  deprived  of  its  equal  suffrage  in  the 
Senate. 


45o 


APPENDIX    II. 


Article  VI. 

tt  rv7-        fi  1'  A11  debts  contracted  and  engagements  entered  into 

recogniiJd.  before  the  adoption  of  this  Constitution,  shall  be  as  valid 

against  the  United  States  under  this  Constitution  as  under 
the  Confederation. 

2.  This  Constitution,  and  the  laws  of  the  United  States  which  shall  be 

made  in  pursuance  thereof,  and  all  treaties  made,  or 
fUn^le^J.    «***  «h«ll  be  made,  under  the  authority  of  the  United 

States,  shall  be  the  supreme  law  of  the  land;  and  the 
judges  in  every  State  shall  be  bound  thereby,  anything  in  the  Constitution 
or  laws  of  any  State  to  the  contrary  notwithstanding. 

3.  The  Senators  and  Representatives  before  mentioned,  and  the  members 
of  the  several  State  Legislatures,  and  all  executive  and  judicial  officers,  both 
Oath ;  of  whom  °f  tne  United  States  and  of  the  several  States,  shall  be 
required,  and  for  bound  by  oath  or  affirmation  to  support  this  Constitution  ; 
what.  kut-  no  religious  test  shall  ever  be  required  as  a  qualifica- 
tion to  any  office  or  public  trust  under  the  United  States. 


Article  VII. 

1.  The  ratification  of  the  conventions  of  nine  States  shall  be  sufficient 
_  ,.„       .  for    the    establishment    of   this  Contitution  between    the 

'  States  so  ratifying  the  same. 

Done  in  convention  by  the  unanimous  consent  of  the  States  present,  the 
seventeenth  day  of  September,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand 
seven  hundred  and  eighty-seven,  and  of  the  independence  of  the 
United  States  of  America  the  twelfth.  In  witness  whereof,  we  have 
hereunto  subscribed  our  names.* 

GEORGE  WASHINGTON, 
Presidt.  and  deputy  from    I  'trginia. 


NEW7  HAMPSHIRE. 

John  Langdon. 
Nicholas  Gilman. 


M  AS  S  AC  HUSETTS. 

Nathaniel  Gorham, 
Rufus  Kinof. 


CONNECTICUT. 

Wm.  Saml.  Johnson, 
Ro«:er  Sherman. 


PENNSYLVANIA. 

B.  Franklin, 
Thomas  Mifflin, 
Robt.  Morris, 
Geo :  Clymer, 
Tho  :  Fitzsimons, 
Jared  Ingersoll, 
James  Wilson, 
Gouv :  Morris. 


VIRGINIA. 

John  Blair, 

James  Madison,  Jr. 


NORTH  CAROLINA. 

Wm.  Blount, 

Rich'd  Dobbs  Spaight, 

IIu.  Williamson. 


DELAWARE.  SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

Geo:  Read,  J.  Rutledge, 

Gunning  Bedford,  Jun'r,  Charles    Cotes  worth 

John  Dickinson,  Pincknev, 

Richard  Bassett,  Charles  Pincknev, 

Jaco:  Broom.  Pierce  Butler. 

MARYLAND. 

James  M'llenry,  Georgia. 

Dan  :  of  St. Thos.  Jenifer,  William  Few, 
Danl.  Carroll.  Abr.  Baldwin. 

Attest:  WILLIAM  JACKSON,  Secretary. 

*The  number  of  delegates  chosen  to  the  convention  was  sixty-five ;  ten  did  not  attend ;  six- 
teen declined  signing  the  Constitution,  or  left  the  convention  before  it  was  ready  to  be 
signed.     Thirty-nine  signed. 


NEW   YORK. 

Alexander  Hamilton. 


NEW    JERSEY. 

Wil.  Livingston, 
David  Brearley, 
Wm.  Paterson. 
Jon  a.  Dayton. 


THE    CONSTITUTION    OF    THE    UNITED    STATES.  451 

Amendments  to  the  Constitution. 

♦Art.  I.     Congress  shall   make   no   law  respecting  an   establishment  of 
religion,    or   prohibiting    the    tree    exercise    thereof;     or     Freedom  in  reli- 
abridging  the  freedom  of  speech,  or  of  the  press;   or  the     gion,  speech, 
right  of  the  people  peaceably  to  assemble  and  to  petition     P^S' 
the  government  for  a  redress  of  grievances. 

Art.  II.     A  well  regulated  militia  being  necessary  to  the  security  of  a 
free  State,  the  right  of  the  people  to  keep  and  bear  arms     jRHfte. 
shall  not  be  infringed. 

Art.  III.     No  soldier  shall,  in  time  of  peace,  be  quartered  in  any  house, 
without  the  consent  of  the  owner;   nor   in  time  of  war     Soldii,rSt 
but  in  a  manner  to  be  prescribed  by  law. 

Art.  IV.     The  right  of  the  people  to  be  secure  in  their  persons,  houses, 
papers,   and  effects,   against    unreasonable    searches  and     Searchwari.atits. 
seizures,  shall  not  be  violated;  and  no  warrants  shall  issue 
but  upon  probable  cause,  supported  by  oath  or  affirmation,  and  particularly 
describing  the  place  to  be  searched,  and  the  persons  or  things  to  be  seized. 

Art.  V.  No  person  shall  be  held  to  answer  for  a  capital  or  otherwise 
infamous  crime,  unless  on  a  presentment  or  indictment  of  a  grand  jury, 
except  in  cases  arising  in  the  land  or  naval  forces,  or  in  the  militia,  when 
in  actual  service,  in  time  of  war  or  public  danger;  nor  c  italcrime8t 
shall  any  person  be  subject  for  the  same  offense  to  be 
twice  put  in  jeopardy  of  life  or  limb;  nor  shall  be  compelled,  in  any 
criminal  case,  to  be  a  witness  against  himself;  nor  be  deprived  of  life, 
liberty,  or  property,  without  due  process  of  law;  nor  shall  private  property 
be  taken  for  public  use,  without  just  compensation*. 

Art.  VI.  In  all  criminal  prosecutions  the  accused  shall  enjoy  the  right 
to  a  speedy  and  public  trial,  by  an  impartial  jury  of  the  State  and  district 
wherein  the  crime  shall  have  been  committed,  which  district  shall  have 
been  previously  ascertained  by  law,  and  to  be  informed  Trial  bl.  juri. 
of  the  nature  and  cause  of  the  accusation;  to  be  con- 
fronted with  the  witnesses  against  him;  to  have  compulsory  process  for 
obtaining  witnesses  in  his  favor;  and  to  have  the  assistance  of  counsel  for 
his  defense. 

Art.  VII.     In  suits  at  common  law,  where  the  value  in  controversy  shall 
exceed  twentv  dollars,  the  right  of  trial  bv  jury  shall  be 
preserved;   and  no  fact  tried  by  a  jury  shall  be  otherwise     f£g  at  common 
re-examined,  in  any  court  of  the  United  States,  than  ac- 
cording to  the  rules  of  the  common  law. 

Art.  VIII.     Excessive  bail  shall   not  be    required,  nor     ._    ..    . 

n  ,  ,  ,  1  •  1         Bail,  fines,  etc. 

excessive  fines  imposed,  nor  cruel   and  unusual   punish- 
ment inflicted. 

Art.   IX.      The   enumeration    in    the    Constitution,    of    certain  rights, 

shall  not  be  construedto  deny  or  disparage  others  retained  „__..       .  ,+ 

.                 .                                             j                1         o  Certain  rights. 
by  people. 

Art.  X.  The  powers  not  delegated  to  the  United  States  by  the  Constitu- 
tion, nor  prohibited  by  it  to  the  States,  are  reserved  to  the  _  _ 
c.  '  r  _..  ,  j.  *.!_  1  Powers  reserved. 
States  respectively,  or  to  the  people. 

fART.  XI.     The    judicial    power  of    the  United  States 
shall  not  be   construed  to  extend   to  any  suit  in  law   or     ffiSgjg  power 

equity,    commenced    or   prosecuted    against    one    of    the 

United  States,  by  citizens  of  another  State,  or  by  citizens  or  subjects  of  any 

foreign  State. 

*The  first  ten  amendments  were  proposed  in  17S9,  and  declared  adopted  in  1701. 
JThe  eleventh  amendment  was  proposed  in  1704,  and  declared  adopted  jn  179S. 


452  APPENDIX    II. 

♦Art.  XII.  The  electors  shall  meet  in  their  respective  States,  and  vote 
by  ballot  for  President  and  Vice-President  one  of  whom,  at  least,  shall 
not  be  an  inhabitant  of  the  same  State  with  themselves;  they  shall  name 
in  their  ballots  the  person  voted  for  as  President,  and  in  distinct  ballots  the 
person  voted  for  as  Vice-President;  and  they  shall  make  distinct  lists  of  all 
persons  voted  for  as  President,  and  of  all  persons  voted  for  as  Vice-Presi- 
dent, and  of  the  number  of  votes  for  each,  which  lists  they  shall  sign  and 
certify,  and  transmit,  sealed,  to  the  seat  of  the  Government  of  the  United 
States,  directed  to  the  President  of  the  Senate;  the  President  of  the  Senate 
shall,  in  the  presence  of  the  Senate  and  House  of  Repre- 
Art*niI?eSec.°4,  entatives,  open  all  the  certificates,  and  the  votes  shall  then 
respecting  elec-  be  counted;  the  person  having  the  greatest  number  of 
Hon  of  President  votes  for  President  shall  be  the  President,  if  such  number 
dent.    lCC~  be  a  majority  of  the  whole  number  of  electors  appointed; 

and  if  no  person  have  such  majority,  then  from  the  per- 
sons having  the  highest  numbers,  not  exceeding  three,  on  the  list  of  those 
voted  for  as  President,  the  House  of  Representatives  shall  choose  imme- 
diately, by  ballot,  the  President.  But,  in  choosing  the  President,  the  votes 
shall  be  taken  by  States,  the  representation  from  each  State  having  one 
vote;  a  quorum  for  this  purpose  shall  consist  of  a  member  or  members 
from  two-thirds  of  the  States,  and  a  majority  of  all  the  States  shall  be 
necessary  to  a  choice.  And  if  the  House  of  Representatives  shall  not 
choose  a  President,  whenever  the  right  of  choice  shall  devolve  upon  them, 
before  the  fourth  day  of  March  next  following,  then  the  Vice-President 
shall  act  as  President,  as  in  the  case  of  the  death  or  other  constitutional 
disability  of  the  President.  The  person  having  the  greatest  number  of 
votes  as  Vice-President,  shall  be  the  Vice-President,  if  such  number  be  a 
majority  of  the  whole  number  of  electors  appointed;  and  if  no  person  have 
a  majority,  then  from  the  two  highest  numbers  on  the  list  the  Senate  shall 
choose  the  Vice-President;  a  quorum  for  the  purpose  shall  consist  of  two- 
thirds  of  the  whole  number  of  Senators,  and  a  majority  of  the  whole  num- 
ber shall  be  necessary  to  a  choice.  But  no  person  constitutionally  ineligi- 
ble to  the  office  of  President,  shall  be  eligible  to  that  of  Vice-President  of 
the  United  States. 

fART.  XIII.  Sec.  I.  Neither  slavery  nor  involuntary  servitude,  except 
„      ,  as  a  punishment  for  crime,  whereof  the  party  shall  have 

been  duly  convicted,  shall  exist  within  the  United  States, 
or  any  place  subject  to  their  jurisdiction. 

Sec.  II.  Congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce  this  article  by  appropriate 
legislation. 

JArt.  XIV.  Sec.  I.  All  persons  born  or  naturalized  in  the  United 
States,  and  subject  to  the  jurisdiction  thereof,  are  citizens  of  the  United 
States  and  of  the  State  wherein  they  reside.  No  State  shall  make  or  enforce 
any  law  which  shall  abridge  the  privileges  or  immunities  of  citizens  of  the 
United  States;  nor  shall  any  State  deprive  any  person  of  life,  liberty  or 
property,  without  due  process  of  law,  nor  deny  to  any  person  within  its 
jurisdiction  the  equal  protection  of  the  laws. 

Sec.  II.  Representatives  shall  be  apportioned  among  the  several  States 
according  to  their  respective  numbers,  counting  the  whole  number  of  per- 
sons in  each  State,  excluding  Indians  not  taxed.  But  when  the  right  to 
vote  at  any  election  for  the  choice  of  electors  for  President  and  Vice-Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States,  Representatives  in  Congress,  the  executive  or 
judicial  officers  of  a  State,  or  the  members  of  the  Legislature  thereof,  is 
denied  to  any  of  the  male  inhabitants  of  such  State,  being  twenty-one  years 

*The  twelfth  amendment  was  proposed  in  1S03,  and  declared  adopted  in  1S04. 

fTlie  thirteenth  amendment  was  proposed  and  adopted  in  1S65. 

JThe  fourteenth  amendment  was  proposed  in  1S66,  and  adopted  in  iS6Sf 


PRONUNCIATIONS. 


453 


of  age  and  citizens  of  the  United  States,  or  in  any  way  abridged,  except  for 
participation  in  rebellion  or  other  crime,  the  basis  of  representation  therein 
shall  be  reduced  in  the  proportion  in  which  the  number  of  such  male  citi- 
zens shall  bear  to  the  w hole  number  of  male  citizens  twenty-one  years  of 
age  in  such  State. 

Sec.  III.  No  person  shall  be  a  Senator  or  Representative  in  Congress, 
or  elector  of  President  or  Vice-President,  or  hold  any  office,  civil  or  mili- 
tary, under  the  United  States,  or  under  any  State,  who,  having  previously 
taken  an  oath  as  a  member  of  Congress,  or  as  an  officer  of  the  United  States, 
or  as  a  member  of  any  State  Legislature,  or  as  an  executive  or  judicial  officer 
of  any  State,  to  support  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  shall  have 
engaged  in  insurrection  or  rebellion  against  the  same,  or  given  aid  or  com- 
fort to  the  enemies  thereof.  But  Congress  may,  by  a  vote  of  two-thirds  of 
each  house,  remove  such  disability. 

Sec.  IV.  The  validity  of  the  public  debt  of  the  United  .States,  authorized 
by  law,  including  debts  incurred  for  payment  of  pension  and  bounties  for 
services  in  suppressing  insurrection  or  rebellion,  shall  not  be  questioned. 
But  neither  the  United  States  nor  any  State  shall  assume  or  pay  any 
debt  or  obligation  incurred  in  aid  of  insurrection  or  rebellion  against  the 
United  States,  or  any  claim  for  the  loss  or  emancipation  of  any  slave;  but 
all  such  debts,  obligations  and  claims  shall  be  held  illegal  and  void. 

Sec.  V.  Congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce,  by  appropriate  legisla- 
tion, the  provisions  of  this  article. 

•Art.  XV.  Sec.  I.  The  rights  of  citizens  of  the  United  States  to  vote 
shall  not  be  denied  or  abridged  by  the  United  States,  or  by  any  State,  on 
account  of  race,  color  or  previous  condition  of  servitude. 

Sec.  II.  Congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce  this  article  by  appropriate 
legislation. 


*The  fifteenth  amendment  was  proposed  in  1S69,  and  adopted  in  1S70. 


APPENDIX  III. 


PRONUNCIATIONS. 


Acadie  — Ah  -  cah  -  dee'. 

Aix-la-Chappelle — Aks-lah-shahpel'. 

Alamo— Ah'  -  lah  -  mo. 

Albert— Ahl-hare'. 

Alcolhuas — Ahl-kol-hoo'-wahs. 

Al  gonquin — Al  -  gon'  -kvvin. 

Alonzo  de  Ojedo — Ah-lon'zo-da-O-ha'do. 

Altamaha — Awl' -taw -maw -haw' 

Aimable — A-mab'-bl. 

Ampudia — Ah  m- poo' -de -ah. 

Antonio  de  Mendoza — 

Ahn-to'-ne-o  da  Men-do'-zah 
Apache — Ah-pah'-cha. 
Arista— Ah-rees'tah. 
Arkansas — Ar'-kan  -saw. 
Attakullakulla— A^i-tah-kool'-ah-kool-ah. 
Aztlan— Ahz'-tlahn. 
Bahama — Bah-hahm'-ah. 
Bartholomeu  Diaz — Bar-tol'o-mou-Dcc-az, 
Bermudas — Ber  mu'-daz. 
Beujeu — Bo-zhoo'. 
Bienville — Be-on -veal'. 

Bjorne  Herjulfson — Be-orn-Har-yoolf  sun. 
Boishebert— Bwah'-e  bare'. 
Bracito— Brah  -the'-to. 
Buena  Vista— Bwa'  nah  Vecs'  tah. 
Cabecca  de  Vaca— Ka  Ink  ka  da- Vah'-ka. 


Cabral  — Kah-brahl'. 
Cappas— Kah'-paws. 
Chaleurs — Sha'ler. 
Champlain — Sham- plane'. 
Chapultepec— Cha-pool  ta-pek'. 
Cherubusco— Che  -  roo-boos'-ko. 
Chevalier  de  Tonti— 

Shew-vahl'-ya  du  Tonte. 
Chichimecs— Chee  chee-meks'. 
Chicora— She-ko'-rah. 
Chihuahua— She- wah'-wah. 
Christoforo  Colombo— 

Kres-io  (o'ro  Ko  lorn'  ho. 
Crozat— Kro'-zaht. 
Coahuila — Ko-a-hwe'-lah. 
Colito— Ko  le'-to. 
Comanches — Ko-man'  chez. 
Conception — Con-cep-tion. 
Contrecoeur — Kont'-ra-koor. 
Contreras—  Kon-tra'-ras. 
Coronado— Kor-o-nah'-do. 
Cortez,  Hernando — Her-nahn'-do  Kor'  tez 
Coureurs-de-bois — Koo-rer'-du  hwah. 
Dacan— Da-kong'. 
De  Gourgues — Da-goorg'. 
De  la  Roche— Da  lah- rosh'. 
De  Monts— Da-Mong'. 


454 


APPENDIX    III. 


Denys — Deli -nee. 

De  Rouville— Da-Roo-veel'. 

De  Vitre— Da-Ve-tra'. 

Dieskau — De-es-ko'. 

Duhault — Du-ho'. 

Duluth— Du-looth'. 

Du  Quesne — Doo-Kane'. 

Durand  de  Villagagnon — 

Du  -rong'-da- Ve-lah-gahn-yong'. 
Enciso — En-see'-zo. 
Espejo — A-spa'-ho. 
Esquimaux — Es'  ki-mo'. 
Francisco — Fran -sees' -ko. 
Frontenac — Fron'-ta-nac. 
Gaspard  de  Coligny — Gas  -par-da-Ko-len -ve'. 
Gila— He'-lah. 
Gomera — Go- in  a' -rah. 
Grijalva — Gre-hahl'-vah. 
Guadalupe — Gwah-da-loo'-pa. 
Gunnbyorn — Goon'-be-yorn. 
Hennepin — Hen'-a-pan. 
Henricus — Hen-re'-cus. 
Hiens— He-an'. 

Hispaniola — Hes  pahn -yo' - lah . 
Hochelaga — Ho-shu-lah'-gah. 
Hoei  Shin — Ho-yi-Shin'. 
Huguenots — Hu'-ge-no'. 
Iberville— E -bare -veel'. 
Iroquois — I  r-o  -  kwah' . 
Jacques  Cartier— Zhahk-Kahr'-te-a. 
Jalapa — Hah-lah'-pah. 
Joli — Zho  lee'. 
Joliet — Zho'  lee  -  a. 

Juan  de  Onate— Hoo-ahn'-da-Oon-yat' 
Jumonville — Zhu-mong-veel'. 
Karlsefne — Karl  -set'  -  nee. 
Keift— Keeft. 

Kiccowtan — Ke-koo-tan'. 
La  Belle— Lah -bel'. 

La  Noche  Triste—  Lah-Nocha-Trees'-ta. 
La  Salle— Lah  Sahl'. 
Laudonniere — Lo-don  yare'. 
Launcelot — Lon'-se-lo. 
Le  Boeui— Lu-Buff. 
Le  Feboure— Leh  Fa-boor'. 
Leisler— Lise'  ler. 
Les  Vaches — La-vash'. 
Liei  Ericson— Leef  Er'-tk-sun. 
Liotot— Le  o-to'. 
Los  Angeles — Los-ahng'  el  es. 
Luys  de  Moscoso — Loo-ees'  da  Mos-co'-so. 
Manchac— Man  shac'. 
Marquette— Mahr-ket'. 
Maurepas— Mor'-a-pah. 
Mauvilla— Mo-vee'-Iah. 
Melendez  de  Aviles — 

Mel  en'  daz  du-Ah-veel'-es. 
Minuit— Min'  oo-it. 
Moquis — Mo-kee'. 
Montcalm— Mont-  kahm'. 
Monterey — Mon-ta  ray'. 
Montezuma— Mon-ta-zoo'-niah. 
Montiano— Mon  te-ah'-no. 


Nahuatlac— Xah-waht'-lak. 

Natchitoches — Nak'-a-tosh. 

Nueces — Nwa'  tlies. 

Nunez  de  Balboa — Noon'-yez-da  Bahl  bo-ah. 

Opecancanough — O-pe-kan'-kan-o. 

Ouachita — Wash'-e-taw. 

Ouconostoia — Oo-con-o-sto'-tah. 

Outagamis — Oo  ta-gahm'-ees. 

Oxenstiern — Oks' -en-stern. 

Palo  Alto— Pah'-lo-Ahl-to. 

Pamphilo  de  Narvaez — 

Pahm-feel'-yo  da-Nar'-va  eth. 
Pascua  Florida— Pahs-ko6-ah-Flor-e*-dah. 
Phoenicians— Fenish'-ans. 
Pinzon— Pecn'  zon. 
Pizarro — Pe-zar'-ro. 
Ponce  de  Leon — Pon'-tha-da-La-on'. 
Pontchartrain— Pon-shahr-  tran'. 
Porto  Rico— Porto  Ree'-co. 
Poutrincourt— Poo-tran-koor'. 
Prima  Vista— Pre' -in ah  Vees-tah. 
Prideaux — Pre-do'. 
Prudhomme — Pru-dohm'. 
Puebla— Pweb'-lah. 
Quetzal — Kwet'zal. 
Rene — liana'. 
Resaca- de-la- Palma— 

Ra-sah'-cah  da  lah-Pahl'-inah. 
Ribaut— Re-bo'. 
Rio  Grande— Re'-o-Grand'-a. 
Roberval — Ro-ber-vahl'. 
Roderigo  de  Triana — 

Ro-dre-go-da  Tre  ahn'-a'h. 
Ryswick — Res'-vvik. 
Salamanca — Sahl-ah-mahn'-kah. 
Saltillo-Sahl-teel'-vo. 
San  Augustine — San-Aw'gus-teen'. 
San  Felipe — San-Fa-le'-pa. 
San  Gabriel— San-Gab-re-el'. 
San  Jacinto — San-Ja-seen'-to. 
San  Salvador— Sahn-Sahl'-vah-dore. 
Santa  Fe— Sahn-ta-Fa'. 
Santius — Sahn'-sha-oos. 
St.  Croix  — Sent  C'rowah'. 
Sauvolle — So  vole'. 
Schuylkill— Skool'-kil. 
Sebastian— Sa-bahs'-te-an. 
Shoshones— Sho  sho'-neez. 
Sioux— Soo. 

Stuyvesant— Sti'-ves  ant. 
Taensas — Ten'-saw. 
Tenochitlan— Ten-o  die'  tlan. 
Thorfin— Tor'-fin. 
Thornstein— Tor'-stine. 
Utrecht— Utreckt' 

Vasco  da  Gama— Vahs'  ko  da-Gah'-mah. 
Velasquez— Valas'-keth. 
Verrazanni— Ve  rat  dzan'-e. 
Vincente  Yanez—  Vin  tchen-ta  Ya'-nez. 
Wouter  Van  Twiller— 

Woo'  ter  Van-twil-'ler. 
Yeamans—  Yec'-nians. 
Zuni — Zoon'-yee. 


INDEX. 


Page. 


Abercrombie,  General 

Acadie 

Acadians  expelled 

Adams,  John 230,  273,  2S6, 

Adams,  J.  Q 313, 

Adams,   Samuel 216, 

Adet,  Commissioner 

Aix-la-Chapelle  Treaty 

Alabama,  Admission  of 

Alabama  Claims 

Alabama,  The  402, 

Alamance,  Battle 

Alamo,    Battle 

Alaska  Purchase 

Albert,  Captain 

Albermarle   Colony 

Alcolhuas 

Allen,  Ethan 

Alexander,  Chief 

Alger ine  War 

Alien  Law 

Amaraca 

Amherst,  General 

Amendment,  Twelfth 

American  Flag 

American  System,  The  325- 

Amidas 

Ampudia,  General 

Anahuac 

Anderson,  Major 

Andros,  Sir  Edmund 

Andre,  Major 

Annapolis  Convention 

Anti- Federalists 

Antietam,  Battle 

Appomattox  Surrender 

Arbuthnot,  Admiral 

Argall,  Captain  Samuel 

Arista,  General 

Arkansas,  Admission  of 

Arkansas  Explored 

Arkansas  Post  Captured 

Armistead,   General 

Arnold,  Benedict ...  224,  254  240, 

Arnold's  Treason 

Arthur,  Chester  A 427- 

Articles  of  Confederation  264 

Ashby,  General  Turner 

Ashe,  Col  nel  John 214, 


192 

59 
1S9 
2S9 

319 
271 
286 
1S0 
3i8 
424 

403 

218 

340 

421 

98 

149 

73 

225 
167 

315 

28S 

4* 
192 
28S 
241 

33i 

102 

347 
47 
365 
179 
248 
26S 
272 
386 
4i3 
-M7 
122 

345 
322 
54 
404  I 

39-  ' 

241 

248 

42S 

267 

409 

245 


Pag*. 

Assembly,  First  Colonial 123 

Atkinson,   General 323 

Attakullakulla,  Chief 197 

Austin,    Moses 339 

Austin,  Stephen  F 339,  341 

Autosse,   Battle 306 

Ayllon,  Vasquez  de 44 

Aztecs 47-74 

Bacon,  Nathaniel,  Jr 173 

Bacon's   Rebellion 174 

Bailey,  Colonel  Joseph 401 

Bainbridge,  Commodore 310 

Balboa,  Nunez  de 47 

Baltimore  Conventions 362 

Baltimore  Founded 144 

Baltimore,  Lord 143 

Banks,  General  N.  P 382,  384,  398 

Baratarians,  The 313 

Barba,  Don  Antonio 1S3 

Barlow 102 

Barnwell,  Captain  John 169 

Barre 217 

Barron,  Captain 294 

Bartholdi 433 

Battles  of  the  Civil  War 416 

Battles  of  Revolution 243,  258 

Battles  of  the  War  with  Mexico..  3^1 
Battles  of  the  War  of  1812....308,  314 

Baum,  Colonel 240 

Bayard,  James 313 

Bayard,  Thomas  F 430 

Beauregard,    General   P.    G.  T. 

365.  37S,  380,  37i»  372,  411 

Bee,  General 373 

Bell,  John 362 

Belmont,  Battle 377 

Benjamin,  Judah  P 363 

Bennington,  Battle 240 

Berkley,   Lord 129 

Berkley,   Sir  Win 172 

Berlin   Decree 293 

Beujeu 191 

Bienville 155 

Bill  of   Rights,  Virginia 230,   264 

Biloxi 156 

Bishop,   Edward 176 

Blackbeard 205 

Black  Hawk,  Chief 323 


456 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Blackstone,  Wm 135 

Blackstock's  Ford,  Battle  251 

Blaine,  James  G 429 

Blair,  Francis  P 421 

Blair,  Rev.  Jas 207 

Blockade,  The   393-394 

Bloody  Marsh,  Battle 1S3 

Bloody  Run,  Battle 173 

Blount,  Gov.  Wm 284 

Blue  Laws 140 

Blunt,  General 404 

Boguet,  Colonel  Henry 198 

Boishebert 189 

Boone,  Daniel 266 

Booth,  John  Wilkes 418 

Boston  Fire 424 

Boston,  Founding  of 135 

Boston  Massacre 218 

Boyd,  Colonel 245 

Bracito,  Battle 346 

Braddock,  Sir  Edward 189 

Bradford,  Wm 132 

Bradstreet,  Colonel 192 

Bragg,   Braxton 348,  378-380 

Brandywine,   Battle 237 

Brazos  Santiago,  Battle 414 

Breckinridge,  John  C....362,  378,  410 

Breed's   Hill 227 

Brewster,  Wm 132 

Brier  Creek,  Battle 245 

Brock,  General 301,  302 

Brown,  Colonel 247 

Brown,  Fort 345 

Brown,  General 305 

Brown's  Raid 361 

Brownstown,  Battle 301 

Buchanan,  James 357 

Buell,  General  D.  C 376,  380 

Buena  Vista,  Battle 347 

Buford,   Colonel 251 

Bull  Run,  First  Battle 372 

Bull  Run,  Second  Battle 385 

Bunker  Hill 226 

Burgoyne,  Sir  John 226,  237,  239 

Burnet,  David  G 342 

Burnside,  General  A.  E 387,  395 

Burr,  Aaron 288,  293 

Burroughs,  George 176 

Bushy  Run,  Battle 198 

Business  Panic  of  1837 333 

Business  Panic  of  1873 426 

Butler,  General  Benj.  F..395,  398,  409 

Butler,  Major  John 246 

Cabrillo 52 

Cabot,  John 39 

Cabot,  Sebastian 39 


Pa  off.. 

Cabinet,  First  Confederate 363 

Cabral 88 

Calhoun 299,  320.  330 

Call  for  Troops 369- 

Calvert,  Cecil '143 

Calvert,   Leonard 143, 

Calvert,  Philip 144 

Campbell,   Colonel 245. 

Camden,  Battle 249 

Canary    Islands 23 

Canby,  General 425 

Canonicus,  Chief 141 

Cantey,  Captain 1S2 

Capital  Bargain 2S2 

Captain  Jack,  Chief 425 

Garden,  Captain 310 

Carleton,  Sir  Guy 228 

Caroline,  Fort 99 

Carpenter's  Hall 220 

Carr,  Dabney 219 

Carver,  John ' 132 

Carteret  Colony 150 

Carteret,  Sir  Geo 129 

Cartier 59 

Castenado,  General 340 

Caswell,  Colonel  Richard 22S 

Cavalry  Leaders 409 

Cedar  Creek,  Battle 410 

Cedar  Mountain,  Battle 385 

Census,   First 283 

Centennial  Celebration 424 

Central  America  Discovered 37 

Cerro  Gordo,  Battle 349 

Chad's  Ford,  Battle 237 

Chalmette,  Battle 313 

Champlain 60 

Chandler,  Gen 304 

Chancellorsville,  Battle 3SS 

Chapultepec,  Battle 349 

Charleston  Captured 247 

Charleston  Convention 361 

Charleston    Earthquake 433 

Charleston   Founded 15© 

Charter  denned 260 

Charter  Oak 17S- 

Charter,  Massachusetts 135, 

Charter,  Rhode  Island 141 

Cheatham,  Gen.  B.  F 40S 

Cherokee  War 197 

Cherry  Valley  Massacre 246 

Chesapeake  Bay in 

Cheves,    Langdon 299.  324 

Chicago  Fire 424 

Chickamauga,  Battle 405 

Chicora 44 

Chippewa,   Battle 306- 


1NDKX. 


457 


Page. 

Chrysler's  Field,  Battle 305 

Churchill,  Gen.  T.  J 405 

Chichimecs 73 

Civil  Rights  Bill 421 

Civil  Service  Reform 430 

Claiborne,  Gov.  C    C  306,  316 

Clarke,  Colonel 245 

Clark,  Gen    Geo.  Rogers 242 

Clarke,  Wm 292 

Clarendon  Colony 149 

Clay,   Henry  .299,  313,  317,  319, 

329,  33i,  337,  343,  355 

Clavborne's    Rebellion 143 

Clayton,  Gen.  II.  1) 409 

Cleburne,  Gen.  Pat 409 

Cleveland,  Grover  429-433 

Clinch,  General 323 

Clinton,  General 226,  293,  234 

Clinton,  George 295 

Clinton,  Sir  Henry 247 

Clovce,   Sarah 176 

Cobb,   Howell 363 

Coddington,  Wm 141 

Coffee,  General 306 

Cold  Harbor  Battle 412 

Colquitt,  Gen.  A.  H 406 

Colignv, 98 

Colito,"  Battle 340 

Colonial  Coins 203 

Colonial  Congress 179  i 

Colonial  Differences 206  ; 

Colonial  Government,  First.. 1 1 1,   200  | 

Colonial  Industries 202   j 

Colonial  Life 207  | 

Colonial  Money 204 

Colonial  Progress 199 

Colonial  Revolts 179 

Colorado,  Admission  of 424 

Columbia,  District  of 2S9 

Columbus 2^,  37 

Compromise  of  1S33 331 

Compromises,  Three  Great 269 

Conception,  Battle 340 

Conemaugh  Disaster 434 

Confederate  Government 303-365 

Conflicting  Claims 164 

Congress,  First  Continental 220 

Congress,   First  Federal 279 

Connecticut   settled 139 

Constitution,  Adoption  of  ...272-273 
Constitutional  Convention  ...268-273 

Constitution    defined 260 

Constitution,   First  written 256 

Constitution,  First  Virginia 123 

Constitutional  Interpretation 271 

Constitutional  Union  Party 362 


Pac;k. 


Contreras,  Battle 

Conway  Cabal 

Cooper,  Sir  Ashley 

Corinth,  Battle 

Cornwallis,  General 234,   236, 

237.  247. 

Coronado  

Cory,  Giles 

Cory,  Martha 

Cortez,  Hernando 

Correspondence,  Committees  of 

Cotymoore,  Capt 

Cotton  Gin 

Cotton  Manufactures 

Cowpens,  Battle 

Craven,  Governor 

Creek  War 

Creek  Treaty 

Crittenden,  General 

Croatan 

Crawford,  Wm.  H 

Crockett,  David 

Crook,  General 

Cross  Keys,  Battle 

Crown  Point  captured 

Croghan,  Major 

Cruger,  Colonel 247, 

Cuba,  Discovery  of 

Cumberland  Road 

Custer  Massacre  

Curtis,  Gen 376, 


349 
239 
IS* 

380 

249 

52 

176 

176 

49 
219 
197 
327 

327 
254 
170 
306 
319 
377 
">5 
319 
340 
432 
384 
2-\S 
3P3 
-\S5 
35 
3i7 
425 
404 


Dacan 63 

Dade    Massacre 323 

Dale,  Sir  Thos 119 

Dallas  (Ga.),  Battle 406 

Dare,  Virginia 105 

Dark  Ages 20 

Davis,  John. 69 

Davis,  Jefferson 34S,  364 

Deane,  Silas 241 

Dearborn,  Gen.  Henry 301 

Death    Angle 411 

Decatur 291,  310 

De   Chopart 171 

Declaration  of  Independence 231 

Declaratory    Act 216 

De  Contrecceur 190 

Deerfield  Massacre 168,   179 

De   Gourgues 100 

De   Kalb 237,  248 

Delaware,  Lord 116 

De  Leon,  Alonzo 156 

Democratic-Republican  Party....  286 

De  Monts 59 

Denys 59 


45« 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Dt  Rouville 179 

De  Soto 52,     53 

D'Estaing,  Count 241,  246 

Detroit,  Surrender 301 

De   Vitre 193 

Diaz,  Bartholomeu 21 

Dieskau,  Baron 190 

Dinwiddie,  Governor 186 

Doniphan,   Colonel 346 

Donop,  General 235 

Dorchester  Heights 228 

Dorr's  Rebellion 336 

Douglas,  Stephen  A 356,  362 

Dover  (N.  II.)  Massacre 179 

Dowling,  Lieutenant  R.  W 400 

Dovvnie,  Commodore 307 

Drake,  Sir  Francis 69,   103 

Drake,  Captain 1S2 

Dred  Scott  Decision 355 

Drummond,    General 306 

Drummond,   Wm 149 

Duhault 1:56 

Du  Quesne  Built 18S 

Du  Quesne,  Capture  of 193 

Early,  Gen.  Jubal 410 

East  India  Co 126 

Eccanacheca,  Battle 306 

Educational  Campaign 432 

Election,  First 116 

Electoral    College 270 

Electoral  Commission 427 

Elizabeth,  Queen 68 

Elizabeth,  Settlement  of 106 

Elmira,   Battle 246 

Emancipation  Proclamation 417 

Embargo  Act 294 

Empressarios,  The 339 

Emucfaw,  Battle 306 

Enciso  47 

Endicott,  John 135 

Endicott,  W.  C 430 

English    Revolution 136 

English,  Wm.  H 428 

Era  of  Good  Feeling 315 

Erie  Canal 317 

Erik  the  Red 90 

Espejo 52 

Eutavv  Springs,  Battle 255 

Evans,  General 373 

Everett,  Edward 362 

Ewell,  Gen.  Richard  S 384,  390 

Falling  Waters,  Battle 371 

Fauquier,  Governor 215 

Farragut,  Commodore. ...396-398,  412 
Federalists 272 


Page, 

Federalist,  The 272 

Federal  Convention,  Work  of. ...  26S 

Federal  Ratio 270 

P^enwick,  Captain 182 

Ferdinand 26 

F'erguson,  Major 251 

Fifteenth  Amendment 420 

Fillmore,  Millard 357 

Finnegan,  Gen.  Joseph 406 

Fisher  Hill,  Battle 410 

Fishing  Creek,  Battle 251 

Five  Forks,  Battle 413 

Florida  Cession 317 

Florida,  Discovery  of 44 

Florida  Settled 99 

Forbes,  General 193 

Forrest,  Gen.  N.  B 408-409 

Fort  Donelson  Captured 377 

Fort  Henry  Captured 377 

Fort  Wm.  Henry  Massacre 191 

Fort  Fontenac,  Capture  of... 192 

Fort  Puluski  Captured 395 

Fort  Rosalie  Massacre 171 

Fort  Sumter  Surrendered  367 

Forty-niners 350 

Fourteenth  Amendment 420 

Franklin,  Battle 408 

Franklin,    Benjamin iSS,  241, 

262,  28 1 

Franklin,  General 400 

Franklin,  State  of 267 

Frazier,  General 241 

Free  Soil  Party 357 

Fredericksburg,  Battle 387 

Fremont,  Gen.  J.  C..357,  382,  384,  401 

French    Alliance 241 

French  and  Indian  War 189 

Frenchtown,  Battle 303 

Frobisher 69 

Frontenac,  Count 63 

Front  Royal,  Battle 384 

Fugitive  Slave  Law 355 

Fulton,  Robert 295 

Fu  Sang 89 

Gadsden,  Christopher 215,  272 

Gadsden   Purchase 350 

Gaines,  Fort 412 

Gaines,  General 305,  306,  323 

Gallatin,  Albert 313 

Galveston  Captured 400 

Gama,  Vasco  da 21 

Gansevoort,   Colonel 240 

Garfield,  Jas.  A 427,  42S 

Garland,  Augustus  H 430 

Garnett,  General 392 


NDEX. 


459 


Page. 

Garrison,  Wm.  L 356 

Gaspee,  The 218 

Gates,  General 221,240,  248 

Gates,  Sir  Thomas 116 

General  Court 136 

Genet 283 

Geneva  Award 424  j 

Genoa  City 21   | 

Germantown,   Battle 237  j 

Geronimo,   Chief 433  j 

Gettysburg,  Battle 390-392 

Ghent  Treaty 313  i 

Gibson,  Gen.  Randall  L 409  ! 

Gilbert,  Raleigh 107  j 

Gilbert,  Sir  Humphrey 101   j 

Glorietta,  Battle 375  | 

Gold,  Discovery  of 350  j 

Goliad  Massacre 340  j 

Gonzales,  Battle 340  j 

Good  Hope,  Cape 21 

Good  Hcpe,  Fort 139 

Good,  Sarah 176 

Goodwin,  John 175 

Gordon,  Gen.  J.  B 410 

Gorges,  Sir  Ferdinand 139 

Gosnold 106,   111 

Government,  Forms  of 259 

Grand  Model,  The 150 

Graffenreid,    Baron 169 

Granganimo,  Chief 102 

Grant,  Gen.  U.  S 376,  377,  379  j 

399>  405>  4°9>  4JI>  412,  421,  432 

Grant,  Major 193 

Granville,  Prime  Minister 214 

Great  Woods 186 

Greenbacks 426  j 

Green  Mountain  Boys 225 

Green,  Rev.  Roger 148 

Greene,  General 234,  238,  253-257 

Greenville  103 

Grijalva 47 

Grundy,   Felix 299 

Guadalupe  Hidalgo  Treaty 350 

Guilford  C.  H.  Battle 254 

Gunnbjorn 89 

Half  King,  Chief iSS  j 

Halleck,Gen.H.W         376,  379,  385   j 
Hamilton,   Alexander...  26S,  272,  281    | 

Hamilton,  Governor 242 

Hamlin,   Hannibal 361 

Hampton,  Gen.  Wade. .373,  374, 

303,  409 

Hancock,  Gen.  W.  S 411,412,  428  j 

Hancock,  John 218  J 

Handcock,  Chief 169 


Page. 

Hanging  Rock,  Battle 251 

Hardee,  Gen.  W.  J 378 

Harlem  Heights,  Battle 234 

Mannar,  Gen 283 

Harper's  Ferry  Captured 386 

Hanison,  Gen.  Wm.   Hy 298, 

,T       .                                    '303,  333 

Harrison,  Benjamin  F 431 

Harrison,    Benjamin 22^  271 

Hartford    Convention 309 

Harvard  College 207 

Harvard,  Rev.  John 207 

Harvey,  Sir  John 172 

Hatteras  Inlet  Captured 395         * 

Haverhill    Massacre 179 

Hayes,  Rutherford  B 426 

Hayti  Discovered 35 

Hayne,  Col.  Isaac 248 

Hendrick,  Chief 190 

Herkimer,  General 240 

Hendricks,  Thos.  A 426,  429,  432 

Hennepin 63 

Henry,  Patrick 215,  271 

Herjulfson 89 

Hessians  235 

Hiens 156 

Hill,  Gen.  A.  P 374,  390 

Hill,  Gen.D.  H 386,  413 

Hindman,  Gen.  T.  C 404 

llispaniola 34 

Hobbs,  Deliverance 176 

Hobkirk's  Hill,  Battle 255 

Hoe,  R.  M 343 

Hoei  Shin 86 

Holmes,  Gen.  T.  II 405 

Hood,  Gen.  J.  B 407 

Hooker,  Gen.  Joseph 387,  390 

Hooker,  Rev.  Thomas 140 

Horse  Shoe  Bend,  Battle 306 

Houston,  Gen.  Sam 341,  342 

Howe,  Admiral 242 

Howe,  Elias 343 

Howe,  General 226 

Howe,  Gen.  Robt 245 

Howard,   Gen 389,  427 

Hudson  70 

Hudson  River,  Discovery  of 70 

Huger,  Gen.  Benj 371 

Huguenots 9S 

Hull,  Captain 309 

Hull,  Gen.  Wm 301 

Hunt,  Rev.  Robt in 

Hutchinson,  Mrs.  Anne 138 

Huger,  Col 247 

Iberville 155 


460 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Ilclefonso  Treaty 291 

Illinois,   Admission    of 31S 

Illinois  Explored 63 

Importation  Acts 212 

Impressment  of  Seamen 300 

Independence,   Growth  of 276 

Indian    Races 78 

Indian  Territory  Organized  323 

Indiana,  Admission   of 315 

Internal  Improvements 317 

Invention,   Progress  of 343 

Iowa,  Admission  of 343 

Iuka,  Battle 380 

Isabel,  Fort 35 

Isabella 26 

Island  No    10  Captured 395 

Izard,  Gen    Ralph 305 

Jack,  Capt 190 

Jackson,  Andrew. ...306,  313,  316, 

319,  320,  322-331 
Jackson,  Gen.  "  Stonewall  "-372, 

373,  381,  384,  3$5>  389 

Jamaica,  Discovered 37 

Jamestown  Massacre 165 

Jamestown  Settled in 

Japan  Treaty 357 

Jasper,  Sergeant 229 

Jay,  John 279 

Jay's  Treaty 2S2 

Jefferson,  Thomas 231,  290-296 

Jesuits 60 

Johnson,  Andrew 41S-420 

Johnson,  Col.  Richard  M. 304 

Johnson,  Gen.  Edward 384 

Johnson,  Governor 182 

Johnson,    Herschel  V 362 

Johnson  Impeachment,  The 421 

Johnson,  Sir  Wm 190 

Johnston,  Gen.  Albert  Sidney.... 

376-379 
Johnston,    Gen.   J.   E....371,  372, 

3S1,  38-h  406,  407,  414 

Joliet 62 

Jones,  Capt.  Paul 247 

Jumonville, 188 

Jury  Trial,  First ill 

Kansas,  Admission  of 357 

Kansas-Nebraska  Bill 356 

Kansas  Struggle,  The 356 

Karlsefne 90 

Kearney,    Gen 346 

Kieft. 128 

Kemper,  Gen 392 

Kendall   ill 


Page. 

Kennesaw  Mt.,  Battle 406 

Kent    Island 143 

Kentucky,  Admission  of 283 

Kentucky  Resolutions 288 

Kernstown,    Battle 384 

Kettle  Creek,  Battle 245 

Kid,   Capt 205 

Kilpatrick,  Gen 409 

King  George's  War 180 

King's  Mountain,  Battle  251 

King,  Rufus 295 

King  Philip's  War 167 

King  William's  War 17S 

Kuyphausen,  Gen 234 

Knox,   Gen 280 

Knoxville,  Siege  of 405 

Kosciusko 237,  240,  255 

Labrador,  Discovery  of 39 

La  Colle,  Battle , 305 

Laconia 139 

Lafayette  237 

Lafayette's  Visit 318 

Lafitte 313 

Lake  Erie,  Battle 304 

Lake  George,  Battle 190 

Lamar,  L.  Q.  C -130 

Lamar,  Mirabeau  B 342 

Lane,   Jos 362 

Lane,  Ralph 103 

Lancelot 156 

Laudonierre 99 

Langharne,  Captain 309 

Laurens,  Henry 230 

Lawrence,  Captain 310-311 

La  Salle 62,  '155 

Law,  John 158 

Lee,  Arthur 241 

Lee,  Gen.  Chas 241 

Lee,  Gen.  Fitzhugh 274 

Lee,  Fort 234 

Lee,  Col.  Henry 251,  268,  272 

Lee,  Gen.  Robt.  E 370,  384-393 

Lee,  R.  II 219,  271 

Lee,  Gen.  S.  D 399,  408,  409 

Le  Bceuf,  Fort 187 

Le  Feboure 182 

Leisler,  Jacob 179 

Lewis,  Merriwether 292 

Lexington,  Battle 223 

Lexington    (Mo.),  Captured 375 

Liberty  Bell 231 

LibertV  Party 357 

Liberty,  Statue  ot 433 

Lief  Ericson 90 

Lincoln,  Abraham 361,  367,  409 


INDEX. 


461 


Pagk. 

Lincoln,  General 240,  245,  246 

Liotot 156 

Little  Turtle,  Chief 283 

Livingstone,    Commissioner 291 

Locke,    Col.   Francis 251 

Locke,  John 150 

Logan,   John  A 429 

London    Company 107 

Loudon,   Lord 192 

Long  Island  Battle 234 

Longstreet,  Gen.  James  385,  386, 

390,  405,  413 

Loose  Constructionists 317 

Lookout    Mountain,  Battle 405 

Louisburg  Captured 1S0 

Louisiana,  Admission    of 315 

Louisiana,  Limits  of  defined 290 

Louisiana  Named  65 

Louisiana,  Purchase 291,   292 

Louisiana   Settled 158 

Louisiana,  Quarantine  Station....  427 

Lowndes,  Wm,  299 

Loyalty,  Question  of 370 

Lundv  8  Lane,   Battle _3°6 

Lyman,  General 190 

Lynn,    Captain 375 


Macdonough,  Commodore. 

Mac  key,   Colonel 

Macomb,  General 

Madison,    fames  268,  272,  298- 

Madog 

Magas 

Magaw 

Magaw,   Colonel 

Magellan 

Magruder,  Gen.  J.  B 371,  383, 

Maguaga,  Battle 

Maine,  Admission  of 

Maine    Settled 

Maitland,   Colonel 

Mallory,  Stephen  B 

Malvern 

Mandeville,  Sir  John 

Manhattan  Island  Settled 


Mansfield,   Battle 

Manteo,  Chief 

Marion,  General 

Marco,  Friar 

Marquette 

Marshall,  Colonel 

Martin,  John    

Maryland  Named 

Mason,    Geo 264, 

Mason    James  M 


307 
170 

305 

-315 
89 

73 

234 

42 

37i 
399 
301 

3i8 

139 
246 

3^3 

385 

20 

126 

430 
401 
103 

250 

5- 
62 

348 
1 1 1 

H3 
271 

4i7 


Pack. 

Mason,  John 139,   167 

Mason  and  Dixon's  Line 145 

Massachusetts  Bay  Co 135 

Massachusetts  Explored 106 

Massasoit,  Chief 134 

Mather,  Cotton 176 

Mauvilla  154 

Maumee,  Battle 283 

Maurepas 156 

Maximilian , 417 

Mayflower 131 

Mayflower    Compact 261 

Maynard,    Lieutenant 205 

McClellan 370,  375,  382,  3S6,  432 

McCormick's    Reaper 322 

McCulloch,  Gen.  Ben 375,  377 

McDowell,  Battle 3S4 

McDowell,  Gen.  Irvin 371,  3S3 

McIIenry,    Fort 311 

Mcintosh,    General 377 

McKay,  Lieutenant 1S3 

McPherson,  General 407,  40S 

Meade,   Gen.  Geo.  G 390 

Mecklenburg    Resolutions 231 

Meigs,  Fort 303 

Melendez 99 

Memminger,   Chas.  G 363 

Mendoza,  Antonio  de 52 

Mercer,   Fort 238 

Mexican  War 344-351 

Mexico,  Aborigines  of 73 

Mexico  City  Captured 349 

Mexico  Discovered 47 

Micanopy,   Chief 323 

Michigan,  Admission  of 322 

Miflin,  Fort 238 

Milan  Decree 293 

Military  Act 421 

Mill  Springs,  Battle 377 

Miller,   Colonel 306 

Minnesota,  Admission  of 357 

Minuit,  Peter 127,    129 

Missionary  Ridge,   Battle 405 

Mississippi,  Admission    of 318 

Mississippi  Company 158 

Mississippi,  Discovery  of 54 

Mississippi   Hxploied 54 

Mississippi  River  Explored 65 

Missouri,  Admission  of 318,  319 

Missouri  Compromise 319 

Mobile  Attacked 412 

Monckton,   Colonel 189 

Modoc  War 424 

Monk's  Corner,  Battle 247 

Monitor  and  Virginia 396 

Molino  del  Rev,  Battle 349 


462 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Monmouth,  Battle 241 

Monroe  Doctrine 317 

Monroe,  James 291,  315-319 

Montana,  Admission  of 434 

Montcalm  191 

Montezuma 49 

Montiano 182 

Montgomery,  Colonel 197 

Montgomery,  Gen.  Richard 228 

Montreal,  Capture  of 194 

Moore,  Col.  James 169 

Moore,  Governor 181 

Moore's  Creek  Bridge,  Battle 228 

Morgan,  Fort »..«. 412 

Morgan,  Gen.  Daniel... .228,  240,  254 

Morgan,  Gen.  Jno.  H 408,  409 

Mormons,    The 337 

Morris,    Robt 263 

Morristown  Heights 237 

Morse,  Prof.  S.  F.  B 343 

Morse,  Rebecca 176 

Morton,  Levi  P 431 

Moultrie,  Colonel 229,  245 

Moultrie,  Fort 229 

Mound  Builders 86,     87 

Mulligan,   Colonel 375 

Mumfordsville,  Battle 380 

Murfreesboro,  Battle 404 

Nadod 89 

Nahucke,  Fort 169 

Nashville,  Battle 409 

Natchitoches 158 

Natchez  War 171 

National  Republican  Party 320 

Narvaez,  Pamphilo  de 45 

Navigation   Acts 211 

Nebraska,  Admission  of 421 

Necessity,   Fort 188 

New  Albion 69 

Newberne  Settled 169 

New  Hampshire  Settled 139 

New  Jersey  Settled 129 

Nelson,  Thomas 230 

Nelson,  Governor 256 

New  Market,  Battle 410 

New  Netherlands 126 

New  Orleans,  Battle 313 

New  Orleans  Founded 158 

New  Orleans,  Capture  of 398 

Newport,  Capt.  Christopher no 

Newport  Founded 141 

New  Sweden 129 

Newtonia,  Battle 404 

Nicholson,  Governor .'. 179 

Ninety-Six,  Fort 255 


Page, 

North  Dakota,  Admission  of 43-} 

Non-Conformists 13 1 

North  Carolina  Explored 102 

North  Carolina  Settled 149 

North,   Lord 219,  257 

Northwest  Territory,  Conquest..  242 

Nullification 29^ 

Nullification  Ordinance 330 

Oglethorpe,  James 154,  183 

Ojedo 41 

Okeechobee,   Battle 323 

Oklahoma   Boom 434 

Opitchapan 165 

Opecancanough 115,   165 

Omnibus  Bill 355 

Osceola,  Chief 323 

Otis,  James 213 

Oswego,  Fort 191 

Ohio  Company 186 

Ohio,  Admission  of 290 

Onate 52 

Olustee,  Battle 406 

Ocean  Cable,  First 357 

Orange,   Fort 127 

Orionoco  River  Discovered 37 

Orders  in  Council -93 

Oregon,  Admission  of 357 

Oregon  Boundary  Treaties. ...3 17,  344 

Oregon,  Discovery  of 69 

Oriskany,  Battle 240 

Ordinance  of  1787 265 

Ouconostota,  Chief 197 

Pacific  Discovered ^7 

Pakenham,  Sir  Edward 313 

Palo  Alto,  Battle 345 

Paris,  First  Treaty  of 195 

Paris,  Second  Treaty  of 257 

Parker,  Admiral  Hyde 245 

Parker,    Captain 223 

Parker,  Sir  Peter 22S 

Parliamen-t 213 

Parris,  Samuel 176 

Partisan  Warfare 250 

Patriot  War 334 

Patroons 127 

Patterson,  General 370 

Pearce,  Gen.  N.  B 375 

Pea  Ridge,  Battle 376 

Pequods 167 

Pendleton,  George  H 4lS 

Penn,  Wm 145 

Penn's  Treaty. 147 

Pennsylvania  Line,  Revolt  of 263 

Pennsylvania,  Settlement  of 146 


INDEX, 


463 


Page. 

Pepperel,  General 180 

Peratta,  Battle 375 

Percy,  George 117 

Perier,  General 171 

Perry,   Commodore 304 

Perrvville,    Battle 381 

Personal  Liberty  Bills 356 

Pet  Banks 324 

Petersburg  Captured 413 

Petition,   Anti-Slavery 2S1 

Philadelphia  Founded 146 

Philip,   Chief 167 

Philips,  General 241,  254 

Philippi,  Battle 371 

Phips,  SirWm 179 

Phoenicians 88 

Pickens,  General 250 

Pickett,  Gen.  Geo.  D 392 

Pierce,  Franklin 357 

Piggott,    General 227 

Pike,  Gen.  Albert 376 

Pike,  Gen.  Zebulon 304 

Pilgrims 132 

Pillow,    General 349 

Pinckney,  Chas.  C....268,  287,  272,  295 

Pinzons,  The. 29 

Pirates 205 

Pitcairn,  Major 223 

Pitt,  Wm 192 

Pittsburg  Landing,  Battle 378 

Pizarro 150 

Plan  of  Union,  Franklin's iSS 

Pleasant  Hill,  Battle 401 

Pleasanton,  General 409 

Plymouth    Company 107 

Plymouth  Rock 132 

Plymouth,  Settlement  of 133 

Pocahontas 115 

Pocotaligo  Massacre 170 

Political  Thought  Centers 212 

Polk,  Gen.  Leonidas 377,  378 

Polk,  Jas.  K .....337,  343 

Polo,  Marco 20 

Ponce  de  Leon 44 

Pontchartrain  156 

Pontiac,  Chief 198 

Pope,  Gen.  John 385,  395 

Popham   Colony 107 

Popham,  George 107 

Popham,  Sir  John 187 

Port  Bill,  Boston 219 

Port  Hudson  Captured 399 

PortRoval  (N.  S.) 59 

Port  Royal  (S.  C.) 9S 

Port  Royal  (N.  S.)  Captured 179 

Port  Royal  (S.  C.)  Captured 395 


Page. 

Port  Republic,  Battle 3S4 

Porter,  Captain 309 

Poutrincourt 59 

Power    Loom 327 

Powhattan 1 1 1 

Prairie  Grove,  Battle 404 

Preble,    Commodore 291 

Prescott,  Colonel 226 

President's  Cabinet,  First 2S0 

Presque  Isle,  Fort 1S6 

Prevost,  General 245,  304 

Price,  Stirling 346,  375,  376, 

379>  38o,  405 

Prideaux,  General 192 

Princeton,  Battle 237 

Pring 107 

Printing  Press,  First  Rotary 343 

Proctor,  General 303 

Prophet,  The 298 

Proprietors,  Lords 14S 

Protective  Tariff 3:6 

Protestants 9S 

Providence  Founded 141 

Province  Defined 256 

Pueblos 87 

Pulaski 236 

Puritans 131 

Puritan    Migration 136 

Pushamataha,   Chief 306 

Putnam,  General 224,  234 

Quakers 147 

Quasi  French  War 2S7 

Quebec,  Capture  of . 194 

Queenstown,  Battle 302 

Queen  Anne's  War 179 

Quetzal 89 

Rahl,  Colonel 236 

Railroad,  First 320 

Railroad  Strikes 427 

Raisin  River  Massacre 303 

Raleigh 102 

Raleigh  Tavern 216 

Ramsour's  Mill,  Battle 251 

Randolph,  Edmund 279 

Randolph,  Peyton 220 

Ratcliff in 

Rawdon,  Lord 248,  255 

Reagan,  J.  H 363 

Reconstruction  419-421 

Red  River  Expedition 401 

Regulators,  The 21S 

Regulating  Act 219 

Renssaellaer,  Stephen  Van 302 

-Republican  Party 357 


464 


INDEX, 


Page. 

Resaca  de  la  Palma 345 

Resaca  (Ga.),  Battle 406 

Revenue  Act 216 

Revenue  Tariff 326 

Revere,  Paul 223 

Rhett,   Col.  Win 182,  205 

Rhode  Island  Expedition 242 

Rhode  Island  Settled 141 

Riall.  General 306 

Ribaut 98 

Rice  Culture  Introduced 202 

Riedesel,  General 241 

Rich  Mountain,  Battle 371 

Richmond  (Ky.),  Battle 3S0 

Riedesel,  General 235 

Roanoke  Island 103 

Robertson,  James 266 

Robertson,  J.  W 341 

Rodgers,  Commodore 299 

Rolfe,  John 165 

Rosalie,  Fort 157 

Rosecrans,  Gen.W.  S....3S0,  404, 

405,  406 

Ross,  General 311 

Roberval 59 

Russell,  Jonathan 313 

Rutledge,  John 230,  268 

Ryswiek  Treaty 179 

St.  Augustine  Founded 99 

St.  Clair,  General 239,  28^ 

St.  Lawrence,  Gulf 59 

St.  Leger,  General 240 

St.  Louis,  Fort  156 

St.  Mary's  (Fla.) 98 

St.  Mary's  (Md.),  Settlement  of ..  143 

Sabine  Cross  Roads,  Battle 401 

Sabine  Pass,  Battle 400 

Sackett's  Harbor,  Defense  of 305 

Sacramento  Creek,  Battle 346 

Sagadahoc  107 

Salamanca,  Council  of 26 

Salmon  Falls  (Me.)   Massacre...   179 

.Salzburgers 154 

Samoset,  Chief 133 

Sander's  Creek,  Battle 249 

San  Felipe  Convention 341 

San  Jacinto,  Battle 341,  342 

San  Salvador 33 

Santa  Anna,  General 342 

Santa  Fe  Founded 52 

Santa  F6  Expedition 346 

Santa  Fe,  Trail 346 

Sassacus,  Chief 166 

Sauvolle 155 

Savannah    Founded 153 


Page. 

Savannah  Captured 245 

Sayle,   Wm 149 

Schenectady  Massacre 179 

Schofield,  General. 408 

Schuyler,  Fort 240 

Schuyler,  General 237,  240 

Scott,  Gen.  W.  S....305,  348-350,  370 

Screw  Propeller 322 

Secession,  Cause  of 362 

Secession  of  Southern  States 363 

Secession  Ordinance 363 

Sedgwick,  General 387 

Sectional    Antagonism,    Begin- 
ning of 318 

Sectional    Antagonism 352~354 

Sectional   Inequality 342 

Sedition  Law 28S 

Self-Government,  Development  277 

Seminole   War 315,  323 

Semmes,    Admiral 402-403 

Separatists 131 

Seven  Days'  Battles 384 

Seven  Pines'  Battle 384 

Sevier,  Col.  John 253,  267 

Sewing  Machine,  First 343 

Seymour,  Gen.  Freeman 406 

Slidell,  John 417 

Shirley,  General 189 

Shiloh,   Battle 378 

Shields,  General 384 

Sherman,  Gen.  Thomas  W 395 

Sherman,  Gen.  W.  T 399,  405-408 

Sherman's  March 408 

Sheridan,  Gen.  P.  II 409,  410 

Shelby,  Col.  Isaac 253 

Shay's  Rebellion  265 

Shawnee   War 298 

Shawmut 136 

Sitting  Bull,  Chief 4*5 

Sioux  War 424 

Sigel,  General 375,  409 

Sibley's  Brigade 375 

Skipwith,  Fulvvar 316 

Skittavvarres 107 

Slavery  Introduced 121 

Slavery,  Opposition  to 353 

Slater,  .Samuel 327 

Slemmer,  Lieutenant 365 

Smyth,  Gen.  Alex 303 

Smith,  Capt.  John 11 1 

Smithsonian  Institution 344 

Smithson,  James 343 

Smith,   Lieut.  N.  II 400 

Smith,  Joseph 337 

Smith,  Gen.  E.  Kirbv... .372,  374, 

3S0,  414 


INDEX 


465 


Page. 

Smith,  Gen.  C.  F 376 

Smith,  Gov.  Henry 341 

Snorri 9° 

Somers,  Sir  George 116 

South  Carolina,  Settlement  of....     98 

South  Dakota,  Admission  of 434 

South  Mountain,  Battle 386 

Sovereignty 259 

Spottswood,  Governor 169,  205 

Spottsylvania,  Rattle 411 

Spoliation  Claims 292 

Spoils  System  324 

Spain,  Treaty  with 283 

Squanto 133 

Squatter  Sovereignty 356 

Stamp  Act,  The 214 

Standish,  Captain 132,  133 

Stanton,  Edwin  M 421 

Stark,  Gen.  John 223 

Star  of  the  West 365 

Starving  Time n8 

State  Denned 256 

State  Rights 271 

Steamboat,  First 295 

Steamship,  First 318 

Steele,  Gen.  Frederick 404 

Stephens,  Alex.  H 364 

Stephenson,  Fort 303 

Steuben 237,  23S 

Stewart,  Gen.  A.  P 408 

Stewart,  Gen.  J.  E.  B 386 

Stirling,  General 234 

Stoddart,  Benjamin 287 

Stoneman,  General 388 

Stono  Ferry,  Battle 246 

Stony  Point,  Capture 246 

Stringham,  Commodore 395 

Stuyvesant 128 

Sub-Treasury  System 335 

Suffrage 270 

Sullivan's  Expedition 246 

Sullivan,  General 234,  242 

Sumter,  General 250 

Sutherland,  Lieutenant 183 

Swansey  Massacre 167 

Swedish  Settlements 146 

Talladega,   Battle 306 

Tariff  Defined,  325;  Classified....  326 

Tarleton,  Colonel.... 247,  249,  251,  254 

Taxes  Defined 325 

Taylor,  Zachary 323,  345-34S,  357 

Taylor,  Gen.  Richard 401,  414 

Teach,  Pirate 205 

Tea  Party,   Boston 219 

Tecumsen,  Chief 298,  301,  304 


Page. 

Telegraph,   First 343 

Tennessee,  Admission  of 2S3 

Tenure  of  Office  Act 421 

Territory,  "  South  of  the  Ohio."   284 

Territory,  State  Cessions  of 284 

Texas  Admitted 343 

Texas  Annexation 338-343 

Texas  Annexed 343 

Texas  Cession 350 

Texas  Declaration  of  Independ- 
ence   342 

Texas,  French  Exploration  of 156 

Texas  Revolution 340 

Thames,  Battle 304 

Thirteenth  Amendment 420 

Thoerwald 90 

Thomas,  Gen.  George  II 377, 

3So,  405 

Thomas,  Gen.  Philemon 315 

Thomas,  Senator 319 

Thornton  Massacre 345 

Thurman,  Allen  G 431 

Ticonderoga  Captured 225 

Tilden,  Samuel  J 426,  432 

Tituba 176 

Tobacco  Culture 119 

Toltecs 73 

Tomo  Chichi,  Chief 1  S3 

Tonti 63 

Toombs,  Robt 363 

Townshend,  Chancellor 216 

Travis,  Col.W.  B 340 

Treasury   Surplus 431 

Trent  Affair 417 

Trenton,  Battle 236 

Tripolitan  War 291 

Truxton,  Commodore 287 

Tryon,  Governor 218,  246 

Tuscarora  War 169 

Twiggs,  General 349 

Tyler,  John 336 

Union  Pacific  Railroad 424 

United  States  Bank 324 

Urrea,  General 341 

Utrecht,  Treaty 1S0 

Vacca,  Cabacca  de 45 

Valencia,  General 349 

Valley  Forge 238 

Valley  Campaign 384 

Valverde,  Battle 275 

Van  Buren,  Martin 333 

Van  Dorn,  Gen.  Earl 376,  379 

Van  Home,  Major 301 

Van  Twiller 128 


^66 


INDEX. 


Page. 

Velasco,  Treaty 342 

Velasquez 49 

Venango,  Fort 187 

Vermont,  Admission  of 283 

Verrazanni 58 

Vespuccius 41 

Vicksburg  Captured 399 

Vikings 89 

Vilas,  W.  F 430 

Vinland 90 

Virginia  and  Monitor 396 

Virginia  Resolutions 288 

Von  Heister,  General 234,  235 

Votan 89 

Waldsee,  Muller 41 

Walker,  Sir  Hovenden 179 

Walker,   Leroy  P 363 

Wallace,  Gen.  Lewis 410 

Walloons 128 

Walthall,  Gen.  E.  C 409 

Ward,  Gen.  Artemus 226 

Wardwell,  Samuel 176 

Warner,  Seth 225 

War  of  1812 300-315 

Wan-en,  General 180 

Washington,  Admission  of 434 

Washington  City 289 

Washington,  Col.  William 254 

Washington  (Tex.)  Convention..  341 

Washington,  Fort 234 

Washington,  George,  187;  Gen- 
eral, 225-257;  President,  279-284 

Washington,  Treaty 424 

Waxhavv,  Battle 251 

Wayne,  Gen.  Anthony 246,  283 

Weathersford,  Chief 306 

WTebster-Ashburton  Treaty 337 

Webster,  Daniel 336 

West  Florida,  State  of 315 

West,  Gov.  Joseph 150 

West  India  Company 127 

Weymouth  107 

Wheeler,  Gen.  Joseph  H 380,  408 

Wheeler,  W.  A 426 

Whig  Party 333 

Whisky  Rebellion 282 


Page. 

White  Apple  Village 171 

White,  Governor 105 

White  Plains,  Battle 234 

White,  Rev.  John 135 

Whitney,  Eli 327 

Whitney,  Wm.  C 430 

Wilcox,  General 392 

Wilderness,  Battle 411 

Wilkinson,  Gen.  James  30^ 

Willard,  John 176 

William  and  Mary  College 207 

Williams,  Colonel 190 

William  Henry,  Fort 191 

Williams,  Roger 137 

Williamsburg,    Battle 383 

Wilmot  Proviso 354 

Wilson's  Creek,  Battle 375 

Winchester,  Battle 410 

Winchester,  General 303 

Winder,    General 304 

Windsor,  General 305 

Wingfield 1  [1-114 

Wingina 102 

Winthrop,  General 179 

Winthrop,  John 136 

Wisconsin,  Admission  of 343 

Wisconsin    Explored 62 

Witchcraft,  Salem 175 

Wolfe,  General 193 

Wool,  General 346 

World's  Exposition 428 

Worth,  General 347 

Writs  of  Assistance 2(3 

Wyatt,  Sir  Francis 124 

Wyoming  Massacre 246 

Yamassee   War 170 

Yeamans,  Sir  John 149 

Yeardly,  Governor 1 19-123 

Yell,  Colonel 348 

York,  Duke  of 129 

Yorktown  Surrender 256 

Young,  Brigham 337 

Zavalla,  Lorenzo  de 342 

Zollicoffer,  General 377 

Zuni 87 


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